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THE LOEB CLASSICAL LIBRARY
FOUNDED BY JAMES LOEB, LL.D,
EDITED BY +T. E. PAGE, c.H., Lrrr.D. FE. CAPPS, PH.D., LL.D. ΤΥ. H. Ὁ. ROUSE, tirv.p. ἘΣ A. POST, τη. E. H. WARMINGTON, M.A., F.R.HIST.SOC. MANETHC
PTOLEMY, TETRABIBLOS
MANETHO WITH AN ENGLISH TRANSLATION BY W. G. WADDELL
PROFESSOR OF CLASSICS IN FUAD EI. AWAL UNIVERSITY, CalkO, EGYPT
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
LONDON
WILLIAM HEINEMANN LTD.
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First PRINTED . 1940 REPRINTED . 1948, 1956, 1964
FA 4rhy Meh, /740
Printed in Great Britain at The University Press, Aberdeen
CONTENTS
PAGE INTRODUCTION . - Ξ Β Ξ - . val The Life of Manetho: Traditions and Con- jectures . Ξ : 5 - 5 ΕΙΣ Manetho’s Works . Ξ ᾿ Ξ : EXE; The History of Egypt . : - . SVs Possible Sources of the Alyumriaxa ὅ see Other Works attributed to Manetho . . XXvi The Book of Séthis : ᾿ 5 . . XXVii BIBLIOGRAPHY . : é : - = ΣΧ List oF ABBREVIATED TITLES . e - χχχὶ Epiror’s Note. 3 - - - - Xxxii Tue History oF E@ypPT . 5 - - 1-187 THe SacrED Boor . ; : ᾿ ὃ . 188 An EpiroME or PuHysicat DoctrrINEs 3 3196 On FESTIVALS . 3 ᾿ 4 : Ἀ 108 On ANCIENT RITUAL AND RELIGION . 5 . 198 On THE MAKING oF KyYPHI : - : «202 (Criticisms oF HERODOTUS] - ξ . . 204 APPENDIX I., PSEUDO-MANETHO . 4 . 208 a II., ERATOSTHENES (?) . . ab » ". ΠῚ, THe Oxtp CHRONICLE . = . 226 » 1V., THe Boox or S6ruis . - . 234 Map or Eeyert . ' 5 ᾿ - : ~ 1250 IntustTRATIONS: Puates I-IV . - . facing 250
INDEX 5 . ; . Fs 2 A 201 Vv
Hermes Trismegistus speaks :
O Aegypte, Aegypte, religionum tuarum solae supererunt fabulae, eaeque incredibiles posteris tuis ; solaque supererunt verba lapidibus incisa, tua pia facta narrantibus. [Ὁ Egypt, Egypt, of thy re- ligious rites nought will survive but idle tales which thy children’s children will not believe ; nought will survive but words graven upon stones that tell of thy piety.”’]
The Latin Asclepius III. 25, in W. Scott, Her- metica, i. 1924, p. 342.
* * * * * * *
“Never has there arisen a more complicated problem than that of Manetho.”’
—Boecku, Manetho und die Hundssternperiode, 1845, p. 10.
INTRODUCTION
Amonc the Egyptians who wrote in Greek, Manetho the priest holds a unique place because of his com- paratively early date (the third century B.c.) and the interest of his subject-matter—the history and religion of Ancient Egypt. His works in their original form would possess the highest importance and value for us now, if only we could recover them ; but until the fortunate discovery of a papyrus, which will transmit the authentic Manetho, we can know his writings only from fragmentary and often distorted quotations preserved chiefly by Josephus and by the Christian chronographers, Africanus and Eusebius, with isolated passages in Plutarch, Theophilus, Aelian, Porphyrius, Diogenes Laertius, Theodoretus, Lydus, Malalas, the Scholia to Plato, and the Etymologicum Magnum.
Like Béréssos, who is of slightly earlier date, Manetho testifies to the growth of an international
1F, Bilabel (in P. Baden 4. 1924, No. 59: see also Die Kleine Historiker, Fragm. 11) published a papyrus of the fifth century after Christ containing a list of Persian kings with the years of their reigns (see further Fr. 70, note 1), and holds it to be, not part of the original Epitome, but a version made from it before the time of Africanus. It certainly proves that Egyptians were interested in Greek versions of the Kings’ Lists, and much more so, presumably, in the unabridged Manetho. See Fr. 2 for Panodérus and Annianus, who were monks in Egypt about the date of this papyrus. Cf. also P. Hibeh, i. 27, the Calendar of Sais, translated into Greek in the reign of Ptolemy Sdter, 1.6. early in the lifetime of Manetho.
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spirit in the Alexandrine age: each of these ‘“‘ barbarians ” wrote in Greek an account of his native country; and it stirs the imagination to think of their endeavour to bridge the gulf and instruct all Greek-speaking people (that is to say the whole civilized world of their time) in the history of Egypt and Chaldaea. But these two writers stand alone :! the Greeks indeed wrote from time to time of the wonders of Egypt (works no longer extant), but it was long before an Egyptian successor of Manetho appeared—Ptolemy of Mendés,* prob- ably under Augustus.
The writings of Manetho, however, continued to
1cf. ΝΥΝ. ΝΥ. Tarn on Ptolemy II. in the Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 1928, xiv. p. 254: (Activity at Alexandria had no effect at all on Egyptians) ‘‘ Ptolemy Séter had thought for a moment that Egyptians might participate in the intellectual activities of Alexandria: . . . but, though Manetho dedicated his work to Ptolemy II., in this reign all interest in native Egypt was dropped, and a little later Alexandria appears as merely an object of hatred to many Egyptians. (Its destruction is pro- phesied in the Potter’s Oracle.)’’ (See p. 123 n. 1.)
The complete isolation of Manetho and Béréssos is the chief argument of Ernest Havet against the authenticity of these writers (Mémoire sur les écrits qui portent les noms de Bérose et de Manéthon, Paris, 1873). He regards the double tradition as curious and extraordinary— there is no other name to set beside these two Oriental priests; and he suspects the symmetry of the tradition —each wrote three books for a king. Cf. Croiset, His- toire de la Lattérature Grecque, v. p. 99; Abridged History of Greek Literature, English translation, p. 429 (Manetho’s works were probably written by a Hellenized Oriental at the end of the second century B.c.); and F. A. Wright, Later Greek Literature, p. 60.
5. See p. x.
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INTRODUCTION
be read with interest ; and his Egyptian History was used for special purposes, e.g. by the Jews when they engaged in polemic against Egyptians in order to prove their extreme antiquity. (See further pp. xvi ff.) Manetho’s religious writings are known to us mainly through references in Plutarch’s treatise On Isis and Osiris.
The Life of Manetho: Traditions and Conjectures.
Our knowledge of Manetho is for the most part meagre and uncertain; but three statements of great probability may be made. They concern his native place, his priesthood at Héliopolis, and his activity in the introduction of the cult of Serapis.
The name Manetho (MaveOos, often written Mavé$wv) has been explained as meaning “ Truth of Théth ”, and a certain priest under Dynasty XIX. is described as “ First Priest of the Truth of Thoth ”.1 According to Dr. Cerny? ‘‘ Manetho” is from the Coptic UANGeTO “ groom” (UANE “ herdsman”, and ero “ horse’); but the word does not seem to occur elsewhere as a proper name. In regard to the date of Manetho, Syncellus in one passage * gives us the information that he lived later than Béréssos : elsewhere * he puts Manetho as “ almost contempor- ary with Béréssos, or a little later”. Bérdssos, who
1W. Spiegelberg, Orient. Literaturz. xxxi. 1928, col. 145 ff., xxxil. 1929, col. 321 f. Older explanations of the name Manetho were ‘Gift of Théth,’’ ‘‘ Beloved of Théth,” and “ Beloved of Neith”’.
*Tn the centenary volume of the Vatican Museum: I owe
this reference to the kindness of Dr. Alan H. Gardiner. 8 Manetho, Fr. 3. 4 Syncellus, p. 26.
MANETHO
was priest of Marduk at Babylon, lived under, and wrote for, Antiochus I. whose reign lasted from 285 to 261 B.c.; and Béréssos dedicated his Xaddaixa to this king after he became sole monarch in 281 B.c. The works of Manetho and Béréssos may be in- terpreted as an expression of the rivalry of the two kings, Ptolemy and Antiochus, each seeking to pro- claim the great antiquity of his land.
Under the name of Manetho, Suidas seems to distinguish two writers: (1) Manetho of Mendés in Egypt, a chief priest who wrote on the making of kyphi (i.e. Fr. 87): (2) Manetho of Diospolis or Sebennytus. (Works): A Treatise on Physical Doctrines (i.e. Fr. 82, 83). Apotelesmatica (or Astrological Influences), in hexameter verses, and other astrological works. (See p. xiv, note 3.) No- where else is Manetho connected with Mendés; but as Mendés was distant only about 17 miles from Sebennytus across the Damietta arm of the Nile, the attribution is not impossible. Miiller suspects confusion with Ptolemy of Mendés, an Egyptian priest (probably in the time of Augustus), who, like Manetho, wrote a work on Egyptian Chronology in three books. In the second note of Suidas Diospolis may be identified, not with Diospolis Magna (the famous Thebes) nor with Diospolis Parva, but with Diospolis Inferior, in the Delta (now Tell el-Balamin), the capital of the Diospolite or 17th nome! to the north of the Sebennyte nome and contiguous with
1The Greek word νομός means a division of Egypt, called in Ancient Egyptian sp.t,—a district corresponding roughly to a county in England. Pliny (Hist. Nat. 5, 9) refers to nomes as praefecturae oppidorum.
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INTRODUCTION
it. Diospolis Inferior lay near Damietta, some 30 miles from Sebennytus. (See Strabo, 17. 1, 19, and Baedeker, Egypt and the Siidan, 8th ed. (1929), p. 185.) We may therefore accept the usual descrip- tion of Manetho (Fr. 3, 77, 80: Syncellus, 72, 16), and hold that he was a native of Sebennytus (now Samannid)! in the Delta, on the west bank of the Damietta branch of the Nile. Manetho was a priest, and doubtless held office at one time in the temple at Sebennytus; but in the letter (App. I.) which he is said to have written to Ptolemy II. Philadelphus, he describes himself as “ high-priest and scribe of the sacred shrines of Egypt, born at Sebennytus and dwelling at Héliopolis”. Although the letter, as we have it, is not genuine in all its details, this description may have been borrowed from a good source; and while his precise rank asa priest remains in doubt, it is reasonable to believe that Manetho rose to be high-priest in the temple at Héliopolis.? This eminent position agrees with the important part he played in the introduction of the cult of Serapis. As a Heliopolitan priest, Manetho (to quote from Laqueur, Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, R.-E. xiv. 1, 1061) “ was, without doubt, acquainted with
1See Baedeker ὃ, p. 185. Sebennytus was the seat of Dynasty XXX., and therefore a place of great impor- tance shortly before the time of Manetho. In Ancient Egyptian, Sebennytus is Tjeb-niter, “‘ city of the sacred ealf’’?: it is tempting to connect with Sebennytus the worship of the Golden Calf in 0.7’. Exodus xxxii., 1 Kings xii. 28 ff. (P. E. Newberry).
2 See Strabo, 17. 1, 29 for the “large houses in which the priests had lived’’. According to Herodotus (ii. 3, 1), “the Heliopolitans are said to be the most learned of the Egyptians’’.
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the sacred tree in the great Hall of Héliopolis,—the tree on which the goddess Seshat, the Lady of Letters, the Mistress of the Library, wrote down with her own hand the names and deeds of the rulers.1 He did nothing more than communicate to the Greek world what the goddess had noted down.” But he did so with a full sense of the superiority which relied on the sacred records of the Egyptians in opposition to Herodotus whom he was contradict- ing” (Fr. 43, § 73: Fr. 88). His native town, Sebennytus, was visited as a place of learning by Solon when Ethémén was a priest in residence there (see Proclus in Plat. Tim. i. 101, 22, Diehl) ; and the Greek culture of the place must have been a formative influence upon Manetho at an early age.
In the introduction of the statue of Serapis to Alexandria as described by Plutarch (Manetho, Fr. 80), Manetho the Egyptian was associated with the Greek Timotheus as a priestly adviser of King Ptolemy Séter. It is natural to suppose that the cult of Serapis itself, which was a conflation of
1See Erman-Ranke, Agypten, 1923, pp. 396 f.; or Erman, Die Religion der Agypter, 1934, pp. 56 f.; or the original drawing in Lepsius, Denkmdler, iii. 169. This illustration shows the goddess, along with Thdéth and Atam, making inscriptions upon the leaves (or fruit) of the venerable tree.
2 Τὸ may be added that the Egyptians are surpassed by no nation in their strong and ever-present desire to leave upon stone or papyrus permanent records of their history, their motive being to glorify the ruling king. Cf. Herodotus, ii. 77, 1 (of the Egyptians who live in the culti- vated country), ‘‘ the most diligent of all men in preserving the memory of the past, and far better skilled in chronicles than any others whom I have questioned’”’.
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Egyptian and Greek ideas intended to be acceptable to both nationalities, had already been organized ! with the help of the two priests, and the magnificent temple in Rhakétis, the Egyptian quarter in the west of Alexandria, had doubtless been built. The date is not certain: according to Jerome (Fothering- ham, p. 211, Helm, p. 129) “ Sarapis entered Alex- andria ’’ in 286 B.c., while the Armenian Version of the Chronicle of Eusebius says that in 278 B.c. “ἢ Sarapis came to Alexandria, and became resident there *” (Karst, 200). Perhaps the two statements refer to different stages in the development of the cult: if the former describes the entry of the statue by Bryaxis, the latter may possibly refer to the final establishment of the whole theology. As a proof that the work of Manetho in building up the cult of Serapis must not be belittled, it may suffice to refer to the inscription of the name Mavé@wy on the base of a marble bust found in the ruins of the Temple of Serapis at Carthage (Corpus Inscr. Lat. viii. 1007). The name is so uncommon that the probability is that the bust which originally stood on this base represented the Egyptian Manetho, and was erected in his honour because of his effective contribution to the organization of the cult of
1 The earliest date for Serapis is given by Macrobius, Sat. i. 20, 16, a questioning of Serapis by Nicocreon of Cyprus, c. 311-310 B.c. For Dittenberger, O.G.I.S. 16 (an inscrip- tion from Halicarnassus on the founding of a temple to Serapis-Isis under (the satrap) Ptolemy Sdéter), the date is uncertain, probably c. 308-306 sB.c. Already in Menander’s drama, ᾿Εγχειρίδιον (before 291 B.c. when τ" died), Serapis is a “‘ holy god” (Ρ. Oxy. XV. 1803).
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Serapis.!. Hence it is not impossible also that the following reference in a papyrus of 24] B.c. may be to Manetho of Sebennytus. It occurs in a document containing correspondence about a Temple Seal (P. Hibeh, i. 72, vv. 6, 7, γράφειν Μανεθῶ). The person named was evidently a well-known man in priestly circles: he was probably our Manetho, the writer on Egyptian history and religion, if he lived to a considerable age.”
Manetho’s Works.
Eight works * have been attributed to Manetho: (1) Αὐἰγυπτιακά, or The History of Egypt, (2) The Book of Sothis, (3) The Sacred Book, (4) An Epitome of Physical Doctrines, (5) On Festivals, (6) On Ancient Ritual and Religion, (7) On the Making of Kyphi [a kind of incense], (8) Criticisms of Herodotus.
Of these, (2) The Book of Séthis (App. IV. and
1Cf. Lafaye, Histoire du Culte des Divinités d’ Alexandrie (1884), p. 16 n. 1: ‘“‘ At all events, there is no doubt that the adepts of the Alexandrine cult had great venera- tion for Manetho, and considered him in some measure as their patriarch ”’.
2 Bouché-Leclereq (Histoire des Lagides, iv. p. 269 n. 4) holds a different opinion: “‘ the reference is not necessarily to the celebrated Manetho, whose very existence is prob- lematical ”’.
8 A work wrongly attributed in antiquity (e.g. by Suidas, see p. x) to Manetho of Sebennytus is “AzoreAcopatixd, in 6 books, an astrological poem in hexameters on the influence of the stars. See W. Kroll (1}.- Εἰ. s.v. Manethon (2)), who with Kochly recognizes in the 6 books 4 sections of different dates from about A.D. 120 to the fourth century after Christ. Books I. and V. open with dedications to King Ptolemy: cf. Pseudo-Manetho, Appendix I.
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pp. xxvii. ff.) is certainly not by Manetho; and there is no reason to believe that (8) Criticisms of Herodotus formed a separate work, although we know from Josephus, C. Apion. i. 73 (Fr. 42), that Manetho did convict Herodotus of error. Six titles remain, but it has long been thought that some of these are “ ghost ’’ titles. Fruin (Manetho, p. lxxvii) supposed that Manetho wrote only two works—one on Egyp- tian history, the other on Egyptian mythology and antiquities. Susemihl (Alex. Lit.-Gesch. i. 609, n. 431) and W. Otto (Priester und Tempel in Hellenistischen Agypten, ii. 215, n. 4) modified this extreme view : they recognized three distinct works of Manetho (The History of Egypt, The Sacred Book, and An Epitome of Physical Doctrines), and assumed that the titles On Festivals, On Ancient Ritual and Religion, and On the Making of Kyphi referred to passages in The Sacred Book. In the paucity of our data, no definite judgement seems possible as to whether Manetho wrote six works or only three ; but in support of the former theory we may refer to
Eusebius (Man. Fr. 76).
The History of Egypt.
The Egyptian History ' of Manetho is preserved in extracts of two kinds. (1) Excerpts from the original work are preserved by Josephus, along with other passages which can only be pseudo-
ΤῸ: Notes about Egypt. There are two variants of the Greek title : Alyumriaxa (Josephus in Fr. 42), and Αἰγυπτιακὰ ὑπομνήματα (Aegyptiaca monumenta, Eus. in Fr. 1), with a possible third form Αἰγυπτίων ὑπομνήματα (Aegyptiorum monumenta, Eus., p. 359).
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Manethonian. The Jews of the three centuries following the time of Manetho were naturally keenly interested in his History because of the connexion of their ancestors with Egypt—Abraham, Joseph, and Moses the leader of the Exodus; and they sought to base their theories of the origin and antiquity of the Jews securely upon the authentic traditions of Egypt. In Manetho indeed they found an unwelcome statement of the descent of the Jews from lepers; but they were able to identify their ancestors with the Hyksés, and the Exodus with the expulsion of these invaders. The efforts of Jewish apologists account for much re-handling, enlargement, and corruption of Manetho’s text, and the result may be seen in the treatise of Josephus, Contra Apionem, i.
(2) An Epitome of Manetho’s history had been made at an early date,—not by Manetho himself, there is reason to believe,—in the form of Lists of Dynasties with short notes on outstanding kings or important events. The remains of this Epitome are preserved by Christian chronographers, especially by Africanus and Eusebius. Their aim was to compare the chronologies of the Oriental nations with the Bible, and for this purpose the Epitome gave an ideal conspectus of the whole History, omitting, as it does, narratives such as the account of the Hyksés preserved by Josephus. Of the two chronographers, the founder of Christian chronography, Sextus Julius Africanus, whose Chronicle! came down to
1 For a later miscellaneous work, the Κεστοί, see P. Oxy. iii. 412 (between A.D. 225 and 265); and Jules Africain, Fragments des Cestes, ed. J.-R. Vieillefond, Paris, 1932.
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A.D. 217 or A.D. 221, transmits the Epitome in a more accurate form; while Eusebius, whose work extends to A.D. 326, is responsible for unwarranted alterations of the original text of Manetho. About A.D. 800 George the Monk, who is known as Syncellus from his religious office (as “* attendant ” of Tarasius, Patriarch of Constantinople), made use of Manetho’s work in various forms in his ’HxAoy7) Xpovoypadias, a history of the world from Adam to Diocletian. Syncellus sought to prove that the incarnation took place in Anno Mundi 5500; and in his survey of the thirty-one Egyptian dynasties which reigned from the Flood to Darius, he relied on the authoritative work of Manetho as transmitted by Africanus and Eusebius, and as handed down in a corrupt form in the Old Chronicle (App. III.) and the Book of Sothis (App. IV.) which had been used by the chronographer Panodérus (c. A.D. 400).
Even from the above brief statement of the trans- mission of Manetho’s text, it will be seen that many problems are involved, and that it is extremely difficult to reach certainty in regard to what is authentic Manetho and what is spurious or corrupt. The problems are discussed in detail by Richard Laqueur in his valuable and exhaustive article in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, R.-E. s.v. Manethon ; and it may be sufficient here to quote his summary of the results of his researches in regard to Manetho (1) in Josephus, and (2) in the Christian Chronographers.
(1) Manetho in Josephus, Contra Apionem, i. (see Fr. 42, 50, 54.)
““ (a) Extracts from the genuine Manetho appear in §§ 75-82, 84-90, 94-102a, 232-249, 251. Of these
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verbatim, the others are given in Indirect Speech.
“ (δὴ) A rationalistic critique of the genuine Manetho was written by a Hellenist, and was used by Josephus for his work. The remains of this critique appear in §§ 254-261, 267-269, 271-274, 276- 277. Perhaps §§ 1025-103 is connected with these.
“ (ὁ) The authoritative work of Manetho was further exploited by Jews and Egyptians in their mutual polemic, in the course of which additions to Manetho’s works were made: these additions were partly favourable to the Jews (§§ 83, 91), partly hostile to the Jews (§ 250). These passages, like those mentioned in (0), were collected before the time of Josephus into a single treatise, so that one could no longer clearly recognize what had belonged to Manetho and what was based upon additions.
“ (4) Josephus originally knew only the genuine Manetho (cf. (a)), and used him throughout as a witness against the aggressors of Judaism. In this it was of importance for Josephus to show that the Hyks6és had come to Egypt from abroad, that their expulsion took place long before the beginning of Greek history, and that they, in their expedition to aid the Lepers, remained untainted by them.
“ (6) After Josephus had completed this elabora- tion, he came later to know the material mentioned in (0) and (c): so far as it was favourable to the Jews or helpful in interpretation, it led only to short expansions of the older presentation; so far, how- ever, as it was hostile to the Jews, Josephus found himself induced to make a radical change in his attitude towards Manetho. He attacked Manetho
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sharply for his alleged statement (§ 250), and at the
same time used the polemic mentioned in (b) in
order to overthrow Manetho’s authority in general. “(f) From the facts adduced it follows that
Manetho’s work was already before the time of
Josephus the object of numerous literary analyses.” ἢ Cf. the following summary.
(2) Manetho in the Christian Chronographers.
“ (α) Not long after the appearance of Manetho’s work, an Epitome was made, giving excerpts from the Dynasty-Lists and increasing these from 30 to 31. The possibility that other additions were made is not excluded.
“ (0) The Epitome was remodelled by a Hellenistic Jew in such a way that the Jewish chronology became compatible with that of Manetho.
“ (ὁ) A descendant of version (a) is extant in Julius Africanus: a descendant of version (b), in Eusebius.”
The Chronicle of Africanus in five books is lost except for what is preserved in the extracts made by Eusebius, and the many fragments contained in the works of Syncellus and Cedrenus, and in the Paschale Chronicon. For Eusebius we have several lines of transmission. The Greek text of Eusebius has come down to us in part, as quoted by Syn- cellus ; but the whole work is known through (1) the Armenian Version, which was composed in y./A.D.”
1A further study of the transmission of Manetho in Josephus is made by A. Momigliano, ‘“‘ Intorno al Contro Apione,”’ in Rivista di Filologia, 59 (1931), pp. 485-503.
2The Armenian MS. G (Codex Hierosolymitanus) printed by Aucher (1818) is dated by him between a.p.
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from a revision of the first Greek text,! and is, of course, quite independent of Syncellus ; and (2) the Latin Version made by Jerome towards the end of the fourth century.
Possible Sources of the Αἰγυπτιακά.
An Egyptian high priest, learned in Greek litera- ture, had an unrivalled opportunity, in early Ptolemaic times, of writing an excellent and accurate history of Egypt. He had open access to records of all kinds—papyri? in the temple archives (annals, sacred books containing liturgies and poems), hiero- glyphic tablets, wall sculptures, and innumerable inscriptions. These records no one but an Egyptian priest could consult and read; and only a scholar who had assimilated the works of Greek historians could make a judicious and scientific use of the abundant material. It is hardly to be expected,
1065 and 1306. Karst quotes readings from this and two other Armenian MSS., but the variations are compara- tively unimportant.
1See A. Puech, Hist. de la Litt. grecque chrétienne, iii.
ἘΠῚ. ᾿ 2 Herodotus (ii. 100: ef. 142) mentions a papyrus roll (βύβλος) containing a list of 331 kings. Diodorus (i. 44, 4) tells of ‘‘ records (avaypadai) handed down in the sacred books ”’ (ἐν ταῖς ἱεραῖς βίβλοις), giving each king’s stature, character, and deeds, as well as the length of his reign.
3 Cf. the Annals of the Reign of Tuthmésis ITI. (Breasted, Ancient Records, ii. §§ 391-540): this important historical document of 223 lines is inscribed on the walls of a cor- ridor in the Temple of Amon at Karnak, and “ demon- strates the injustice of the criticism that the Egyptians were incapable of giving a clear and succinct account of a military campaign ”’.
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however, that Manetho’s History should possess more worth than that of his sources ; and the material at his disposal included a certain proportion of un- historical traditions and popular legends.
There is no possibility of identifying the particular records from which Manetho compiled his History : the following are the kinds of monuments which he may have consulted and from which we derive a means of controlling his statements.
(1) The Royal List of Abydos, on the wall of a corridor of the Temple of Sethés I. at Abydos, gives in chronological order a series of seventy-six kings from Ménés to Sethés I. Dynasties XIII. to XVII. are lacking. A mutilated duplicate of this list was found in the Temple of Ramessés II. at Abydos (now in the British Museum: see Guide, p. 245): it arranges the kings in three rows, while the more complete list has them in two rows.
(2) The Royal List of Karnak (now in the Louvre) has a list of kings, originally sixty-one, from Ménés down to Tuthmdsis III., Dynasty XVIII., with many names belonging to the Second Intermediate Period (Dynasties XIII.-XVII.).
The Royal Lists of Abydos and Karnak give the tradition of Upper Egypt.
(3) The Royal List of Sakkara (found in a tomb at » Sakkara, and now in the Cairo Museum) preserves the cartouches of forty-seven (originally fifty-eight) kings previous to, and including, Ramessés II. It begins with Miebis, the sixth king of Dynasty I.; and like
1The popular tales introduced kings as their heroes, without regard to chronological order: see G. Maspero, Bibliotheque Egyptologique, vol. vii. (1898), pp. 419 ff.
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MANETHO
the Royal List of Abydos, it omits Dynasties XIII.- XVII. Like (4) the Turin Papyrus, the Royal List of Sakkdra gives the tradition of Lower Egypt.
(4) More important than any of the preceding is the Turin Papyrus, written in hieratic on the verso of the papyrus, with accounts of the time of Ramessés II. on the recto (which gives the approximate date, c. 1200 B.c.). In its original state the papyrus must have been an artistically beautiful exemplar, as the script is an exceptionally fine one. It contains the names of kings in order, over 300 when complete, with the length of each reign in years, months, and days; and as the definitive edition of the papyrus has not yet been issued, further study is expected to yield additional results.' The papyrus begins, like Manetho, with the dynasties of gods, followed by mortal kings also in dynasties. The change of dynasty is noted, and the sum of the reigns is given : also, as in Manetho, several dynasties are added together, e.g. “Sum of the Kings from Ménés to [Unas]”” at the end of Dynasty V. The arrange- ment in the papyrus is very similar to that in the Epitome of Manetho.
(5) The Palermo Stone? takes us back to a much greater antiquity: it dates from the Fifth Dynasty, c. 2600 B.c., and therefore contains Old Egyptian annals of the kings. The Stone or Stele was origin-
1See Sir J. G. Wilkinson, Fragments of the Hieratic Papyrus at Turin, London, 1851: E. Meyer, Aeg. Chron. pp. 105 ff., and Die Altere Chronologie Babyloniens, As- syriens, und Agyptens, revised by Stier (1931), pp. 55 ff.
2 Plate II. See H. Schafer, Abhandl. Akad. Berl. 1902: Breasted, Ancient Records, i. §§ 76-167: Sethe, Urkunden des Alten Reichs, pp. 235-249; and cf. Petrie, The Making of Egypt, 1939, pp. 98 f.
xxii
INTRODUCTION
ally a large slab! of black diorite, about 7 feet long and over 2 feet high; but only a fragment of the middle of the slab is preserved in the Museum of Palermo, while smaller pieces of this, or of a similar monument, have been identified in the Cairo Museum and in University College, London. Although the text is unfortunately fragmentary, this early docu- ment is clearly seen to be more closely related to the genuine Manetho than are the Kings’ Lists of later date (1, 2, 3, 4 above). In a space marked off on each side by a year-sign and therefore denoting one year, notable events are given in an upper section of the space and records of the Nile-levels in a lower. A change of reign is denoted by a vertical line prolonging the year-sign above, on each side of which a certain number of months and days is recorded—on one side those belonging to the de- ceased king, and on the other to his successor. In the earliest Dynasties the years were not numbered, but were named after some important event or events, e.g. ““the year of the smiting of the "Inw,” “the year of the sixth time of numbering”. Religious and military events were particularly common, just as they are in Manetho. A year-name of King Snefru (Dynasty IV.) states that he conquered the Nehesi, and captured 7000 prisoners and 200,000 head of cattle: cf. Manetho, Fr. 7, on the foreign expedition of Ménés. So, too, under
More plausibly, according to Petrie (The Making of Egypt, 1939, p. 98), the text of the annals was divided among six slabs each 16 inches wide, both sides being equally visible.
* Borchardt, in Die Annalen (1917), quoted in Ancient Egypt, 1920, p. 124, says, “‘Manetho had really good sources, and his copyists have not altogether spoiled him ’’.
xxi
MANETHO
Shepseskaf, the last king of Dynasty IV., the building of a pyramid is recorded, and under Dynasties I., 1V., and VI. Manetho makes mention of pyramid-building. It is especially noteworthy that the first line of the Palermo Stone gives a list of kings before Ménés: cf. the Turin Papyrus, as quoted on Fr. 1. (For the Cairo fragments see Sethe, op. cit.)
* * * * * * *
In regard to Manetho’s relation to his Greek predecessors in the field of Egyptian history, we know that he criticized Herodotus, not, as far as we can tell, in a separate work, but merely in passages of his History. In none of the extant fragments does Manetho mention by name Hecataeus of Abdera, but it is interesting to speculate upon Manetho’s relation to this Greek historian. The floruit of Hecataeus fell in the time of Alexander and Ptolemy son of Lagus (Gutschmid gives 320 B.c. as an approximate estimate) ; and it is very doubtful whether he lived to see the reign of Philadelphus, who came to the throne in 285 B.c. (Jacoby in R.-E. vii. 2, 2750). His Aegyptiaca was “a philo- sophical romance,” describing “ an ethnographical Utopia”: it was no history of Egypt, but a work with a philosophical tendency. Manetho and Hecataeus are quoted together, e.g. by Plutarch, Isis and Osiris, chap. 9, perhaps from an inter- mediary writer who used the works of both Manetho and Hecataeus. If we assume that Hecataeus wrote his “‘ romance” before Manetho composed his History, perhaps one of the purposes of Manetho was to correct the errors of his predecessor. No
XXIV
INTRODUCTION
criticism of Hecataeus, however, has been attributed to Manetho; and it is natural that similarities are found in their accounts (cf. p. 131, n. 2). Be that as it may, Hecataeus enjoyed greater popularity among the Greeks than Manetho: they preferred his “‘ romance ” to Manetho’s more reliable annals. Yet Manetho’s Aegyptiaca has no claim to be regarded as a critical history: its value lies in the dynastic skeletons which serve as a framework for the evidence of the monuments, and it has provided in its essentials the accepted scheme of Egyptian chronology. But there were many errors in Manetho’s work from the very beginning: all are not due to the perversions of scribes and revisers. Many of the lengths of reigns have been found impossible: in some cases the names and the sequence of kings as given by Manetho have proved untenable in the light of monumental evidence. If one may depend upon the extracts preserved in Josephus, Manetho’s work was not an authentic history of Egypt, exact in its details, as the Chaldaica of Béréssos was, at least for later times. Manetho introduced into an already corrupted series of dynastic lists a number of popular traditions written
1Cf. H. R. Hall, Cambridge Ancient History, i. p. 260: “So far as we are able to check Manetho from the con- temporary monuments, his division into dynasties is entirely justified. His authorities evidently were good. But unhappily his work has come down to us only in copies of copies; and, although the framework of the dynasties remains, most of his royal names, originally Graecized, have been so mutilated by non-Egyptian scribes, who did not understand their form, as often to be unrecog- nizable, and the regnal years given by him have been so corrupted as to be of little value unless confirmed by the Turin Papyrus or the monuments.”
Χχν
MANETHO
in the characteristic Egyptian style. No genuine historical sense had been developed among the Egyptians, although Manetho’s work does illustrate the influence of Greek culture upon an Egyptian priest. He wrote to correct the errors of Greek historians, especially of Herodotus (see Fr. 88); but from the paucity of information about certain periods, it seems clear that in ancient times, as for us at the present day, there were obscure eras in Egyptian history.'. Before the Saite Dynasty (XXVI.) there were three outstanding periods—in Dynasties IV.-VI., XI.-XII., and XVIII.-XX., or roughly the Old Kingdom, the Middle Kingdom, and the New Kingdom (sometimes called the Empire) ; and these are the periods upon which the light falls in all histories.
The significance of Manetho’s writings is that for the first time an Egyptian was seeking to instruct foreigners in the history and religion of his native land.
Other Works attributed to Manetho.
To judge by the frequency of quotation, the re- ligious treatises of Manetho were much more popular in Greek circles than the History of Egypt was; yet the fragments surviving from these works (Fr. 76-88) are so meagre that no distinct impression of their
nature can be gained. The Sacred Book (Fr. 76-81)
1Cf. H. R. Hall, Ancient History of the Near East ὃ, Ρ. 14: “In fact, Manetho did what he could: where the oative annals were good and complete, his abstract is good: where they were broken and incomplete, his record is incomplete also and confused... .”’
ΧΧΥῚ
INTRODUCTION
was doubtless a valuable exposition of the details of Egyptian religion, as well as of the mythological elements of Egyptian theology. It testifies to the importance of the part played by Manetho in support of Ptolemy Séter’s vigorous policy of religious syncretism. It seems probable that the Sacred Book was Manetho’s main contribution in aid of this policy: it may have been the result of a definite commission by the king, in order to spread a know- ledge of Egyptian religion among the Greeks. That an Egyptian priest should seek to instruct the Greek-speaking world of his time in the history of Egypt and in the religious beliefs of the Egyptians, including festivals, ancient rites and piety in general, and the preparation of kyphi, is not at all surprising ; but it seems strange that Manetho should feel called upon, in the third century B.C., to compose an Epitome of Physical Doctrines (Fr. 82, 83) with the apparent object of familiarizing the Greeks with Egyptian science. One may conjecture that his special purpose was to give instruction to students of his own.
The Book of Séthis (Appendix IV.).
The Book of Séthis! or The Sothic Cycle is trans- mitted through Syncellus alone. In the opinion of Syncellus, this Séthis-Book was dedicated by Manetho
1Sé6this is the Greek form of Sopdet, the Egyptian name for the Dog-star, Sirius, the heliacal rising of which was noted at an early date: on the great importance of the Séthie period in Egyptian chronology, see Breasted, Ancient Records, i. §§ 40 ff., and H. R. Hall, Encyclopaedia Britannica“, s.v. Chronology. Cf. infra, Appendix IIT., p. 226, and Appendix IV., p. 234.
XXVli
MANETHO
to Ptolemy Philadelphus (see App. I.). The king wished to learn the future of the universe, and Manetho accordingly sent to him “ sacred books ” based upon inscriptions which had been written down by Thoth, the first Hermés, in hieratic script, had been interpreted after the Flood by Agatho- daemon, son of the second Hermés and father of Tat, and had been deposited in the sanctuaries of the temples of Egypt. The letter which purports to have accompanied the “ sacred books ”’ is undoubtedly a forgery ; but the Sdthis-Book is significant for the textual transmission of Manetho. According to the LXX the Flood took place in Anno Mundi 2242 (see Frags. 2,6: App. III., p. 232). This date must close the prehistoric period in Egypt and in Chaldea : the 11,985 years of the Egyptian gods are therefore regarded as months and reduced to 969 years. Similarly, the 858 years of the demigods are treated as quarter-years or periods of three months, thus becoming 214} years: total, 969 + 2144 = 11834 years (Fr. 2). In Chaldean prehistory, by fixing the saros at 3600 days, 120 saroi become 1183 years 63 months. Accordingly, the beginning of Egyptian and Babylonian history is placed at 2242 — 1184, or 1058 Anno Mundi: in that year (or in 1000, Fr. 2) falls the coming of the Egregori, who finally by their sins brought on the Flood. The Book of Sothis begins with the reign of Mestraim, Anno Mundi 2776 (App. IV., p. 234: App. III., p. 232), i.e. 534 years after the Flood, and continues to the year 4986, which gives 2210 years of Egyptian rule—almost the same number as Manetho has in either Book I. or Book II. of his History of Egypt.
XXVi1
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Greek text of Manetho in
1. C. Miller, Fragmenta Historicorum Graecorum, ii. (1848), pp. 512-616.
2. Manethonis Sebennytae Reliquiae, R. Fruin, 1847. Greek text of the Hpitome in
3. G. F. Unger, Chronologie des Manetho, Berlin, 1867.
Greek text of Kings’ Lists summarized in parallel columns: 4. R. Lepsius, Konigsbuch der alten Agypter, Berlin, 1858.
Greek text of religious writings in 5. Fontes Historiae Religionis Aegyptiacae, Th. Hopfner, 1922-25.
Accounts of Manetho and his work.
1. Richard Laqueur in Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, R.-E. xiv. 1 (1928), s.v. Manethon (1).
2. F. Susemihl, Alex. Lit.-Geschichte, i., 1891, pp. 608-616.
3. W. Otto, Priester und Tempel im hellenist. Aegypten (1908), ii. pp. 215 f., 228 f.
Subsidiary Works. Josephus ed. Niese, Vol. v., 1889. ed. Thackeray (L.C.L., Vol. i., 1926). ed. Reinach and Blum (Budé, 1930). Arnaldo Momigliano, Rivista di Filologia, 59 (1931), pp. 485-508. Syncellus or George the Monk, in Corpus Scriptorum Historicorum Byzantinorum, W. Dindorf, 1829. Heinrich Gelzer, Sextus Julius Africanus, 1880-89. Eusebius, Praeparatio Hvangelica, E. H. Gifford, 1903. Eusebii chronicorum lib. I., A. Schéne, 1875. Eusebius, Chronica (in Armenian Version) : (a) Latin translation by Zohrab-Mai, 1818 (in Miiller’s ΤΉ Ὁ. 11.)
ΧΧΙΧ
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(6) Latin translation by Aucher, 1818 (partly quoted in R. Lepsius, Kdnigsbuch—see above).
(c) Latin translation by H. Petermann, in Sch6éne (above).
(4) German translation by Josef Karst in Eusebius, Werke V. Die Chronik, 1911.
Ed. Meyer, Aegyptische Chronologie, 1904 (Nachtrage, 1907: Neue Nachtrage, 1907). French translation by Alexandre Moret, 1912.
Ed. Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums ὅ, I. ii., 11. i., ii.
James H. Breasted, Ancient Records, 1906.
T. E. Peet, H. R. Hall, J. H. Breasted, in the Cambridge Ancient History, Vols. i.-vi.
A. von Gutschmid, Kleine Schriften, iv., 1893.
For further works and articles relating to Manetho, see
the article by Laqueur, Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, R.-#
MSS.
SYNCELLUS
A = 1711 of Paris (dated A.p. 1021), used by Scaliger and Goar, the first two editors. Editions: Paris, 1652; Venice, 1729.
B = 1764 of Paris—a much better MS. than A.
G signifies readings of Goar. m signifies conjectures and notes in the margin of Goar’s edition.
EvseEsius, Chronica (Armenian Version) G = Codex Hierosolymitanus (see Intro., p. xix n. 2). JOSEPHUS, Contra Apionem, i. L = Codex Laurentianus plut. Ixix. 22 of eleventh century. Hafniensis, No. 1570, at Copenhagen, fifteenth century. Bigotianus, known from readings transmitted by Emericus Bigotius. Quotations by Eusebius (A.D. 264-340), sometimes best preserved in the Armenian version. Lat. = Latin version made by order of Cassiodorus, the minister of Theodoriec, c. A.p. 540. Editio princeps of Greek text (Basel, 1544).
xxx
LIST OF ABBREVIATED TITLES USED IN REFERENCE Ann. Serv. Antiq. = Annales du Service des Antiquités de V Egypte, Le Caire, 1900-
Baedeker ὃ = Egypt and the Siiddn, by Karl Baedeker (English translation, 8th edition, 1929).
Karst = Joseph Karst’s German translation Die Chronik, in Husebius, Werke, v., 1911.
P. Baden = F. Bilabel, Griechische Papyri (Veréffentlich- ungen aus den badischen Papyrus-Sammlungen), Heidelberg, 1923-24.
P. Hibeh = Grenfell and Hunt, The Hibeh Papyri, 1., 1906.
P. Mich. Zen. = C. C. Edgar, Zenon Papyri in the Uni- versity of Michigan Collection, 1931.
P. Oxy. = Grenfell, Hunt, and Bell, The Oxyrhynchus Papyri, 1898-1927.
Petermann = H. Petermann’s Latin translation in Schéne (below).
Schéne = Husebii Chronicorum lib. I., A. Schone, 1875.
Syncellus = Syncellus or George the Monk, in Corpus Scrip- torum Historicorum Byzantinorum, W. Dindorf, 1829.
XXXi
NOTE
THE editor wishes to acknowledge with gratitude the valuable help ungrudgingly given to him in all Egyptological matters by Professor Perey E. Newberry (Liverpool and Cairo) and by Professor Battiscombe Gunn (Oxford); but neither of these Egyptologists must be held responsible for the final form in which their contributions appear, except where their names or initials are appended. Thanks are also due to Professor D. 5. Margoliouth (Oxford), who very kindly revised the Latin translation of the Armenian Version of Eusebius, Chronica, by com- paring it with the original Armenian as given in Aucher’s edition: the footnotes show how much the text here printed has benefited from his revision.
In a work which brings before the mind’s eye a long series of Kings of Egypt, the editor would have liked to refer interested readers to some book con- taining a collection of portraits of these kings; but it seems that, in spite of the convenience and interest which such a book would possess, no com- plete series of royal portraits bas yet been published.! For a certain number of portrait-sketches (25 in all), skilfully created from existing mummies and ancient representations, see Winifred Brunton, Kings and Queens of Ancient Egypt (1924), and Great Ones of Ancient Egypt (1929).
1 For portraits of some kings, see Petrie, The Making of Egypt, 1939, passim.
XXXil
THE AEGYPTIACA OF MANETHO: MANETHO’S HISTORY OF EGYPT
ATT NIL TAKA ΤΟΜΟΣ ΠΡΩ͂ΤΟΣ
Fr. 1. Ευβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), p- 93 (Mai).
Ex Aegyptiacis Manethonis monumentis, qui in tres libros historiam suam tribuit,—de diis et de
heroibus, de manibus et de mortalibus regibus qui Aegypto praefuerunt usque ad regem Persarum Darium.
1. Primus homo (deus) Aegyptiis Vulcanus! est, qui etiam ignis repertor apud eos celebratur. Ex eo Sol; [postea Sésis?;] deinde Saturnus; tum
1Cf. Joannes Lydus, De Mensibus, iv. 86 (Wiinsch). On Maius, after speaking of Hephaestus, Lydus adds: κατὰ δὲ ἱστορίαν Μανέθων Αἰγυπτιακῶν ὑπομνημάτων ἐν τόμῳ τρίτῳ φησίν, ὅτι πρῶτος ἀνθρώπων ἔ παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίοις ἐβασίλευσεν ἽΗφαιστος ὁ καὶ εὑρέτης τοῦ πυρὸς αὐτοῖς γενόμενος" ἐξ οὗ Ἥλιος, οὗ Κρόνος, μεθ᾽ ὃν “Ooupis, ἔπειτα Τυφών, ἀδελφὸς ᾿Οσίρεως. From this passage we see that Lydus gives the sequence ‘“Héphaestus, Hélios (the Sun), Cronos, Osiris, Typhén,” omitting Sésis as Eusebius does. After this passage in Lydus comes Fr. 84 ᾿Ιστέον δὲ...
2 From Joannes Antiochenus(Malalas), Chron., 24(Migne, Patrologia, Vol. 97).
* Bracketed by Hopfner, Fontes Historiae Religionis, Bonn, 1922-3, p. 65.
2
THE AEGYPTIACA OF MANETHO: MANETHO’S HISTORY OF EGYPT
BOOK I.
Fr. 1 (from the Armenian Version of Eusebius, Chronica). Dynasties oF Gops, Demicops, AND SPIRITS OF THE DEAD.
From the Egyptian History of Manetho, who com- posed his account in three books. These deal with the Gods, the Demigods, the Spirits of the Dead, and the mortal kings who ruled Egypt down to Darius, king of the Persians.
1. The first man (or god) in Egypt is Hephaestus,} who is also renowned among the Egyptians as the discoverer of fire. His son, Helios (the Sun), was succeeded by Sdsis: then follow, in turn, Cronos,
1The Pre-dynastic Period begins with a group of gods, “consisting of the Great Ennead of Heliopolis in the form in which it was worshipped at Memphis’”’ (T. E. Peet, Cambridge Ancient History, i. p. 250). After summar- izing §§ 1-3 Peet adds: ‘“ From the historical point of view there is little to be made of this’’. See Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums δ, I. ii. p. 102 ἢ. for the Egyptian traditions of the Pre-dynastic Period. In the Turin Papyrus the Gods are given in the same order: (Ptah), Ré, (Shu), Geb, Osiris, Séth (200 years), Horus (300 years), Thoth (3126 years), Ma‘at, Har, ... Total.... See
Meyer, Aeg. Chron. p. 116, and ef. Fr. ὃ. 3
Fr. 1 MANETHO
Osiris; exin Osiridis frater Typhon; ad extremum Orus, QOsiridis et Isidis filius. Hi primi inter Aegyptios rerum potiti sunt. Deinceps continuata successione delapsa est regia auctoritas usque ad Bydin (Bitem) per annorum tredecim milia ac non- gentos. Lunarem tamen annum intelligo, videlicet xxx diebus constantem: quem enim nunc mensem dicimus, Aegyptii olim anni nomine indigitabant.
2. Post deos regnarunt heroes annis MCCLY: rur- susque alii reges dominati sunt annis MDCCCXVII: tum alii triginta reges Memphitae annis MDCCXC: deinde alii Thinitae decem reges annis CCCL.
3. Secuta est manium heroumque dominatio annis MMMMMDCCCXIII.
4, Summa temporis in mille et myriadem! con- surgit annorum, qui tamen lunares, nempe menstrul,
1Miuller: mille myriadas Mai.
1The name Bydis (or Bites) seems to be the Egyptian bity “‘king’’ (from bit ‘‘ bee”’), the title of the kings of Lower Egypt: see the Palermo Stone, and cf. Herodotus, iv. 155, ‘“‘ the Libyans call their king ‘ Battos’”’ (P. E. Newberry). Bitys appears in late times as a translator or interpreter of Hermetical writings: see Iamblich. De Mysteriis, viii. 5 (= Scott, Hermetica, iv. p. 34) where the prophet Bitys is said to have translated [for King Ammén] a book (The Way to Higher Things, 1.e. a treatise on the theurgic or supernatural means of attaining to union with the Demiurgus) which he found inscribed in hieroglyphs in a shrine at Sais in Egypt. Cf. the pseudo- Manetho, App. I
2Therg is no evidence that the Egyptian year was ever equal to a month: there were short years (each of 360 days) and long years (see Fr. 49).
See Hacerpta Latina Barbari (Fr. 4) for the beginning of this dynasty: “ First, Anubis ...”’.
4
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 1
Osiris, Typhon, brother of Osiris, and lastly Orus, son of Osiris and Isis. These were the first to hold sway in Egypt. Thereafter, the kingship passed from one to another in unbroken succession down to Bydis (Bites) } through 13,900 years. The year I take, however, to be a lunar one, consisting, that is, of 30 days: what we now call a month the Egyptians used formerly to style a year.”
2. After the Gods, Demigods reigned for 1255 years,® and again another line of kings held sway for 1817 years: then came thirty more kings of Memphis,’ reigning for 1790 years ; and then again ten kings of This, reigning for 350 years.
3. There followed the rule of Spirits of the Dead and Demigods,° for 5813 years.
4. The total [of the last five groups] amounts to 11,000 years,® these however being lunar periods, or
[1
*Corroborated by the Turin Papyrus, Col. ii.: “οὗ Memphis ’’.
5 “* Demigods *’ should be in apposition to “ Spirits of the Dead ”’ (véxves ἡμίθεοι), as in Excerpta Latina Barbari (Fr. 4) and Africanus (Fr. 6. 1). These are perhaps the Shemsu Hor, the Followers or Worshippers of Horus, of the Turin Papyrus: see H. R. Hall, Cambridge Ancient History, i. p. 265. Before King Ménés (Fr. 6), the king of Upper Egypt who imposed his sway upon the fertile Delta and founded the First Dynasty,—the Shemsu Hor, the men of the Falcon Clan whose original home was in the West Delta, had formed an earlier united kingdom by conquering Upper Egypt: see V. Gordon Childe, New Light on the Most Ancient East, 1934, p. 8, based upon Breasted, Bull. Instit. Frang. Arch. Or. xxx. (Cairo, 1930), pp. 710 ff., and Schafer’s criticism, Orient. Liter- aturz. 1932, p. 704.
5 The exact total of the items given is 11,025 years. So also 24,900 infra is a round number for 24,925.
9
Fr. 1 MANETHO
sunt. Sed revera dominatio, quam narrant Aegyptii, deorum, heroum, et manium tenuisse putatur lun- arium annorum omnino viginti quattuor milia et nongentos,! ex quibus fiunt solares anni MMCCVI.
5. Atque haec si cum Hebraeorum chronologia conferre volueris, in eandem plane sententiam con- spirare videbis. Namque Aegyptus ab Hebraeis Mestraimus appellatur: Mestraimus autem <haud 2) multo post diluvium tempore exstitit. Quippe ex Chamo, Noachi filio, post diluvium ortusest Aegyptus sive Mestraimus, qui primus ad Aegypti incolatum profectus est, qua tempestate gentes hac illac spargi coeperunt. Erat autem summa_ temporis ab Adamo ad diluvium secundum Hebraeos annorum MMCCXLII.
6. Ceterum* quum Aegyptii praerogativa antiqui- tatis quadam seriem ante diluvium tenere se iactent Deorum, Heroum, et Manium annorum plus viginti milia regnantium, plane aequum est ut hi anni in
1 Aucher’s version runs: duae myriades quatuor millia et DCCCC.
2haud: conj. approved by Karst.
3 Petermann’s version of the first sentence of this sec- tion runs as follows: Itaque placet (licet) Egiptiis, priscis (primis) temporibus quae praecesserunt diluvium, se iactare ob antiquitatem. Deos quosdam fuisse dicunt suos, semi- deosque et manes. In menses redactis annis apud Hebraeos enarratis, lunarium annorum myriades duas et amplius etiam computant (computarunt), ita ut tot fere menses fiant, quot anni apud Hebraeos comprehenduntur ; scilicet (id est) a protoplasto homine usque ad Mezrajim tempora nostra computando (‘‘ And so, for the early times which preceded the Flood, the Egyptians may well boast of their antiquity. They say that certain Gods were theirs, as well as Demigods and Spirits of the Dead. Having reduced to
6
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 1
months. But, in truth, the whole rule of which the Egyptians tell—the rule of Gods, Demigods, and Spirits of the Dead—is reckoned to have comprised in all 24,900 lunar years, which make 2206! solar years.
5. Now, if you care to compare these figures with Hebrew chronology, you will find that they are in perfect harmony. Egypt is called Mestraim ? by the Hebrews; and Mestraim lived {ποῖ long after the Flood. For after the Flood, Cham (or Ham), son of Noah, begat Aegyptus or Mestraim, who was the first to set out to establish himself in Egypt, at the time when the tribes began to dis- perse this way and that. Now the whole time from Adam to the Flood was, according to the Hebrews, 2242 years.
6. But, since the Egyptians claim by a sort of prerogative of antiquity that they have, before the Flood, a line of Gods, Demigods, and Spirits of the Dead, who reigned for more than 20,000 years, it clearly follows that these years should be reckoned
1Boeckh, Manetho und die Hundssternperiode, p. 85, corrects this to 2046.
2 Mestraim: the Mizraim of 0.7’. Genesis x. 6: Arabic Misrun, Cuneiform Musri, Misri (Egypt). Mizraim is a dual name-form, perhaps to be explained in reference to the two great native divisions of Egypt, Upper and Lower.
months the years recorded by the Hebrews, they reckon 20,000 lunar years and even more than that number, so that it comes to practically as many months as the years of Hebrew chronology, i.e. reckoning our times * from the creation of man to Mezraim.’’)
* Karst emends this to ‘ Biblical times’’.
Fr. 1 MANETHO
menses tot convertantur quot ab Hebraeis memo- rantur anni: nempe ut qui menses continentur in memoratis apud Hebraeos annis, ii totidem intelli- gantur Aegyptiorum lunares anni, pro ea temporum summa, quae a primo condito homine ad Mestrai- mum usque colligitur. Sane Mestraimus generis Aegyptiaci auctor fuit, ab eoque prima Aegyptiorum dynastia manare credenda est.
7. Quodsi temporum copia adhuc exuberet, re- putandum est plures fortasse Aegyptiorum reges una eademque aetate exstitisse; namque et Thini- tas regnavisse aiunt et Memphitas et Saitas et Aethiopes eodemque tempore alios.1 Videntur praeterea alii quoque alibi imperium tenuisse: atque hae dynastiae suo quaeque in nomo® semet continuisse: ita ut haud singuli reges successivam potestatem acceperint, sed alius alio loco eadem aetate regnaverit. Atque hinc contigit, ut tantus numerus annorum confieret. Nos vero, his omissis, persequamur singillatim Aegyptiorum chronologiam.
(Continued in Fr. 7(5).)
1Petermann renders: ac interim (iuxta eosdem) alios quoque, ‘‘and others too, besides these’’.
2The Armenian version here confuses νόμος “ law’’ and νομός ‘“‘nome’’: the Latin translation corrects this blunder.
1 For the contemporaneous existence of a number of petty kingdoms in Egypt, see the Piankhi stele, Breasted, Ancient Records, iv. §§ 830, 878, and the passage from Artapanus, Concerning the Jews, quoted on p. 73 n. 3. T. Nicklin (in his Studies in Egyptian Chronology, 1928-29,
8
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 1
as the same number of months as the years recorded by the Hebrews: that is, that all the months contained in the Hebrew record of years, should be reckoned as so many lunar years of the Egyptian calculation, in accordance with the total length of time reckoned from the creation of man in the beginning down to Mestraim. Mestraim was indeed the founder of the Egyptian race; and from him the first Egyptian dynasty must be held to spring.
7. But if the number of years is still in excess, it must be supposed that perhaps several Egyptian kings ruled at one and the same time ; for they say that the rulers were kings of This, of Memphis, of Sais, of Ethiopia, and of other places at the same time. It seems, moreover, that different kings held sway in different regions, and that each dynasty was confined to its own nome: thus it was not a succession of kings occupying the throne one after the other, but several kings reigning at the same time in different regions.| Hence arose the great total number of years. But let us leave this question and take up in detail the chronology of Egyptian history.
(Continued in Fr. 7(5).)
p- 39) says: ‘‘ The Manethonian Dynasties are not lists of rulers over all Egypt, but lists partly of more or less independent princes, partly of princely lines from which later sprang rulers over all Egypt. (Cf. the Scottish Stuarts, or the Electors of Hanover.) Some were mere Mayors of the Palace or princelets maintaining a pre- carious independence, or even more subordinate Governors of nomes, from whom, however, descended subsequent monarchs. (Cf. the Heptarchy in England.) ”’
9
Fr. 2 MANETHO
Fr. 2. Syncellus, p. 73.
1. Mera δὲ ταῦτα καὶ περὶ ἐθνῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν « a an πέντε ἐν τριάκοντα δυναστείαις ἱστορεῖ τῶν λεγο- > a ~ μένων παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς θεῶν Kat ἡμιθέων καὶ νεκύων Kal ~ ‘ θνητῶν, dv καὶ Εὐσέβιος ὁ Παμφίλου μνησθεὶς ἐν τοῖς Χρονικοῖς αὐτοῦ φησὶν οὕτως" “e > 4, A ~ \ e / \ A 2. “ Αἰγύπτιοι δὲ θεῶν καὶ ἡμιθέων καὶ παρὰ 4, / \ ~ α΄. / \ τούτοις νεκύων καὶ θνητῶν ἑτέρων βασιλέων πολλὴν καὶ φλύαρον συνείρουσι μυθολογίαν: οἱ γὰρ παρ᾽ a ” αὐτοῖς παλαιότατοι σεληναίους ἔφασκον εἶναι τοὺς } ~ / ~ « ἐνιαυτοὺς ἐξ ἡμερῶν τριάκοντα συνεστῶτας, ot δὲ σ > / μετὰ τούτους ἡμίθεοι ὥρους ἐκάλουν τοὺς ἐνιαυτοὺς 3) τοὺς 5 τριμηνιαίους. ~ e / a 3. Kai ταῦτα μὲν 6 Εὐσέβιος μεμφόμενος αὐτοῖς - , > / Ψ « ε ’ τῆς φλυαρίας εὐλόγως συνέγραψεν, ὃν 6 Πανό- ~ « 2 /, Swpos od καλῶς, ws οἶμαι, ἐν τούτῳ μέμφεται, ,ὔ A ~ λέγων ὅτι ἠπόρησε διαλύσασθαι τὴν ἔννοιαν τῶν Δ A / ~ συγγραφέων, ἣν αὐτὸς καινότερόν τι δοκῶν κατορ- θοῦν λέγει" Nar A ~ a? σ “- 4, ““᾿Επειδὴ ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ ᾿Αδὰμ πλάσεως ἕως 3 τοῦ τῇ De ’ ” ~ θ λ “- ~ β΄ ΜΝ νώχ, ἤτοι τοῦ καθολικοῦ κοσμικοῦ ασπβ' ἔτους, οὔτε μηνὸς οὔτε ἐνιαυτοῦ ἀριθμὸς ἡμερῶν ἐγνωρί- > ~ ~ ζετο, of δὲ ἐγρήγοροι, κατελθόντες ἐπὶ τοῦ καθολικοῦ
1MSS. εἶναι τοὺς τ΄ μηνιαίους τοὺς ἐνιαυτοὺς : τ΄ μηνιαίους τοὺς 560]. Scaliger.
2MSS. τοὺς ψ' τριμηνιαίους : ψ΄ delet m.
8 ἕως add. m.
10
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 2
Fr. 2 (from Syncellus).
Thereafter! Manetho tells also of five Egyptian tribes which formed thirty dynasties, comprising those whom they call Gods, Demigods, Spirits of the Dead, and mortal men. Of these Eusebius, “‘ son ” of Pamphilus, gives the following account in his Chronica : “ Concerning Gods, Demigods, Spirits of the Dead, and mortal kings, the Egyptians have a long series of foolish myths. The most ancient Egyptian kings, indeed, alleged that their years were lunar years consisting of thirty days, whereas the Demigods who succeeded them gave the name héroi to years which were three months long.” So Eusebius wrote with good reason, criticizing the Egyptians for their foolish talk ; and in my opinion Panodérus 3 is wrong in finding fault with Eusebius here, on the ground that Eusebius failed to explain the meaning of the historians, while Panodérus thinks he himself succeeds by a somewhat novel method, as follows:
“From the creation of Adam, indeed, down to Enoch, i.e. to the general cosmic year 1282, the number of days was known in neither month nor year; but the Egregori (or ‘ Watchers ’),? who had
1 This passage follows after Appendix I., p. 210.
? Panodérus (fi. c. 395-408 a.p.) and his contemporary Annianus were Egyptian monks who wrote on Chronology with the purpose of harmonizing Chaldean and Egyptian systems with that of the Jews. Panodérus used (and per- haps composed) the Book of Séthis (App. IV.).
3 ᾿Εγρήγοροι, “ἡ Watchers, Angels ’’—in Enoch, 179, of the angels who fell in love with the daughters of men. The Greek word ’Eyp7yopo: is a mispronunciation of the Aramaic word used in Enoch, 179.
11
FR. 2 MANETHO
κοσμικοῦ χιλιοστοῦ ἔτους, συναναστραφέντες τοῖς ἀν- / 50. " > \ \ / ~ 4 θρώποις ἐδίδαξαν αὐτοὺς τοὺς κύκλους τῶν δύο φωσ- τήρων δωδεκαζῳδίους εἶναι ἐκ μοιρῶν τριακοσίων «7 ¢€ Nata 4 > \ / ἑξήκοντα, ot δὲ ἀποβλέψαντες εἰς τὸν περιγειότερον, μικρότερον καὶ εὐδηλότερον τριακονθήμερον σελη- νιακὸν κύκλον ἐθέσπισαν εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν ἀριθμεῖσθαι, διὰ τὸ καὶ τὸν τοῦ ἡλίου κύκλον ἐν τοῖς αὐτοῖς / L ~ > > / / δώδεκα ζῳδίοις πληροῦσθαι ἐν ἰσαρίθμοις μοίραις , “ ͵ \ , A 3 > a τξ΄. ὅθεν συνέβη τὰς βασιλείας τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς βασιλευσάντων θεῶν γενεῶν ἕξ, ἐν δυναστείαις Ef > 1 λ a θ / 4 λ ἕξ͵ κατ᾽ ἔτη ἐν σεληνιακοῖς τριακονθημέροις κύκλοις παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς ἀριθμεῖσθαι: ἃ καὶ συνῆξαν σελήνια a’ αν ἢ ὅλ \ ξθ' 5 ~ δὲ θ ΄ ,απνπε΄ ἔτη, ἡλιακὰ D ταῦτα δὲ συναριθμούμενα A A ~ 7 / [2 A ν τοῖς πρὸ τῆς τούτων βασιλείας ἡλιακοῖς ανη΄ ἔτεσι / « / τινας 439 « , A \ συνάγουσιν ὁμάδα ἐτῶν βκζ΄. ὁμοίως δὲ κατὰ τὰς δύο δυναστείας τῶν ἐννέα ἡμιθέων τῶν μηδέποτε γεγονότων ὡς γεγονότων ἔτη σιδ' καὶ ἥμισυ σπουδάζει συνιστᾶν ἀπὸ τῶν wry’ ale Aa ἦτοι τρόπων, ὡς γίνεσθαί φησι, σὺν MEO’, αρπγ΄' 8 καὶ ἥμισυ ἔτη, καὶ συναπτόμενα τοῖς ἀπὸ Adap μέχρι τῆς τῶν θεῶν βασιλείας ανη΄ ἔτεσι συνάγειν ἔτη βσομβ’ ἕως τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ. , \ ~ \ ¢ ~ 5. Kat ταῦτα μὲν ὁ Ilavddwpos tas κατὰ θεοῦ καὶ τῶν θεοπνεύστων γραφῶν Αἰγυπτιακὰς συγ- γραφὰς συμφωνεῖν αὐταῖς ἀγωνίζεται δεικνύναι, / \ Ed / A ἰὃ ἣ σ 9. .& ~ μεμφόμενος τὸν Εὐσέβιον, μὴ εἰδὼς ὅτι καθ᾽ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἀληθείας ἀποδέδεικται ταῦτα αὐτοῦ τὰ 1MSS. ἔτη alone: κατ᾽ ἔτη τη. 3ωνή ὥρων or ὅρων m.: ὠνιώων MSS.: ἐνιαυσίων ὡρῶν
Scealiger. 3 apy’ m.: ,apvy’ MSS.
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 2
descended to earth in the general cosmic year 1000, held converse with men, and taught them that the orbits of the two luminaries, being marked by the twelve signs of the Zodiac, are composed of 360 parts. Observing the moon’s orbit which is nearer the earth, smaller, and more conspicuous, as it has a period of thirty days, men decided that it should be reckoned as a year, since the orbit of the sun also was filled by the same twelve signs of the Zodiac with an equal number of parts, 360. So it came to pass that the reigns of the Gods who ruled among them for six generations in six dynasties were reckoned in years each consisting of a lunar cycle of thirty days. The total in lunar years is 11,985, or 969 solar years. By adding these to the 1058 ' solar years of the period before their reign, they reach the sum total of 2027 years.” Similarly, in the two dynasties of nine Demigods,—these being regarded as real, although they never existed,—Panodo6rus strives to make up 2144 years out of 858 horoi (periods of three months) or tropot, so that with the 969 years they make, he says, 1183}, and these, when added to the 1058 years from the time of Adam to the reign of the Gods, complete a total of 2242 years down to the Flood. Thus Panodérus exerts himself to show that the Egyptian writings against God and against our divinely inspired Scriptures are really in agreement with them. In this he criticizes Eusebius, not under- standing that these arguments of his, which are in- capable of proof or of reasoning, have been proved
1 See Intro. p. xxx.
13
Fr. 2,3 MANETHO
> ΄, ’ \ > /, ” »
ἀναπόδεικτά τε καὶ ἀσυλλόγιστα, εἴ γε... οὔτε Βαβυλὼν ἢ Χαλδαϊκὴ πρὸ τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ οὔτε ς Μ A ~ Ut > 4 > ἡ Αἴγυπτος πρὸ τοῦ Μεστρὲμ ἐβασιλεύθη, οἶμαι ὃ
ὅτι οὐδ᾽ φκίσθη. ..
Fr. 8. Syncellus, p. 32. Περὶ τῆς τῶν Αἰγυπτίων ἀρχαιολογίας.
Μανεθῶ ὁ Σεβεννύτης ἀρχιερεὺς τῶν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ μιαρῶν ἱερῶν μετὰ Βήρωσσον γενόμενος ἐπὶ {|τολε- μαίου τοῦ Φιλαδέλφου γράφει τῷ αὐτῷ Πτολεμαίῳ, ψευδηγορῶν καὶ αὐτὸς ὡς ὁ Βήρωσσος͵ περὶ δυν- αστειῶν ς΄", ἤτοι θεῶν τῶν μηδέποτε γεγονότων ς΄ ,1 οἵ, φησὶ, διαγεγόνασιν ἐπὶ ἔτη a’ jamme’. ὧν πρῶτος, φησὶ, θεὸς “Hfasoros ἔτη ,6 ἐβασίλευσε. ταῦτα τὰ θ ἔτη πάλιν τινὲς τῶν καθ᾽ ἡμᾶς ἱστορικῶν ἀντὶ μηνῶν σεληνιακῶν λογισάμενοι καὶ μερίσαντες τὸ τῶν ἡμερῶν πλῆθος τῶν αὐτῶν 9θ σεληνίων παρὰ τὰς τριακοσίας ἑξήκοντα πέντε ἡμέρας τοῦ ἐνιαυτοῦ συνῆξαν ἔτη Wl’ οδ΄, ξένον τι δοκοῦντες κατωρ- θωκέναι, γελοίων δὲ μᾶλλον εἰπεῖν ἄξιον τὸ ψεῦδος
τῇ ἀληθείᾳ συμβιβάζοντες.
Πρώτη δυναστεία Αἰγυπτίων.
a’ ἐβασίλευσεν ἤφαιστος ἔτη ψκζ' vd’ 8 ΄ Ἥλιος ᾿Ηφαίστου, ἔτη π' ς΄.
γ΄ ᾿Αγαθοδαίμων, ἔτη vs’ ui’.
1MS. A ζ΄.
?MS. A has πρώτη δυναστεία after Ἥφαιστος. > Miller: MSS. ψκδ' 4d’ (7243).
14
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 2, 3
against himself and against truth, since indeed . . . neither Babylon nor Chaldea was ruled by kings before the Flood, nor was Egypt before Mestrem, and in my opinion it was not even inhabited before that time....
Fr. 3 (from Syncellus).
On the Antiquity of Egypt.
Manetho of Sebennytus, chief priest of the accursed temples of Egypt, who lived later than Béréssos in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus, writes to this Ptolemy, with the same utterance of lies as Béréssos, concerning six dynasties or six gods who never existed: these, he says, reigned for 11,985 years. The first of them, the god Héphaestus, was king for 9000 years. Now some of our historians, reckoning these 9000 years as so many lunar months, and dividing the number of days in these 9000 lunar months by the 365 days in a year, find a total of 727% years. They imagine that they have attained a striking result, but one must rather say that it is a ludicrous falsehood which they have tried to pit against Truth.
The First Dynasty of Egypt.
1. Héphaestus reigned for 727? years.
2. Hélios (the Sun), son of Héphaestus, for 801 years.
3. Agathodaemén, for 56 τ; years.
15
Fr. 3, 4 MANETHO
δ΄ Kpovos, ἔτη μίυ. ε΄ “Ootpis καὶ "Tous, ἔτη re’ ΄ Τ7Τύφων, ἔτη κθ΄.
ζ΄ *Qpos ἡμίθεος, ἔτη κε΄.
Ἄρης ἡμιθεος, ἔτη Ky’.
θ΄ Ανουβις ἡμίθεος, ἔτη ul.
ιἐὁ ἩΗρακλῆς ἡμίθεος, ἐ ἔτη ue’. Ἀπόλλων ἡμίθεος, ἔ ἔτη κε΄.
ιβ' "Aupwv ἡμίθεος, ἔτη λ΄.
ιγ΄ Τιθοῆς ἡμίθεος, ἔτη KC’.
ιδ΄ δΣῶσος ἡμίθεος, ἔτη AP’.
ιε΄ Ζεὺς ἡμίθεος, ἔτη κ΄.
Fr. 4. Excerpta Latina Barbari (Schéne, p. 215).
Egyptiorum regnum invenimus vetustissimum omnium regnorum; cuius initium sub Manethono! dicitur memoramus scribere. Primum? deorum qui ab ipsis scribuntur faciam regna sic:
Ifestum [i.e. Hephaestum] dicunt quidam deum regnare in Aegypto annos sexcentos LX XX: post hune Solem Iphesti annos LXXVII: post istum
1 ὑπὸ Μανέθωνος Scaliger.
2¥Frick (Chronica Minora, i., (1893, p. 286) restores the original Greek as follows: πρῶτον θεῶν τῶν παρ᾽ αὐτοῖς γραφομένων ποιήσω βασιλείας οὕτως. α΄ Ἥφαιστόν φασί τινες θεὸν βασιλεῦσαι ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ἔτη χπ'.
1 Total, 969 years. 2 Total, 214 years. Total for Gods and Demigods,
1183 years. See Fr. 2. 16
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) FR. 3, 4
4, Cronos, for 401 years. 5. Osiris and Isis, for 35 years, 6. Typhén, for 29 years."
Demigods :
7. Orus, for 25 years.
8. Arés, for 23 years.
9. Anubis, for 17 years. 10. Héraclés, for 15 years. 11. Apollé, for 25 years. 12. Ammén, for 30 years. 13. Tithoés,* for 27 years. 14. Sdésus, for 32 years. 15. Zeus, for 20 years.”
Fr. 43 ( from Excerpta Latina Barbari).
In the kingdom of Egypt we have the oldest of all kingdoms, and we are minded to record its begin- ning, as it is given by Manetho. First, I shall put down as follows the reigns of the Gods, as recorded by the Egyptians. Some say that the god Ηδ- phaestus reigned in Egypt for 680 years: after him, Sol [Hélios, the Sun], son of Héphaestus, for 77
%This extract made by an anonymous and ignorant scribe depends chiefly upon Africanus. See Weill, La fin du moyen empire égyptien, pp. 640, 642 f., 655 f. Gelzer and Bauer have inferred that the Greek account translated by Barbarus was either the work of the Egyptian monk Annianus (see Fr. 2, p. 11 n. 2) or at least a source derived from him (Laqueur, &.-H. xiv. 1, 1081).
* For the divinity Tithoés in two inscriptions of Coptos, see O. Guéraud in Ann. Serv. Antig., 35 (1935), pp. 5 f.
\ 17
Fr. 4 MANETHO
Sosinosirim! annos CCCXX: post hune Oron ptoliarchum annos XXVIII: post hunc Tyfona annos XLYV.? Colliguntur deorum regna anni mille DL.
Deinceps Mitheorum ὃ regna sic:
Prota* Anube S[amusim, qui etiam Aegyptiorum scripturas conposuit] annos LX XXIII.
[Post hunc Apiona grammaticus qui secundum Inachum interpraetatur annos LXVII quem sub Argios initio regnaverunt.|
1Corrected by the first hand from Sisinosirim: Sosin, Osirim Sealiger. Barbarus probably intended: post istum Sosin, post hune Osirim. Cf. Cedren., i. p. 36, 2: καὶ per’ αὐτὸν Σῶσις, εἶτα "Οσιρις.
2 After XLV the digit I or II seems to have been erased.
3 Frick restores: ἱξξῆς ᾿Ημιθέων βασιλεῖαι οὕτως: a’ πρῶτα "Ανουβις ἔτη πγ΄. β΄ μετὰ τοῦτον "Αμουσίν (φασί τινες βασιλεῦ- σαι, ὃν ᾿Απίων ὁ γραμματικὸς ὁ καὶ τὰς Αἰγυπτίων γραφὰς συνθεὶς κατὰ Ἴναχον ἑρμηνεύει τὸν ἐπ᾽ ᾿Αργείων ἀρχῆς βασιλεύσαντα ἔτη ἐζ΄.
“μετὰ ταῦτα τοὺς Νεκύων βασιλέας ἡ ἡρμήνευσεν ᾿Ημιθέους καλῶν καὶ αὐτούς δ ὰπ τὸ κρατίστους καλῶν ἔ ετη, ρ΄.
4 πρῶτα. Along with the reign of the demigod Anubis, Barbarus has preserved a note by Africanus referring to Amésis: see Fr. 52. This note was, for some reason, trans- ferred from its original place between Potestas XVI. and XVII. See Unger, Manetho, pp. 163f. This mangled sentence, as interpreted by Unger, Gelzer, and Frick, attests the value of the tradition preserved by Barbarus.
1 The actual total of the items given is 1150 years. * The translation follows the restored Greek original : see note 3 on the text.
18
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 4
years: next, Sosinosiris [Sésis and Osiris], for 320 years: then Orus the Ruler, for 28 years; and after him, Typhon, for 45 years. Total for the reigns of the Gods, 1550 years.!
Next come the reigns of the Demigods, as follows: first, Anubes? for 83 years; then after him, Amusis, some say, was king. About him, Apion the gram- marian,® who composed a history of Egypt, explained that he lived in the time of Inachus * who was king at the founding of Argos . . . for 67 years.®
8 Apién the grammarian, born in Upper Egypt, lived at Rome in the time of Tiberius, Gaius, and Claudius: Tiberius called him by the nickname of ‘“ cymbalum mundi’’. As leader of the anti-Jewish movement, Apién was later attacked by Josephus in his Contra Apionem.
The quotation from Apién appears to derive in part from the History of Ptolemy of Mendés: see Tatian, Or. adversus Graecos, § 38, in Migne, Patrologia Graeca, vi. 880-882, and in Miiller, F.H.G. iv. p. 485 (quoted in F.H.G. ii. p. 533). (Ptolemy of Mendés dated the Exodus to the reign of Amésis, who was contemporary with Inachus. Apiénin the fourth volume of his Aegyptiaca (in five volumes) stated that Auaris was destroyed by Amésis.) Much matter must have been common to the works of Ptolemy of Mendés and Apién: cf. Africanus in Eusebius, Praepar. Evang. x. 10, ‘‘ Apién says that in the time of Inachus Moses led out the Jews’’. Cf. Fr. 52, 1, 53,9:
4 The founder of the First Dynasty of kings of Argos, Inachus is said to have died twenty generations before the Fall of Troy, 1.6. circa 1850 B.c. Aegyptus and Danaus were fifth in descent from Inachus: cf. Fr. 50, § 102.
5 This appears to be the length of the reign of Amésis, not of Inachus. Cf. Fr. 52, 1, where Africanus as recorded by Syncellus omits the number of years.
19
Fr. 4 MANETHO
I. Post hec! Ecyniorum ? reges interpraetavit, Imitheus ? vocans et ipsos? . . . annos duo milia C, fortissimos vocans.
II. Mineus et pronepotes ipsius VII regnaverunt annos CCLIII.! III. Bochus et aliorum octo annos CCCII. IV. Necherocheus et aliorum VII annos CCXIV. V. Similiter aliorum XVII annos CCLXXVIL VI. Similiter aliorum XXI annos CCLVIII. VII. Othoi et aliorum VII annos CCIII. VIII. Similiter et aliorum XIV annos CXL. IX. Similiter et aliorum XX annos CCCCIX. X. Similiter et aliorum VII annos CCIYV.
Hec ὃ finis de primo tomo Manethoni habens tem- pora annorum duo milia C.
XI. Potestas Diopolitanorum annos LX. XII. Potestas Bubastanorum annos CLIII.
1¥or haec.
2'These words are perversions of Νεκύων and ᾿Ημιθέους respectively : see p. 18 n. 3.
3 Tn the lacuna here, there would be an account of the mortal kings to whom the number 2100 (2300) belongs.
4 Cf. Fr. 6, Dynasty I. 5 For haec.
1The totals given by Barbarus are generally those of Africanus. Barbarus omits Manetho’s Dynasty VII. ; and Potestas X. is explained by Gelzer (Sextus Julius Africanus, p. 199) as being Manetho’s X. + XI. + Ammenemes (16 years) = 244 years. Total, 2300.
2 The actual total of the items given is 2260 years.
3 Potestas XI. is Manetho’s Dynasty XII. Barbarus therefore gives Dynasties XII.-XVIII.: the totals (cor- rected by Meyer, Aeg. Chron. 99, n. 2) are—XII. 160, XIII. 453, XIV. 184, XV. 284, XVI. 518, XVII. 151,
20
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 4
I. Thereafter he [Manetho] gave an account of the kings who were Spirits of the Dead, calling them also Demigods, . . . who reigned for 2100 years: he called them “ very brave ” (Heroes).
II. Mineus and seven of his descendants reigned for 253 years.}
III. Bochus and eight other kings reigned for 302
years.
IV. Necherocheus and seven other kings for 214
years. V. Similarly seventeen other kings for 277 years.
VI. Similarly twenty-one other kings for 258 years.
VII. Othoi and seven other kings for 203 years. VIII. Similarly fourteen other kings for 140 years.
IX. Similarly twenty other kings for 409 years.
X. Similarly seven other kings for 204 years.
Here ends the First Book of Manetho, which contains a period of 2100 years.”
XI.3 A dynasty of kings of Diospolis, for 60 years. XII. A dynasty of kings of Bubastus, for 153 years.
XVIII. 262 (+ XIX. 209). Sum total for Book II. 2221 years: οἵ. Fr. 55 Africanus, 56 Eus. (Arm.), 2121 years.
The names of Potestates XII.-XVII., or Dynasties XIII.-XVIII., come from some other source than Manetho: the Tanites of Potestas XIII. or Dynasty XIV. appear to correspond with the Hyksés, just as in the Book of Séthis (App. IV.); while others may be local dynasties of the Hyksés age. The kings of Hermupolis (Potestas XVII.) apparently denote the kings of the Eighteenth Dynasty, whose names indicate the cult of the Moon-deities "Ioh and Théth of Hermupolis (Meyer, Gesch.® I. ii. p. 326).
21
Fr. 4, 5 MANETHO
XIII. Potestas Tanitorum annos CLXXXIV. XIV. Potestas Sebennitorum annos CCX XIV. XV. Potestas Memfitorum annos CCCXVIII. XVI. Potestas [liopolitorum annos CCX XI.
XVII. Potestas Ermupolitorum annos CCLX.
Usque ad septimam decimam potestatem secun- dum scribitur tomum,! ut docet numerum habentem annos mille quingentos XX. MHaec sunt potestates Aegyptiorum.
Fr. 5. Matatas, Chronographia, p. 25 (ΜΙΟΝΕ, Patrologia Graeca, Vol. 97).
Ταῦτα δὲ τὰ παλαιὰ καὶ ἀρχαῖα βασίλεια τῶν Αἰγυπτίων Μανέθων συνεγράψατο" ἐν οἷς συγ- γράμμασιν αὐτοῦ ἐμφέρεται ἄλλως λέγεσθαι τὰς ἐπωνυμίας τῶν πέντε πλανητῶν ἀστέρων. Τὸν γὰρ λεγόμενον Κρόνον ἀστέρα ἐκάλουν τὸν λάμ-
\ \ A ‘ / ‘ \ mM ποντα, Tov δὲ 4ιὸς τὸν φαέθοντα, τὸν δὲ “Apeos τὸν πυρώδη, τὸν δὲ ‘Adpoditns τὸν κάλλιστον, τὸν δὲ “Ἑρμοῦ τὸν στίλβοντα: ἅτινα μετὰ ταῦτα Σωτάτης ὁ σοφώτατος ἡρμήνευσε. Cf. id., p. 59: Αἰγυπτίων δὲ ἐβασίλευσε πρῶτος βασιλεὺς τῆς
“ “- Ul ca ~ A ε ΑἹ Ἁ φυλῆς τοῦ Χάμ, υἱοῦ Νῶε, Φαραὼ ὁ καὶ Ναραχὼ
1MS. totum. Frick restores the original Greek as fo.lows: μέχρι τῆς ιζ΄ δυναστείας ὁ δεύτερος γράφεται τόμος, ὡς δηλοῖ ὁ ἀριθμός, ἔχων ἔτη καφκ΄.
1 The actual total of the items given is 1420 years. * 4407 codd.
22
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 4,5
XIII. A dynasty of kings of Tanis, for 184 years. XIV. A dynasty of kings of Sebennytus, for 224 years. XV. A dynasty of kings of Memphis, for 318 years. XVI. A dynasty of kings of Héliopolis, for 221 years. XVII. A dynasty of kings of Hermupolis, for 260
years.
The Second Book continues the record down to the Seventeenth Dynasty, and comprises 1520 years.' These are the Egyptian dynasties.
Fr. 5 (from the Chronicle of Malalas).
[After recording the reigns of Héphaestus (1680 days), Hélios (4477 * days), Sésis, Osiris, Horus, and Thulis, Malalas adds :]
These ancient reigns of early Egyptian kings are recorded by Manetho, and in his writings it is stated that the names of the five planets are given in other forms : Cronos [Saturn] they used to call the shining star; Zeus [Jupiter], the radiant star [Phaethon]; Arés [Mars], the fiery star; Aphrodité [Venus], the fairest; Hermés [Mercury], the glittering star. These names were later explained by the wise Sétatés [? Sdtadés or Palaephatus *].
The first king of Egypt belonged to the tribe of Cham [Ham], Noah’s son; he was Pharadh, who was also called Naracho.
3 Palaephatus of Egypt, or Athens, wrote on Egyptian theology and mythology, c. 200 B.c.,—more than seven centuries earlier than Malalas himself (c. 4.0. 491-578).
23
Fr. 5, 6 MANETHO
καλούμενος. Τὰ οὖν πρὸ τούτου παλαιὰ βασίλεια Αἰγυπτίων ἐξέθετο Μανέθων ὃ σοφώτατος, ὡς προείρηται.
Fr. 6. Syncellus, p. 99.
᾿Επειδὴ δὲ τῶν ἀπὸ Meorpain Αἰγυπτιακῶν δυναστειῶν ' of χρόνοι ἕως Νεκταναβῶ χρειώδεις τυγχάνουσιν ἐν πολλοῖς τοῖς περὶ τὰς χρονικὰς καταγινομένοις ζητήσεις, αὐταὶ δὲ παρὰ Μανεθῶ ληφθεῖσαι τοῖς ἐκκλησιαστικοῖς ἱστορικοῖς δια- πεφωνημένως κατά τε τὰς αὐτῶν προσηγορίας καὶ τὴν ποσότητα τῶν χρόνων τῆς βασιλείας ἐκδέδον- ται, ἐπὶ τίνος τε αὐτῶν ᾿Ιωσὴφ ἡγεμόνευσε τῆς Αἰγύπτου καὶ μετ᾽ αὐτὸν 6 θεόπτης Μωῦσῆς τῆς mS A >? ? /, / «ε / > τοῦ ᾿Ισραὴλ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου πορείας ἡγήσατο, avay- καῖον ἡγησάμην δύο τῶν ἐπισημοτάτων ἐκδόσεις > / ‘ 4 > / / ἐκλέξασθαι καὶ ταύτας ἀλλήλαις παραθέσθαι, "4 ~ , \ ~ > > A Ed / φρικανοῦ τέ φημι καὶ τοῦ μετ᾽ αὐτὸν Εὐσεβίου ~ , ͵ ¢ Ἃ \ > / τοῦ [Παμφίλου καλουμένου, ws av τὴν ἐγγίζουσαν τῇ γραφικῇ ἀληθείᾳ δόξαν ὀρθῶς ἐπιβάλλων τις 3 καταμάθοι, τοῦτο πρό γε πάντων εἰδὼς ἀκριβῶς, ὅτι Ἀφρικανὸς μὲν εἴκοσιν ἔτη προστίθησιν ἐν τοῖς ἀπὸ ‘Addap ἕως τοῦ κατακλυσμοῦ χρόνοις, καὶ ἀντὶ Popp’ ‘Bote ἔτη βούλεται εἶναι, ὅπερ οὐ δοκεῖ καλῶς € ἔχειν. Εὐσέβιος. δὲ Popp’ ὑγιῶς ἔθετο καὶ ὁμοφώνως τῇ γραφῇ. ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἀπὸ τοῦ κατα- ~ > / , ΄σ ~ 3 Ἁ κλυσμοῦ ἀμφότεροι διήμαρτον ἕως τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ
1 δυναστειῶν Bunsen: ἐτῶν MSS. 2 τις add. m.
24
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) _ FR. 5,6
Now, the ancient reigns in Egypt before King Naraché were set forth by the wise Manetho, as has already been mentioned.
Fr. 6 (from Syncellus),
Since a knowledge of the periods of the Egyptian dynasties from Mestraim! down to Nectanabé ? is on many occasions needful to those who occupy themselves with chronological investigations, and since the dynasties taken from Manetho’s History are set forth by ecclesiastical historians with dis- crepancies in respect both to the names of the kings and the length of their reigns, and also as to who was king when Joseph was governor of Egypt, and in whose reign thereafter Moses,—he who saw God,— led the Hebrews in their exodus from Egypt, I have judged it necessary to select two of the most famous recensions and to set them side by side—I mean the accounts of Africanus and of the later Eusebius, the so-called “ son ” of Pamphilus,—so that with proper application one may apprehend the opinion which approaches nearest to Scriptural truth. It must, above all, be strictly understood that Africanus increases by 20 years the period from Adam to the Flood, and instead of 2242 years he makes it out to be 2262 years, which appears to be incorrect. On the other hand, Eusebius keeps to the sound reckon- ing of 2242 years in agreement with Scripture. In regard to the period from the Flood down to Abraham and Moses, both have gone astray by 130
1See p. 7 n. 2. * Nectanab6é or Nectanebus, the last king of Dynasty
25
Fr. 6 MANETHO
καὶ Mwiicéws ἔτεσι pd’ τοῦ δευτέρου [Καϊνᾶν υἱοῦ "A 10 ‘ ~ ~ ~ , A ~ θ 4, ppakad καὶ γενεᾷ μιᾷ, TH ιγ΄, mapa τῷ θείῳ εὐαγγελιστῇ Λουκᾷ, ἀπὸ ᾿Αδὰμ κειμένῃ. ἀλλ᾽ ὁ \ "4 ‘ > - > ‘ "Ada 5 - μὲν Ἀφρικανὸς ἐν τοῖς ἀπὸ ‘Adau προστεθεῖσιν αὐτῷ καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν ἔτεσιν Kk’ προαφήρ- παξε ταῦτα, καὶ ἐν τοῖς τοῦ Καϊνᾶν καὶ τῶν μετέ- ’ ’ / A \ σ > 3 meta pe μόνα λείπεται. διὸ καὶ ἕως ᾿Αβραὰμ, πρώτου ἔτους γσβ'΄ ἔτη ἐστοιχείωσεν. ὁ δὲ Εὐσέβιος ὁλοκλήρως τὰ pr’ ὑφελών, γρπδ' ἕως ’ὔ ” > ‘ 55 πρώτου ἔτους ᾿Αβραὰμ ἐξέδωκε.
KATA A®PIKANON. Περὶ τῶν [pera τὸν κατακλυσμὸν Αἰγύπτου δυναστειῶν, ὡς ὁ Ἀφρικανός. a’ Μετὰ νέκυας τοὺς ἡμιθέους πρώτη βασιλεία 3 καταριθμεῖται βασιλέων ὀκτώ, ὧν πρῶτος
1 Bracketed by Miiller. 2 δυναστεία Boeckh. 1 Arphaxad, son of Shem: O.7. Genesis x. 22. “ Ar-
haxad”’ is probably a Mesopotamian name (W. F. Albright, The Archaeology of Palestine and the Bible 3, 1932-3, p. 139).
2Ν.Τ. Luke iii. 36.
3 Eusebius reckoned 2242 years from Adam to the Flood, and 942 years from the Flood to Abraham.
4 Dynasties I. and II., the Thinites: c. 3200-c. 2780 B.c.
Note.—The dates which have been adopted throughout this book are those of Eduard Meyer, except where another authority is specified. Meyer’s revised dates (as in Die Altere Chronologie . . ., 1931) may conveniently be found in G. Steindorff’s chapter on Ancient History in Baedeker®, pp. ci. ff. In the Cambridge Ancient History, vol. i., H. R. Hall gives for the dynasties a series of dates
26
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) FR. 6
years belonging to the second Cainan, son of Arphaxad,' even one generation, the thirteenth, from Adam, as it is recorded by the divine evangelist Luke.? But Africanus, in the 20 years which he added between Adam and the Flood, anticipated this ; and in the period of Cainan and his successors, only 110 years remain. Hence, down to the first year of Abraham he reckoned 3202 years; but Eusebius, completely omitting those 130 years, gave 3184 years * as far as Abraham’s first year.
Dynasty I. AccorDING To AFRICANUS.
Here is the account which Africanus gives of the dynasties of Egypt [after the Flood].
1. In succession to the spirits of the Dead, the Demigods,—the first royal house * numbers eight kings, the first of whom Ménés* of
which differ from those of Breasted and the German School: he assigns earlier dates to the first twelve dynasties, e.g. Dynasty I. c. 3500 B.c. A. Scharff, on the other hand, dates the beginning of Dynasty I. c. 3000 B.c. (Journ. of Eg. Arch. xiv., 1928, pp. 275 f.).
Dynasty I. For the identifications of Manetho’s kings with monumental and other evidence, see Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums δ, I. ii. p. 140: he identifies (1) Ménés, (2) Atoti I., II., III., (5) Usaphais, (6) Miebis.
(3) Kenkenés and (5) Usaphais are two names of the same king : see Newberry and Wainwright, “King Udymu (Den) and the Palermo Stone” in Ancient Egypt, 1914,
. 148 ff. i On Ménés (c. 3200 B.c.) see P. E. Newberry in Winifred Brunton’s Great Ones of Ancient Egypt, 1929: Min in Hero- dotus, ii. 4. 27
FR. 6 MANETHO
Μήνης Owirns ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη Ep’: ὑπὸ ἱπποποτάμου διαρπαγεὶς διεφθάρη. β΄ Ἄθωθις υἱός, ἔτη νζ΄’, ὃ τὰ ἐν Μέμφει βασί- λεια οἰκοδομήσας" οὗ φέρονται βίβλοι ἀνα- τομικαί, ἰατρὸς γὰρ ἢ ἦν. y’ Κενκένης υἱός, ἔτη λα΄. δ΄ Οὐενέφης υἱός, ἔτη κγ΄ ἐφ᾽ οὗ λιμὸς κα- τέσχε τὴν Αἴγυπτον μέγας. οὗτος τὰς περὶ Κωχώμην ἤγειρε πυραμίδας. ε Οὐσαφαῖδος υἱός, ἔτη ere ς΄ Μιεβιδὸς vids, ἔτη xs’. ζ΄ Σεμέμψης υἱός, ἔτη wy’: ἐφ᾽ οὗ φθορὰ μεγίστη κατέσχε τὴν Αἴγυπτον. η΄ Βιηνεχὴς υἱός, ἔτη Ks’. Ὁμοῦ, ἔτη avy’. Τὰ τῆς πρώτης δυναστείας οὕτω πως καὶ Εὐσέ- βιος ὡς 6 Ἀφρικανὸς ἐξέθετο.
1This (Anc. Egyptian Theny), near Girga, about 310 miles S. of Cairo (Baedeker®, p. 231), the capital of the nome of This, and the seat of the First and Second Dyn- asties. The cemetery of the First Dynasty kings was near Abydos: see Petrie, Royal Tombs, i. and ii., and Baedeker 8, p. 260.
2 For a representation of a king fighting with a hippo- potamus, see a seal-impression in Petrie, Royal Tombs, II. vii. 6; and for a hippopotamus-hunt, see a year-name of Udymu, Schafer, Palermo Stone, p. 20, No. 8.
With the whole story, cf. the miraculous deliverance of Ménas by a crocodile in Diodorus Siculus, i. 89.
3 Building of palace at Memphis—by Min or Ménés, Herodotus, ii. 99, Josephus, Ant. viil. 6, 2, 155; by his son Athéthis, says Manetho; by Uchoreus, Diod. i. 50.
28
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 6
This! reigned for 62 years. He was carried off by a hippopotamus? and perished.
2. Athdéthis, his son, for 57 years. He built the palace at Memphis;* and his anatomical works 4 are extant, for he was a physician.
3. Kenkenés, his son, for 31 years.
4. Uenephés, his son, for 23 years. In his reign a great famine seized Egypt. He erected the pyramids near Kéchémé.*
5. Usaphaidos,® his son, for 20 years.
6. Miebidos,® his son, for 26 years.
7. Semempsés, his son, for 18 years. In his reign a very great calamity befell Egypt.
8. Biénechés, his son, for 26 years.
Total, 253 years.’
Eusebius also sets out the details of the First Dynasty in much the same way as Africanus.
4For the later study of anatomy (including, perhaps, the practice of vivisection) by kings of Ptolemaic Egypt, see G. Lumbroso, Glossario, s.v. ᾿Ανατομική.
5 Kéch6mé has been identified with Sakkara, and ex- cavations carried out there in the Archaic Cemetery from 1935 by W. B. Emery (assisted by Zaki Saad) have gone far to confirm Manetho. Several tombs which date from the First Dynasty were discovered at Sakkara in 1937 and 1938. One of these, the tomb of Nebetka under the 5th king of Dynasty I., was found to contain in its interior a stepped-pyramid construction of brickwork: during the building the form of the tomb was altered to a palace- facade mastaba.
‘These forms are really the genitives of the names Usaphais and Miebis.
7 The actual total of the items given is 263 years.
29
Fr. 7 MANETHO
Fr. 7 (a). Syncellus, p. 102. KATA EYZEBION.
7 ‘ ~ ‘ A A ‘ 1 ept τῶν [μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν]
> , ~ e > , Αἰγυπτίων δυναστειῶν, ὡς Εὐσέβιος.
Μετὰ νέκυας καὶ τοὺς ἡμιθέους πρώτην δυνα- στείαν καταριθμοῦσι βασιλέων ὀκτώ ὧν γέγονε
’ὔ’ Δ / > ~ « / > 4? Φ Μήνης, ὃς διασήμως αὐτῶν ἡγήσατο. ἀφ᾽ οὗ τοὺς ἐξ ἑκάστου γένους βασιλεύσαντας ἀναγρά- ψομεν ὧν " ἡ διαδοχὴ τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν τρόπον᾽
‘ M ’ὔ Θ / \ ε , > / ‘ a’ Μήνης Θινίτης καὶ οὗ τούτου ἀπόγονοι [ιζ΄, ἐν ἄλλῳ δὲ] 8 ζ7, ὃν Ἡρόδοτος Μῆνα > / > / μ᾿ , Α͂Ό, ὠνόμασεν, ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτεσιν ξ΄. οὗτος ὑπερόριον στρατείαν ἐποιήσατο καὶ ἔνδοξος Θ ε A 4 ὃ ΝΡ / « / θ ἐκρίθη, ὑπὸ" δὲ ἱπποποτάμου ἡρπάσθη. ’ Ἄθωθις ὃ τούτου υἱὸς ἦρξεν ἔτεσιν Kl’, καὶ 71P > τὰ ἐν Μέμφει βασίλεια ῴὠκοδόμησεν, ἰατρι- 4 > / A / > Ἁ κήν τε ἐξήσκησε καὶ βίβλους ἀνατομικὰς συνέγραψε.
γ΄ Κενκένης 6 τούτου vids, ἔτη AQ’.
5’ Οὐενέφης, ἔτη μβ΄. ἐφ᾽ οὗ λιμὸς κατέσχε τὴν χώραν, ὃς καὶ τὰς πυραμίδας τὰς περὶ Κωχώμην ἤγειρε.
ε΄ Οὐσαφάϊς," ἔτη x’.
ς΄ Νιεβάϊς," ἔτη xs’.
1 Bracketed by Miller. 2 Vulgo ἀναγραψαμένων. * Bracketed by Gelzer. 4 ἵσπου A, ἵππου B. 5 Οὐσαφαής A. 5 Νιεβαής A.
30
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 7
Fr. 7 (a) (from Syncellus). AccoRDING To EvusEsivs.!
Here is the account which Eusebius gives of the Egyptian dynasties [after the Flood].
In succession to the Spirits of the Dead and the Demigods, the Egyptians reckon the First Dynasty to consist of eight kings. Among these was Ménés, whose rule in Egypt was illustrious. I shall record the rulers of each race from the time of Ménés ; their succession is as follows :
1. Ménés of This, with his [17, or in another copy] 7 descendants,—the king called Mén by Herodotus,—reigned for 60 years. He made a foreign expedition and won renown, but was carried off by a hippopotamus.
2. Athdthis, his son, ruled for 27 years. He built the palace at Memphis ; he practised medicine and wrote anatomical books.
3. Kenkenés, his son, for 39 years.
4. Uenephés, for 42 years. In his reign famine seized the land. He built the pyramids near Kéchéme.
5. Usaphais, for 20 years.
6. Niebais, for 26 years.
1 The version (transmitted to us by Syncellus) which Eusebius gives of the Epitome of Manetho shows con- siderable differences from Africanus, both in the names of kings and in the length of their reigns. Peet (Egypt and the Old Testament, pp. 25 f.) says: ‘‘ The astonishing variations between their figures are an eloquent testimony to what may happen to numbers in a few centuries through textual corruption.’”’ Petrie (History of Egypt, i. p. viii) compares the corruptions in such late Greek chronicles as those of the Ptolemies (c.v./A.D.).
31
Fr. 7 MANETHO
i Σεμ ἔμψη om ἔτη (η΄ " ἐφ᾽ οὗ πολλὰ παράσημα ἐγένετο καὶ μεγίστη φθορά.
η΄ Οὐβιένθης, ἔτη κε΄.
Οἱ πάντες ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη σνβ'.
(0) Eusesius, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), pp- 94 sqq.
Post manes atque heroas primam dynastiam numerant VIII regum, quorum primus fuit Menes,} gloria regni administrandi praepollens: a quo exorsi singulas regnantium familias diligenter scribemus, quarum successiva series ita contexitur :
Menes Thinites eiusque posteri septem (quem Herodotus Mina nuncupavit). Hic annis XXX regnavit. Idem et extra regionis suae fines cum exercitu progressus est, et gloria rerum gestarum inclaruit. Ab hippo- potamo genio? raptus est.
Athothis, huius filius, regno potitus est annis XXVIII. Is regia sibi palatia Memphi con- struxit, et medicam item artem coluit, quin et libros de ratione secandorum oe scripsit.
Cencenes eius filius, annis XX XIX.
Vavenephis, annis XLII, cuius aetate fames regionem corripuit. Is pyramidas prope Cho oppidum ὃ excitavit.
1 Corr. edd.: MSS. Memes.
2 Miiller conjectures the Greek original to have been:
ὑπὸ δαίμονος δὲ ἱπποποτάμουι But the Armenian text, liter-
ally translated, is: ‘‘ by a horse-shaped river-monster’”’ (Karst, Margoliouth).
32
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 7
7. Semempsés, for 18 years. In his reign there were many portents and a very great calamity. 8. Ubienthés, for 26 years.
The total of all reigns, 252 years.}
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
In succession to the Spirits of the Dead and the Demigods, the Egyptians reckon the First Dynasty to consist of eight kings. The first of these was Ménés, who won high renown in the government of his kingdom. Beginning with him, I shall carefully record the royal families one by one : their succession in detail is as follows :
Ménés of This (whom Herodotus named Min) and his seven descendants. He reigned for 30 years, and advanced with his army beyond the frontiers of his realm, winning renown by his exploits. He was carried off by a hippo- potamus god (3).
Athothis, his son, held the throne for 27 years. He built for himself a royal palace at Memphis, and also practised the art of medicine, writing books on the method of anatomy.
Cencenes, his son, for 39 years.
Vavenephis, for 42 years. In his time famine seized the land. He reared pyramids near the town of Cho.
1 The actual total of the items given is 258 years. 2 See note 2 on the text.
3 Apparently = X@ κώμην, tor Κωχώμην.
Fr. 7, 8 MANETHO
Usaphais, annis XX.
Niebais, annis X X VI.
Mempses, annis XVIII. Sub hoc multa prodigia itemque maxima lues acciderunt.
Vibenthis,! annis X XVI.
Summa dominationis annorum CCLII.
Fr. 8. Syncellus, p. 101. KATA A®PIKANON.
Δευτέρα δυναστεία Θινιτῶν βασιλέων > / - ~ / ” , 27? a / ἐννέα, ὧν πρῶτος Βοηθός, ἔτη An’: ἐφ᾽ οὗ χάσμα
\ / > / \ > fA / κατὰ Βούβαστον ἐγένετο καὶ ἀπώλοντο πολλοί.
B’ Καιέχως, ἔτη AO’: ἐφ᾽ οὗ οἱ βόες “Ams ἐν
Μέμφει καὶ Μνεῦις ἐν ᾿“Ηλιουπόλει καὶ ὁ Μενδήσιος τράγος ἐνομίσθησαν εἶναι θεοί.
1One MS. (6) has Vibethis.
1 Karst gives 270 years as the total transmitted in the Armenian version. The total of the items as given above is 228 years.
* Dynasty II.—to c. 2780 B.c. For identifications with the Monuments, etc., see Meyer, Geschichte δ, I. ii. p. 146: he identifies (1) Boéthos, (2) Kaiech6és or Kechéus, (3) Binéthris, (4) Tlas, (5) Sethenés, (7) Nephercherés, (8) Sesdédchris. For (1) to (δ), see G. A. Reisner, The Development of the Egyptian Tomb, 1936, p. 123.
3 Bubastus or Bubastis (Baedeker 8, p. 181), near Zagazig in the Delta: Anc. Egyptian Per-Baste, the Pi-beseth of
34
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) FR. 7,8
Usaphais, for 20 years.
Niebais, for 26 years.
Mempses, for 18 years. In his reign many portents and a great pestilence occurred.
Vibenthis, for 26 years.
Total for the dynasty, 252 years.!
Dynasty II.
Fr. 8 ( from Syncellus). AccorpiNc To AFRICANUS.
The Second Dynasty” consists of nine kings of This. The first was Boéthos, for 38 years. In his reign a chasm opened at Bubastus,? and many
perished.
2. Kaiechés, for 39 years. In his reign the bulls,* Apis at Memphis and Mnevis at Heliopolis, and the Mendesian goat were worshipped as
gods.
Ezekiel xxx. 17. See also Herodotus, ii. 60, 1371. The kings of Dynasty XXII. resided at Bubastis.
Earthquakes have always been rare in Egypt (Euseb., Chron. Graec. p. 42, 1. 25; Pliny, H.N. i. 82); but Bubastis is situated in an unstable region: see H. G. Lyons in Cairo Scientific Journal, i. (1907), p. 182. It stands on an earthquake line, which runs to Crete. A deep boring made at Bubastis failed to reach rock.
* The worship of Apis is earlier even than Dynasty II. : see Palermo Stone, Schafer, p. 21, No. 12 (in reign of Udymu). For Apis, see Herodotus, ii. 153, and Diod. Sic. i. 84, 85 (where all three animals are mentioned). The goat was a cult animal in very early times: ¢f. Herodotus, ii. 46.
35
Fr. 8, 9 MANETHO
γ΄ BivwOpis, ἔτη μζ΄. ἐφ᾽ οὗ ἐκρίθη τὰς γυναῖκας βασιλείας γέρας ἔχειν. ὃ λᾶς, Ἐπ if’. ε΄ Σεθένης, ἔτη pa’. ς΄ Χαίρης, én i’. ζ΄ Νεφερχέρης, ἔτη κε" ἐφ᾽ οὗ μυθεύεται τὸν Νεῖλον μέλιτι κεκραμένον ἡμέρας ἕν- δεκα ῥυῆναι. ‘ ‘ ” , a σ΄ > - ͵ η΄ Σέσωχρις, ἔτη μη΄, ὃς ὕψος εἶχε πηχῶν ε΄, παλαιστῶν ' γ΄. θ΄ Χενερής, ἔτη λ΄. Ὁμοῦ, ἔτη τβ΄. « ~ 4 \ 4 , 4 A od πρώ Ομοῦ πρώτης καὶ δευτέρας δυναστείας [μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν) ἔτη φνε΄ κατὰ τὴν δευτέραν ἔκδοσιν ᾿Αφρικανοῦ.
Fr. 9. Syncellus, p. 103. KATA ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
Δευτέρα δυναστεία βασιλέων ἐννέα.
Πρῶτος Βῶχος, ἐφ᾽ οὗ χάσμα κατὰ Βούβαστον ἐγένετο, καὶ πολλοὶ ἀπώλοντο.
Μεθ᾿ ὃν δεύτερος Καιχῶος,2 ὅτε καὶ 6 “Ams καὶ ὁ Μνεῦις, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ Μενδήσιος τράγος θεοὶ ἐνομίσθησαν.
1 Boeckh, Bunsen: MSS. πλάτος. 2 Miller: MSS. μεθ᾽ ὃν καὶ δεύτερος XGos.
36
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) FR. 8, 9
3. Binéthris, for 47 years. In his reign it was decided that women ! might hold the kingly office.
4. Tlas, for 17 years.
5. Sethenés, for 41 years.
6. Chairés, for 17 years.
7. Nephercherés, for 25 years. In his reign, the story goes, the Nile flowed blended with honey for 11 days.
8. Seséchris, for 48 years: his stature was 5 cubits, 3 palms.”
9. Chenerés, for 30 years.
Total, 302 years.
Total for the First and Second Dynasties [after the Flood], 555 years, according to the second edition of Africanus.
Fr. 9 ( from Syncellus). Accorpinc To EvseBIvs.
The Second Dynasty consisted of nine kings. First came Bochos, in whose reign a chasm opened at Bubastus, and many perished.
He was succeeded by Kaichéos (or Chéos), in whose time Apis and Mnevis and also the Mendesian goat were worshipped as gods.
1 No queens’ names are recorded in the Royal Lists of Abydos and Karnak. Herodotus (ii. 100) records one queen: Diod. Sic. i. 44 (from Hecataeus) reckons the number of Egyptian queens as five.
* The stature of each king is said to be noted in the records mentioned by Diodorus Siculus, i. 44, 4. Cf. infra, Fr. 35, No. 3, App. II. No. 6 (p. 216).
37
Fr. 9, 10 MANETHO
γ΄ Βίοφις, ἐφ᾽ οὗ ἐκρίθη καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας βασιλείας γέρας ἔχειν. καὶ μετὰ τούτους ἄλλοι τρεῖς, ἐφ’ ὧν οὐδὲν παράσημον ἐγένετο.
ζ΄ ᾿Επὶ δὲ τοῦ ἑβδόμου μυθεύεται τὸν Νεῖλον μέλιτι κεκραμένον ἡμέραις ἕνδεκα ῥυῆναι.
η΄ Μεθ᾿ ὃν “Σέσωχρις -, ἔτη» μη΄, ὃς λέγεται γεγονέναι ὕψος ἔχων πηχῶν ε΄, παλαιστῶν γ' τὸ μέγεθος.
θ' ᾿Επὶ δὲ τοῦ & οὐδὲν ἀξιομνημόνευτον ὑπῆρχεν. Οἱ καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτεσι σηζ'
Ὅ ~ / \ ὃ ͵ ,ὔ Μ ΤΣ μοῦ πρώτης καὶ δευτέρας δυναστείας ἔτη Py κατὰ τὴν ἔκδοσιν Εὐσεβίου.
Fr. 10. Ευβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), p- 96.
Secunda dynastia regum IX.
Primus Bochus: sub eo specus ingens Bubasti subsedit multosque mortales hausit.
Post eum Cechous, quo tempore! Apis et Mnevis atque Mendesius hircus dii esse putabantur.
Deinde Biophis, sub quo lege statutum est, ut feminae quoque regiam dignitatem obtinerent.
Tum alii tres, quorum aetate nullum insigne facinus patratum est.
Sub septimo mythici aiunt flumen Nilum moelle simul et aqua fluxisse undecim diebus.
1 Miller: MS. idemque. 38
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 9, 10
3. Biophis, in whose reign it was decided that women also might hold the kingly office. In the reigns of the three succeeding kings, no notable event occurred.
7. In the seventh reign, as the story goes, the Nile flowed blended with honey for 11 days.
8. Next, Seséchris was king for 48 years: the greatness of his stature is said to have been 5 cubits 3 palms.
9. In the ninth reign there happened no event worthy of mention. These kings ruled for 297 years.
Total for the First and Second Dynasties, 549 years, according to the recension of Eusebius.
Fr. 10. ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Second Dynasty consisted of nine kings.
First came Béchus, in whose reign a huge hole opened at Bubastus, and swallowed up many persons.
He was succeeded by Cechous, in whose time Apis and Mnevis and the Mendesian goat were worshipped as gods.
Next came Biophis, in whose reign it was decreed by law that women also might hold the royal office.
In the reigns of the three succeeding kings, no notable event occurred.
Under the seventh king fabulists tell how the river Nile flowed with honey as well as water for 11 days.
39
ΕΒ. 10,11] MANETHO
Postea Sesochris annis XLVIII, quem aiunt quin- que cubitos altum, tres vero palmos latum fuisse.
Sub nono tandem nihil memoria dignum actum est.
Hi regnaverunt annis CCXCVII.
Fr. 11. Syncellus, p. 104. A@PIKANOY.
Τρίτη δυναστεία Μεμφιτῶν βασιλέων > / an / 27> 4 ἐννέα, av a’ Νεχερώφης, ἔτη Kn’: ἐφ᾽ οὗ Wiguesta ἀπέστησαν Αἰγυπτίων, καὶ τῆς σελήνης παρὰ
λόγον αὐξηθείσης διὰ δέος ἑαυτοὺς παρέδοσαν. B’ Τόσορθρος, ἔτη KO’, «ἐφ᾽ οὗ ᾿Ϊμούθης 3»
“Ὁ 3 \ \ ας 9 > ,
οὗτος Ἀσκληπιὸς «παρὰ τοῖς 5) Αἰγυπτίοις
1 Νεχορόφης Α. 3 Conj. Sethe.
1 For this absurd perversion of the Greek words, see p- 36 n. 1: πλάτος was added, perhaps as a corruption of παλαιστῶν, and replaced μέγεθος in the Greek version of Eusebius.
2 The Old Kingdom, Dynasties III.-V.: c. 2780-c. 2420 B.c.
Dynasty 1Π1., c. 2780-c.27208.c. For identifications with monumental and other evidence, see Meyer, Geschichte ὃ, I. ii. p. 174: he identifies (2) Tosorthos (Zoser I.—‘‘ the Holy ’’), and holds that (1) Necheréphés is one name of Kha‘sekhemui, (6) Tosertasis may be Zoser II. Atoti, and (9) Kerpherés may be Neferkeré‘ IT.
8 Zoser was not the first builder with hewn stone: his predecessor, Kha‘sekhemui, used squared blocks of lime- stone for building purposes; see Petrie, Royal Tombs, ii. p. 13. Granite blocks had already formed the floor of the tomb of Udymu (Dynasty I.).
Two tombs of Zoser are known: (1) a mastaba at Bét Khallaf near This (Baedeker 8, p. 231), see J. Garstang, Mahasna and Bét Khalléf; and (2) the famous Step
40
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 10, 11
Next, Sesochris ruled for 48 years: he is said to have been 5 cubits high and 3 palms broad.!
Finally, under the ninth king no memorable event occurred.
These kings reigned for 297 years.
Dynasty III.
Fr. 11 (from Syncellus). Tue Account or AFrt- CANUS.
The Third Dynasty ? comprised nine kings of Memphis.
1. Necheréphés, for 28 years. In his reign the Libyans revolted against Egypt, and when the moon waxed beyond reckoning, they surrendered in terror.
2. Tosorthros,? for 29 years. <In his reign lived Imuthés,4> who because of his medical skill has the reputation of Asclepios among the
Pyramid at Sakkara, which was the work o. the great architect Imhotep (Baedeker 8, p. 156 f.).
‘If the emendation in the text be not accepted, the statement would surely be too inaccurate to be attributed to Manetho. The Egyptian Asclepios was Imouth or Imhotep of Memphis, physician and architect to King Zoser, afterwards deified: on Philae (now for the most part submerged) Ptolemy II. Philadelphus built a little temple to Imhotep. See Sethe, Untersuchungen, ii. 4 (1902): J. B. Hurry, Imhotep (Oxford, 1926).
One of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri, edited by Grenfell and Hunt, P. Oxy. XI. 1381, of i./a.p., has for its subject the eulogy of Imuthés-Asclepius: the fragment pre- served is part of the prelude. See G. Manteuffel, De Opusculis Graecis Aegypti e papyris, ostracis, lapidibusque collectis, 1930, No. 3.
41
Fr. 11, 12 MANETHO
κατὰ τὴν ἰατρικὴν νενόμισται, καὶ τὴν διὰ ξεστῶν λίθων οἰκοδομίαν εὕρατο - ἀλλὰ καὶ γραφῆς ἐπεμελήθη.
y’ Tvpets} erm @.
8 Μέσωχρις, ἔτη ιζ΄.
ε΄ Σ᾿ ὠῦφις, ἔτη ws’.
ς΄ Τοσέρτασις, ἔτη fh’.
ζ΄ Ἄχης, ἔτη pp’.
Σήφουρις, «ἔτη» λ΄,
θ’ Κερφέρης, ἔτη xs’.
,
3
Ὅ “ Ν δ' μοῦ, ἔτη avd’. ¢ A ~ ~ ~ be ‘ Ομοῦ τῶν τριῶν δυναστειῶν κατὰ ᾿Αφρικανὸν
ἔτη PEO’.
Fr. 12 (a). Syncellus, p. 106. KATA ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
Τρίτη δυναστεία Μεμφιτῶν βασιλέων
ὀκτώ,
a’ Νεχέρωχις, ἐφ᾽ οὗ Λίβυες ἀπέστησαν Αἰγυπ- τίων, καὶ τῆς σελήνης παρὰ λόγον αὐξη- θείσης διὰ δέος ἑαυτοὺς παρέδοσαν.
B’ Μεθ᾿ ὃν Σέσορθος. .., ὃς Ἀσκληπιὸς παρὰ Αἰγυπτίοις ἐκλήθη διὰ τὴν ἰατρικήν. οὗτος
\ \ \ ~ / > A 4 καὶ τὴν διὰ ξεστῶν λίθων οἰκοδομὴν εὕρατο, ἀλλὰ καὶ γραφῆς" ἐπεμελήθη.
Οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ ἕξ οὐδὲν ἀξιομνημόνευτον ἔπραξαν.
Οἱ καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτεσιν phn’.
« ~ ~ ~ ~ A A Ed ΄
Ομοῦ τῶν τριῶν δυναστειῶν κατὰ τὸν Εὐσέβιον ” ‘ ἔτη ψμζ΄. 42
1 Τύρις A.
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 11, 12
Egyptians, and who was the inventor of the art of building with hewn stone. He also devoted attention to writing. . Tyreis (or Tyris), for 7 years. . Mesdchris, for 17 years. Séyphis, for 16 years. . Tosertasis, for 19 years. . Achés, for 42 years. . Séphuris, for 30 years. - Kerpherés, for 26 years. Total, 214 years. Total for the first three dynasties, according to Africanus, 769 years.
SRAANS w
Fr. 12 (a). (from Syncellus), AccoRDING TO KUSEBIUs.
The Third Dynasty consisted of eight kings of Memphis :
1. Necheréchis, in whose reign the Libyans re- volted against Egypt, and when the moon waxed beyond reckoning, they surrendered in terror.
2. He was succeeded by Sesorthos . . .: he was styled Asclepios in Egypt because of his medical skill. He was also the inventor of the art of building with hewn stone, and devoted attention to writing as well.
The remaining six kings achieved nothing worthy
of mention. These eight kings reigned for 198 years.
Total for the first three dynasties, according to
Eusebius, 747 years.
43
Fr. 12, 14 MANETHO
(b) Eusresrus, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Ρ. 96.
Tertia dynastia Memphitarum regum VIII.
Necherochis, sub quo Libyes ab Aegyptiis defec- erunt: mox intempestive! crescente luna territi ad obsequium reversi sunt.
Deinde Sosorthus . . ., qui ob medicam artem Aesculapius ab Aegyptiis vocitatus est. Is etiam sectis lapidibus aedificiorum struendorum auctor fuit: libris praeterea scribendis curam impendit.
Sex reliqui nihil commemorandum gesserunt.
Regnatum est annis CXCVII.
Fr. 14. Syncellus, p. 105. KATA A@®PIKANON.
Τετάρτη δυναστεία Μεμφιτῶν avy- γενείας ἑτέρας βασιλεῖς η΄.
1intempestive, Margoliouth; importune, Aucher; immaniter, Mai.
1 Dynasty IV., c. 2720-c. 2560 B.c. For identifications with monumental and other evidence, see Meyer, Ge- schichte δ, I. ii. p. 181: he identifies (1) Séris (Snofru), (2) Suphis I. (Cheops, Khufu), then after Dedefré‘ (not men- tioned by Manetho), (3) Suphis II. (Chephren), (4) Men- cherés (Mycerinus), and finally (an uncertain identification). (7) Sebercherés (Shepseskaf). For (3) Chephren and
44
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 12, 14
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUs.
The Third Dynasty consisted of eight kings of Memphis :
Necherochis, in whose reign the Libyans revolted against Egypt: later when the moon waxed un- seasonably, they were terrified and returned to their allegiance.
Next came Sosorthus...: he was_ styled Aesculapius by the Egyptians because of his medical skill. He was also the inventor of building with hewn stone ; and in addition he devoted care to the writing of books.
The six remaining kings did nothing worthy of mention. The reigns of the whole dynasty amount to 197 years.
Dynasty IV.
Fr. 14 ( from Syncellus). Accorpinc ΤῸ AFRICANUS.
The Fourth Dynasty! comprised eight kings of Memphis, belonging to a different line :
(4) Mycerinus, Diodorus i. 64 gives the good variants (3) Chabryés and (4) Mencherinus. On the Chronology of Dynasty IV. see Reisner, Mycerinus (cf. infra, note 2), pp. 243 ff. Reisner reads the name Dedefré in the form Radedef, and identifies it with Ratoisés.
The Greek tales of the oppression of Egypt by Cheops and Chephren, etc., are believed to be the inventions of dragomans. Cf. Herodotus, ii. 124 (contempt for the gods), 129 (Mycerinus), with How and Wells’s notes. Africanus has, moreover, acquired as a treasure the “sacred book’’ of Cheops.
45
Fr. 14 MANETHO
a’ Σῶρις, ἔτη κθ΄.
β' Σοῦφις, ἔτη Ey'- ὃς τὴν μεγίστην ἤγειρε πυραμίδα͵ ἣν φησιν ᾿Ηρόδοτος" ὑπὸ Χέοπος γεγονέναι. οὗτος δὲ καὶ ὑπερόπτης εἰς θεοὺς ἐγένετο καὶ τὴν ἱερὰν συνέγραψε βίβλον, ἣν ὡς μέγα χρῆμα ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ γενόμενος ἐκτησάμην.
γ΄ Σοῦφις, ἔτη Es".
& Μενχέρης, ἔτη &y’.
ε΄ ‘Patoions, ἔτη ke’.
ς΄ Βίχερις, ἔτη Kp’.
ζ΄ Σεβερχέρης, ἔτη ζ΄.
η΄ Θαμφθίς, ἔτη θ΄.
“Ὁμοῦ, ἔτη aol’?
ὋὉμοῦ τῶν 8’ δυναστειῶν τῶν [μετὰ τὸν κατα-
κλυσμὸν] ἔτη αμς΄ κατ᾽ ‘Adpixavov.
1Hdt. ii. 124. 200’ A.
10QOn the Pyramids of Giza, see Baedeker °, pp. 133 ff. ; Noel F. Wheeler, ‘‘ Pyramids and their Purpose,” Antiquity, 1935, pp. 5-21, 161-189, 292-304; and for the fourth king of Dynasty IV. see G. A. Reisner, Mycerinus: The Temples of the Third Pyramid at Giza, 1931. Notwithstanding their colossal dimensions and marvellous construction, the Pyramids have not escaped detraction: Frontinus (De Aquis, i. 16) contrasts “ the
46
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 14
1. Séris, for 29 years.
2. Suphis [I.], for 63 years. He reared the Great Pyramid,’ which Herodotus says was built by Cheops. Suphis conceived a contempt for the gods: he also composed the Sacred Book, which I acquired in my visit to Egypt ” because of its high renown.
. Suphis [11.]. for 66 years.
. Mencherés, for 63 years.
. Ratoisés, for 25 years.
. Bicheris, for 22 years.
. Sebercherés, for 7 years.
. Thamphthis, for 9 years.
OANA NS ὦ»
Total, 277 years.® Total for the first four dynasties [after the Flood], 1046 years according to Africanus.
idle pyramids’ with “the indispensable structures”’ of the several aqueducts at Rome; and Pliny (H.N. 36, 8, § 75) finds in the pyramids “ an idle and foolish ostenta- tion of royal wealth’”’. But the pyramids have, at any rate, preserved the names of their builders, especially Cheops, to all future ages, although, as Sir Thomas Browne characteristically wrote (Urn-Burial, Chap. 5): “ To :
be but pyramidally extant is a fallacy of duration”’ . ‘“Who can but pity the founder of the Pyramids 2? The modern Egyptologist says: “The Great Pyramid is the earliest and most impressive witness . .. to the final emergence of organized society from prehistoric chaos and local conflict’? (J. H. Breasted, History of Egypt, p. 119).
2 Africanus went from Palestine to Alexandria, attracted by the renown of the philosopher Heraclas, Bishop of Alexandria: see Eusebius, Hist. Eccl. vi. 31, 2.
2 The MS. A gives as total 274: the items add to 284.
47
Fr. 15, 16 MANETHO
Fr. 15. Syneellus, p. 106. KATA EYZEBION.
Τετάρτη δυναστεία βασιλέων if’ Μεμφιτῶν ovy- γενείας ἑτέρας βασιλείας.
*Qv τρίτος Σοῦφις, ὃ τὴν μεγίστην πυραμίδα > / Ὁ Ἥ, / « \ Xe e ἐγείρας, ἥν φησιν ᾿Ηρόδοτος ὑπὸ Χέοπος γεγονέναι, ὃς καὶ ὑπερόπτης εἰς θεοὺς γέγονεν, ὡς μετανοή-
1] A \ « A / / a e
σαντα αὐτὸν τὴν ἱερὰν συγγράψαι βίβλον, ἣν ws μέγα χρῆμα Αἰγύπτιοι περιέπουσι. τῶν δὲ λοιπῶν
δὲ 3 / > / a ἢ > , οὐδὲν ἀξιομνημόνευτον ἀνεγράφη. ot καὶ ἐβασί- λευσαν ἔτεσιν υμη΄.
Ὁμοῦ τῶν δ' δυναστειῶν [μετὰ τὸν κατακλυσμὸν] «αρῆε΄ κατὰ Εὐσέβιον.
Fr. 16. Eusrsius, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), p., 91s
Quarta dynastia Memphitarum regum XVII ex alia regia familia, quorum tertius, Suphis, maximae pyramidis auctor, quam quidem Herodotus a Cheope structam ait: qui in deos ipsos superbiebat ; tum facti poenitens sacrum librum! conscribebat, quem Aegyptii instar magni thesauri habere se putant. De reliquis regibus nihil memorabile litteris man-
datum est. Regnatum est annis CCCCXLVIII.
llibros Sacrarii (Aucher), “the sanctuary books,” “books for the shrine.”’
48
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 15, 16
Fr. 15 (from Syncellus). AccorpInc To Eusebius.
Tne Fourth Dynasty comprised seventeen kings of Memphis belonging to a different royal line.
Of these the third was Suphis, the builder of the Great Pyramid, which Herodotus says was built by Cheops. Suphis conceived a contempt for the gods, but repenting of this, he composed the Sacred Book, which the Egyptians hold in high esteem.
Of the remaining kings no achievement worthy of mention has been recorded.
This dynasty reigned for 448 years.
Total for the first four dynasties [after the Flood], 1195 years according to Eusebius.
Fr. 16. ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Fourth Dynasty consisted of seventeen kings of Memphis belonging to a different royal line. The third of these kings, Suphis, was the builder of the Great Pyramid, which Herodotus declares to have been built by Cheops. Suphis behaved arrogantly towards the gods themselves: then, in penitence, he composed the Sacred Book in which the Egyptians believe they possess a great treasure. Of the re- maining kings nothing worthy of mention is recorded in history. The reigns of the whole dynasty amount to 448 years.
49
Fr. 18, 19 MANETHO
Fr. 18. Syncellus, p. 107. KATA A®PIKANON.
Πέμπτη δυναστεία βασιλέων η΄ ἐξ ᾽Ελε- φαντίνης.
a Sacks ae ἔτη κη΄. Σεφρής, ἔτη ιγ΄. Νεφερχέρης, ἔτη κ΄.
Σισίρης, ἔτη Le
Χέρης, ἔτη κ΄.
‘Paboupns, ἔτη po’.
Μενχέρης, ἔτη 0’.
Τανχέρης, ἔτη μδ΄. "Ovvos, ἔτη Ay’.
~ ις ὩΣ oes
"
= wv
μοῦ, ἔ ἔτη oun. “γίνονται σὺν τοῖς προτεταγ- μένοις αμς΄ ἔτεσι τῶν τεσσάρων δυναστειῶν ἔτη 204d’.
Fr. 19 (4). Syncellus, p. 109. KATA EYSEBION.
Πέμπτη δυναστεία βασιλέων τριάκοντα ἑνὸς ἐξ ᾿Ελεφαντίνης. ὧν πρῶτος ᾿᾽Οθόης. οὗτος ὑπὸ τῶν δορυφόρων ἀνῃρέθη.
1 Τατχέρης corr. Lepsius. 2”OBvos A.
1 Dynasty V.c. 2560-c. 2420 B.c. For identifications with monumental and other evidence, see Meyer, Geschichte®, I. ii. p. 203: his list runs (1) Userkaf, (2) Sahuré‘, (3) Nefererkeré' Kakai, (4) Nefrefré‘ or Shepseskeré‘, (δ) Kha‘neferré‘, (6) Neweserré‘ Ini, (7) Menkeuhor (Akeuhor), (8) Dedkeré‘ Asosi, (9) Unas.
50
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 18, 19
Dynasty V. Fr. 18 ( from Syncellus). Accorptnc To AFRICANUS.
The Fifth Dynasty 1 was composed of eight kings of Elephantine :
. Usercherés, for 28 years.
. Sephrés, for 13 years.
. Nephercherés, for 20 years.
. Sisirés, for 7 years.
Cherés, for 20 years.
Rathurés, for 44 years.
. Mencherés, for 9 years.
. Tancherés (? Tatcherés), for 44 years. . Onnus, for 33 years.
Total, 248 years.”
Along with the aforementioned 1046 years of the first four dynasties, this amounts to 1294 years.
Fr. 19 (a) (from Syncellus), AccorDING TO EUsSEBIUs.
The Fifth Dynasty consisted of thirty-one kings of Elephantine. Of these the first was Othoés,? who was murdered by his bodyguard.
2 The items total 218 years; but if the reign of Othoés, the first king of Dynasty VI. is added, the total will then be 248 years.
In the chronology of Eusebius, Dynasty V. is sup- pressed: the kings whom he mentions belong to Dynasty VI.
51
Fr. 19, 20 MANETHO
€ ΄ > O δὲ 5’ Diws, ἑξαέτης ἀρξάμενος, ἐβασίλευσε μέχρις ἐτῶν ἕκατόν. γίνονται οὖν σὺν τοῖς προ- / ~ ~ τεταγμένοις αρῆε΄ ἔτεσι τῶν τεσσάρων δυναστειῶν
(ἔτη) jaohe’ :
(Ὁ) Eusresrus, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Hooke
Quinta dynastia regum XXXI Elephantinorum, quorum primus Othius, qui a satellitibus suis occisus est. Quartus Phiops, qui regiam dignitatem a sexto aetatis anno ad centesimum usque tenuit.
Fr. 20. Syncellus, p. 108. KATA A®PIKANON.
"Extn δυναστεία βασιλέων ἕξ Μεμφιτῶν. a’ ᾽Οθόης,; ἔτη λ΄’, ὅς ὑπὸ τῶν δορυφόρων ἀνῃρέθη. , / 7 , B’ Φιός, ἔτη vy’. γ' Μεθουσοῦφις, ἔτη ζ΄. ι ᾿Οθώης A.
1 Karst translates the Armenian as referring to the sixtieth year—‘“‘ began to rule at the age of 60”; but Aucher’s Armenian text has the equivalent of sexennis, “six years old ’’ (Margoliouth).
52
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 19, 20
The fourth king, Phidps, succeeding when six years old, reigned until his hundredth year. Thus, along with the aforementioned 1195 years of the first four dynasties, this amounts to 1295 years.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Fifth Dynasty consisted of thirty-one kings of Elephantine. Of these the first was Othius, who was killed by his attendants. The fourth king was Phidps, who held the royal office from his sixth ' right down to his hundredth year.
Dynasty VI. Fr. 20 ( from Syncellus). AccorpINcG To AFRICANUS.
The Sixth Dynasty * consisted of six kings of Memphis : 1, Othoés, for 30 years: he was murdered by his bodyguard. 2. Phius, for 53 years. 3. Methusuphis, for 7 years.
2 Dynasties VI.-VIII., the last Memphites, c. 2420- c. 2240 B.c. Dynasty VI. Meyer (Geschichte *, I. ii. p. 236) identifies as follows: (1) Othoés (Teti or Atoti), then after Userkeré‘, (2) Phius (Pepi I.), (3) Methusuphis (Merenré‘ I.), (4) Phidps (Pepi II.), (5) Menthesuphis (Merenré‘ II.), (6) Nitécris. Sethe (Sesostris, p. 3) draws attention to the intentional differentiation of the same family-name—Phius for Pepi I., Phidps for Pepi II.: so also (3) Methusuphis and (5) Menthesuphis, and ¢f. infra on Psametik in Dynasty XXVI. Are these varia- tions due to Manetho or to his source ?
53
Fr. 20, 21 MANETHO
δ΄ Φίωψ, ἑξαέτης ἀρξάμενος βασιλεύειν, διε- γένετο μέχρι ἐτῶν ρ΄.
ε΄ Μενθεσοῦφις, ἔτος ἕν.
s’ Νίτω κρις, γεννικωτάτη καὶ εὐμορφοτάτη τῶν κατ᾽ αὐτὴν γενομένη, ξανθὴ τὴν χροιάν, ἣ τὴν τρίτην ἤγειρε πυραμίδα, ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη ι
“Ὁμοῦ, ἔτη τὸ γίνονται σὺν τοῖς προτεταγ-
μένοις ασηδ' τῶν ε΄ δυναστειῶν ἔτη ,av4C’.
Fr. 21 (a). Syncellus, p. 109. KATA ΕὙΣΈΒΙΟΝ.
"Extn δυναστεία. A / > / ~ > Ε] A Γυνὴ Νίτωκρις ἐβασίλευσε, τῶν κατ᾽ αὐτὴν ᾽ὔ \ A γεννικωτάτη καὶ εὐμορφοτάτη, ξανθή τε τὴν χροιὰν \ , ὑπάρξασα, ἣ καὶ λέγεται τὴν τρίτην πυραμίδα ὠκοδομηκέναι.
1The remarkable descriptions of social disorganization and anarchy, addressed to an aged king in the Leiden Papyrus of Ipuwer and known as The Admonitions of an Egyptian Sage, are, according to Erman, to be associated with the end of this reign : see A. Erman, ‘“‘ Die Mahnworte eines agyptischen Propheten’”’ in Sitz. der preuss. Akad. der Wissenschaften, xlii., 1919, p. 813.
2 Nitécris is doubtless the Neit-okre(t) of the Turin Papyrus: the name means “ Neith is Excellent’”’ (cf. App. 11. Eratosthenes, No. 22, ᾿Αθηνᾶ νικηφόρος), and was a favourite name under the Saite Dynasty (Dyn. XXVI.), which was devoted to the worship of Neith. See Herodotus, ii. 100, 134, Diod. Sic. I. 64. 14 (if Rhodépis is to be identified with Nitdécris), Strabo 17, 1. 33 (a Cinderella-like story), Pliny, N.H. 36. 12. 78, and G. A Wainwright, Sky-Religion, pp. 41 ff.
A queen’s reign ending the Dynasty is followed by a period of confusion, just as after Dyn. XII. when Queen
54
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 20, 21
4, Phiéps, who began to reign at the age of six, and continued until his hundredth year.}
5. Menthesuphis, for 1 year.
6. Nitdcris,” the noblest and loveliest of the women of her time, of fair complexion, the builder of the third pyramid, reigned for 12 years.
Total, 203 years. Along with the aforementioned 1294 years of the first five dynasties, this amounts to 1497 years.
Fr. 21 (a) (from Syncellus). AccorDING TO EUSEBIUS.
The Sixth Dynasty.
There was a queen Nitécris, the noblest and loveliest of the women of her time; she had a fair complexion, and is said to have built the third pyramid.
Scemiophris (Sebeknofruré‘) closes the line: ef. perhaps, in Dyn. IV., Thamphthis, of whom nothing is known.
In 1932 Professor Selim Hassan discovered at Giza the tomb of Queen Khentkawes, a tomb of monumental dimensions, the so-called fourth or “ false’’ pyramid. Khentkawes was the daughter of Mycerinus; and, dis- regarding the chronological difficulty, H. Junker, in Mitteilungen des Deutschen Instituts fiir Agyptische Alter- tumskunde in Kairo, iii. 2 (1932), pp. 144-149, put forward the theory that the name Nitécris is derived from Khentkawes, and that Manetho refers here to the so-called fourth pyramid, which merits the description (Fr. 21(b)),— *‘ with the aspect of a mountain’’. See further B. van de Walle in L’ Antiquité Classique, 3 (1934), pp. 303-312.
’ The correct total is 197 years: the reign of Phiéps is reckoned at 100, instead of 94 years (the Turin Papyrus gives 90 + ὦ years).
55
Fr. 21, 23, 24 MANETHO
a \ > La 1 Μ , z Β » ’ Οἱ καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη τρία ἐν ἄλλῳ oy. ~ ~
Γίνονται σὺν τοῖς προτεταγμένοις ασῆε΄ τῶν
πέντε δυναστειῶν ἔτη ,avhn’ / ¢ / > / > ~ ,
ΖΣημειωτέον ὁπόσον Πύσέβιος ᾿ἀφρικανοῦ λείπεται ἀκριβείας ἐν τε τῇ τῶν βασιλέων ποσότητι καὶ ταῖς τῶν ὀνομάτων ὑφαιρέσεσι καὶ τοῖς χρόνοις, σχεδὸν
Ve? ~ > - / /
τὰ Adpixavod αὐταῖς λέξεσι γράφων.
(b) Eusresrus, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), poi.
Sexta dynastia. Femina quaedam Nitocris reg- navit, omnium aetatis suae virorum fortissima et mulierum formosissima, flava rubris genis. Ab hac tertia pyramis excitata dicitur, speciem collis prae se ferens.
Ab his quoque regnatum est annis CCIII.
Fr. 23. Syncellus, p. 108. KATA A@®PIKANON,
“Εβδόμη δυναστεία Μεμφιτῶν βασιλέων ο’, οἵ ἐβασίλευσαν ἡμέρας ο΄.
Fr. 24 (a). Syncellus, p. 109. ΚΑΤΑ ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
“Εβδόμη δυναστεία Μεμφιτῶν βασιλέων πέντε, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἡμέρας οε΄.
1 ἣ καὶ ἐβασίλευσεν Mm.
56
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 21, 23, 24
These rulers (or this ruler) reigned for three years: in another copy, 203 years. Along with the aforementioned 1295 years of the first five dynasties, this amounts to 1498 years.
(Syncellus adds) : It must be noted how much less accurate Eusebius is than Africanus in the number of kings he gives, in the omission of names, and in dates, although he practically repeats the account of Africanus in the same words.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUs.
The Sixth Dynasty. There was a queen Nitécris, braver than all the men of her time, the most beauti- ful of all the women, fair-skinned with red cheeks. By her, it is said, the third pyramid was reared, with the aspect of a mountain.
The united reigns of all the kings amount to 203 years.
Dynasty VII. Fr. 23 (from Syncellus). Accorpinc To AFRICANUs.
The Seventh Dynasty ! consisted of seventy kings of Memphis, who reigned for 70 days.
Fr. 24 (a) (from Syncellus). AccoRDING TO EUSEBIUS.
The Seventh Dynasty consisted of five kings of Memphis, who reigned for 75 days.
1 Dynasty VII.—a mere interregnum, or perod of confusion until one king gained supreme power.
57
Fr. 24, 25, 26 MANETHO
(b) Εὐβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Be. Jie
Septima dynastia Memphitarum regum V, qui annis LX XV dominati sunt.
Fr. 25. Syncellus, p. 108. KATA AGPIKANON.
Ογδόη δυναστεία Μεμφιτῶν βασιλέων KC’, οἱ ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη pus’. γίνονται σὺν τοῖς προτεταγμένοις ἔτη αχλθ’ τῶν ὀκτὼ δυνασ- τειῶν.
Fr. 26 (a). Syncellus, p. 110. KATA ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ. ᾿Ογδόη δυναστεία Mepditadv βασιλέων
Ly a > ΄ Μ ε ΄ Ψ πέντε, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ἕκατόν. γίνονται A / ” / ~ > ‘ σὺν τοῖς προτεταγμένοις ἔτη αφηη τῶν ὀκτὼ δυναστειῶν.
(b) Eusresrus, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Bo.
Octava dynastia Memphitarum regum V,! quorum dominatio annos centum occupavit.
1V Aucher: aliter Mai.
1 Dynasty VIII., according to Barbarus (Fr. 4) fourteen kings for 140 years: according to Meyer, probably eighteen kings who reigned for 146 years.
[Footnote continued on opposite page. 58
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) FR. 24, 25, 26
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUs.
The Seventh Dynasty consisted of five kings of Memphis, who held sway for 75 years.
Dynasty VIII.
Fr. 25 (from Syncellus). AccorDING TO AFRICANUS.
The Eighth Dynasty’ consisted of twenty-seven kings of Memphis, who reigned for 146 years. Along with the aforementioned reigns, this amounts to 1639 years for the first eight dynasties.
Fr. 26 (a) (from Syncellus), AccoRDING TO EUSEBIUS.
The Eighth Dynasty consisted of five kings of Memphis, who reigned for 100 years. Along with the aforementioned reigns, this amounts to 1598 years for the first eight dynasties.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUs.
The Eighth Dynasty consisted of five? kings of Memphis, whose rule lasted for 100 years.
“The Turin Papyrus closes the first great period of Egyptian history at the end of what appears to be Manetho’s VIIIth Dynasty (the last Memphites)’”’: it reckons 955 years from Dynasty I. to Dynasties VII. and VIII. (H. R. Hall in C.A.H. i. pp. 298, 170). See A. Scharff in J. Hg. Arch. xiv., 1928, p. 275.
2So Aucher, Petermann, and Karst.
59
Fr. 27, 28 MANETHO
Fr. 27. Syncellus, p. 110. KATA A®PIKANON.
€ ~ Ἐνάτη δυναστεία ὋἩρακλεοπολιτῶν
, , Θιυ , ” , - βασιλέων 18’, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη υθ'. ὧν ὁ πρῶτος AxOons, δεινότατος τῶν πρὸ αὐτοῦ γενόμενος, τοῖς ἐν πάσῃ «Αἰγύπτῳ κακὰ εἰργάσατο, ὕστερον δὲ μανίᾳ περιέπεσε καὶ ὑπὸ κροκοδείλου
διεφθάρη.
Fr. 28 (a). Syncellus, p. 111. KATA ΕΥΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
νάτη δυναστεία «(Ηρακλεοπολιτῶν βασιλέων τεσσάρων, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ἑκατόν: ὧν πρῶτος Αχθώης, δεινότατος τῶν πρὸ αὐτοῦ γενόμενος, τοῖς ἐν πάσῃ Αἰγύπτῳ κακὰ εἰργάσατο, ὕστερον δὲ μανίᾳ περιέπεσε καὶ ὑπὸ
κροκοδείλου διεφθάρη.
(0) Eusresius, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Pa Bl z
Nona dynastia Heracleopolitarum regum IV, annis C. Horum primus Ochthéis saevissimus regum fuit
1"Ay8os A vulgo.
1 Dynasties IX. and X. c. 2240-c. 2100 B.c.—two series of nineteen kings, both from Héracleopolis (Baedeker °, p. 218), near the modern village of Ahnasia (Ancient Egyptian Hat-nen-nesut), 77 miles S. of Cairo, c. 9 miles S. of the entrance to the Fayaim.
The Turin Papyrus gives eighteen kings for Dynasties IX. and X. as opposed to Manetho’s thirty-eight.
[ Footnole continued on opposite page.
60
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 27, 28
Dynasty IX. Fr. 27 (from Syncellus). ACCORDING TO AFRICANUS.
The Ninth Dynasty ! consisted of nineteen kings of Héracleopolis, who reigned for 409 years. The first of these, King Achthoés,? behaving more cruelly than his predecessors, wrought woes for the people of all Egypt, but afterwards he was smitten with madness, and was killed by a crocodile.®
Fr. 28 (a) (from Syneellus). AccoRDING TO EUSEBIUS.
The Ninth Dynasty consisted of four kings of Héracleopolis, who reigned for 100 years. The first of these, King Achthéés, behaving more cruelly than his predecessors, wrought woes for the people of all Egypt, but afterwards he was smitten with madness, and was killed by a crocodile.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Ninth Dynasty consisted of four kings of Heracleopolis, reigning for 100 years. The first of these, King Ochthéis,t was more cruel than all his
Manetho’s account of Dynasty IX. is best preserved by Africanus. Barbarus has almost the same figures—twenty kings for 409 years.
*Achthoés: in the Turin Papyrus Akhtéi (Meyer, Geschichte 5, I. ii. p. 247—three kings of thisname). Meyer conjectures that the “‘ cruelty ’’ of Achthoés may be violent or forcible oppression of the feudal nobility.
3 Cf. p. 28 n. 3.
* Okhthovis (Petermann’s translation), -ov- representing the long o.
ol
Fr. 28, 29, 30,31 MANETHO
qui sibi praecesserant, universamque Aegyptum diris calamitatibus affecit. Idem denique vesania cor- reptus est et a crocodilo peremptus.
Fr. 29. Syncellus, p. 110. KATA A@®PIKANON.
Δεκάτη δυναστεία ‘HpakXeotoArtav Ba- , , a 9 ͵ ” ͵ σιλέων 16’, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ρπε΄.
Fr. 830 (a). Syncellus, p. 112. ΚΑΤΑ ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
Δεκάτη δυναστεία ᾿ Πρακλεοπολιτῶν βασιλέων ιθ΄, οἱ ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ρπε΄.
(0) Ετυβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), p90
Decima dynastia Heracleopolitarum regum XIX, annis CLXXXYV.
Fr. 31. Syncellus, p. 110. ΚΑΤΑ A@PIKANON.
‘Evéexdtn δυναστεία ΖΔιοσπολιτῶν βα- σιλέων ις΄, οἵ ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη μγ΄. μεθ᾽ ods Appevéuns, ἔτη ws”.
Μέχρι τοῦδε τὸν πρῶτον τόμον καταγήοχε Μαοωνεθῶ.
ὋὉμοῦ βασιλεῖς php’, ἔτη βτ', ἡμέραι ο΄.
1The Middle Kingdom, Dynasties XI.-XITII.: ο. 2100- ec. 1700 B.c. (Footnote continued on opposite page. 62
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 28, 29, 30, 31
predecessors, and visited the whole of Egypt with dire disasters. Finally, he was seized with madness, and devoured by a crocodile.
Dynasty X. Fr. 29 ( from Syncellus). AccORDING TO AFRICANUS.
The Tenth Dynasty consisted of nineteen kings of Héracleopolis, who reigned for 185 years.
Fr. 30 (a) (from Syncellus). AccoRDING TO EvusEBIUs.
The Tenth Dynasty consisted of nineteen kings of Héracleopolis, who reigned for 185 years.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Tenth Dynasty consisted of nineteen kings of Heracleopolis, who reigned for 185 years.
Dynasty XI. Fr. 31 ( from Syncellus). ACCORDING TO AFRICANUS,
The Eleventh Dynasty ! consisted of sixteen kings of Diospolis [or Thebes], who reigned for 43 years. In succession to these, Ammenemés 2 ruled for 16 years.
Here ends the First Book of Manetho.
Total for the reigns of 192 kings, 2300 years 70 days.
Dynasty XI. (c. 2100—c. 2000 B.c.) with its seat at Thebes: sixteen kings of Thebes ruling for only 43 years (Manetho) : Turin Papyrus gives six kings with more than 160 years.
? Ammenemés is Amenemhét I.: see pp. 66f., nn. 1, 2.
63
Fr. 32 MANETHO
Fr. 32 (a). Syncellus, p. 112. KATA EYSEBION.
‘Evdexatn δυναστεία Διοσπολιτῶν βασιλέων
, ο» ΄ ” , > “a > / is’, of ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη μγ΄. μεθ᾽ ots “Apperve- NS, ἔτη ie
Μέχρι τοῦδε τὸν πρῶτον τόμον καταγήοχεν ὁ ἜΘΗ μοῦ βασιλεῖς pbb’, ἔτη βτ', ἡμέραι οθ΄.
(0) Eusesrus, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Pin 91 Undecima dynastia Diospolitarum regum XVI,
annis XLIII. Post hos Ammenemes annis XVI.
Hactenus primum librum Manetho produxit. Sunt autem reges CXCII, anni MMCCC,
64
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 32
Fr. 32 (a) (from Syncellus). AccorRDING TO EUSEBIUsS.
The Eleventh Dynasty consisted of sixteen kings of Diospolis [or Thebes], who reigned for 43 years. In succession to these, Ammenemés ruled for 16 years.
Here ends the First Book of Manetho.
Total for the reigns of 192 kings, 2300 years 79 days.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Eleventh Dynasty consisted of sixteen kings of Diospolis [or Thebes], who reigned for 43 years. In succession to these, Ammenemes ruled for 16 years.
Here ends the First Book of Manetho.
Total for the reigns of 192 kings, 2300 years.
Fr. 34 MANETHO
ΤΟΜΟΣ AEYTEPOS. Fr. 34. Syncellus, p. 110. KATA A@®PIKANON.
Δευτέρου τόμου Mave d. Δωδεκάτη δυναστεία Διοσπολιτῶν βασι- λέων ἑπτά.
a’ Σεσόγχοσις,, Appavépov υἱός, ἔτη pss
β΄ Ἡμμανέμης, ἔτη An’, ὃς ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων εὐνούχων ἀνῃρέθη.
γ΄ Σέσωστρις," ἔτη μη΄, ὃς ἅπασαν ἐχειρώ- σατο τὴν Aciav ἐν ἐνιαυτοῖς ἐννέα, καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ μέχρι Θρᾷκης, πανταχόσε
1 γεσονγόσις (for Σεσόγχοσις) B: Σεσόγχωρις τα. 2A: Σέσοστρις B
1 Dynasty XII. c. 2000-1790 3B.c. (Meyer, Geschichte 5, I. ii. p. 270). Including Ammenemés whom Manetho places between Dynasty XI. and Dynasty XII., there are eight rulersin Dynasty XII.—(1) Ammenemés (Amenemhét I.), (2) Sesonchésis (Senwosret or Sesdéstris I.), (3) Am- manemés (Amenemhét II.), (4) Seséstris II. (omitted by Manetho), (5) Sesdstris (Senwosret III.), (6) Manetho’s Lamarés and Amerés (Amenemhét III., Nema‘tré‘), (7) Ammenemés (Amenemhét IV.), (8) Scemiophris (Queen Sebeknofruré‘). For (5), the great Sesdstris (1887-1850 B.c.) of Herodotus, ii. 102, Diod. Sic. I. 53 ff., see Sethe, Unters. zur Gesch. . . . Aeg. ii. 1, and Meyer, Ge- schichte δ, I. ii. p. 268. The name of Amenemhét bespeaks his Theban origin: he removed the capital further north to Dahshir, a more central position—‘‘ Controller of the Two Lands,” as its Egyptian name means. Thus the kings of Dynasty XII. are kings who came from Thebes, but ruled at Dahshur.
66
[Footnote continued on opposite page.
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 34
BOOK II. Dynasty XII.
Fr. 34 ( from Syncellus). AccoRDING TO AFRICANUS.
From the Second Book of Manetho. The Twelfth Dynasty! consisted of seven kings of Diospolis.
1. Sesonchosis, son of Ammanemés, for 46 years.
2. Ammanemés, for 38 years: he was murdered by his own eunuchs.?
3. Seséstris, for 48 years: in nine years he sub- dued the whole of Asia, and Europe as far as Thrace, everywhere erecting memorials of
In Dynasty XII. the conquests of Dynasty VI. in the south were extended; and Seséstris III. was the first Egyptian king to conquer Syria. Among works of peace the great irrigation schemes in the Faytim perpetuated the name of Amenemhét III. in ‘‘ Lake Moeris’’. (See G. Caton-Thompson and E. W. Gardner, The Desert Fayiim, 1934.) Manetho mentions his building of the Labyrinth: it is significant that after the reign of Seséstris III. and his wide foreign conquests, his son should have built the Labyrinth. Vases of the Kamares type from Crete have been found at Kahin, not far from the Labyrinth.
2See A. de Buck (Mélanges Maspero, vol. i., 1935, pp. 847-52) for a new interpretation of the purpose of The Instruction of Amenemmes : in this political pamphlet the dead king speaks from the tomb in support of his son Sesostris, now holding the throne in spite of strong opposi- tion, and violently denounces the ungrateful ruffians who murdered him. It seems probable that Manetho’s note here refers to the death of Ammenemés I. (Battiscombe Gunn).
67
Fr. 34, 35 MANETHO
μνημόσυνα ἐγείρας τῆς τῶν ἐθνῶν σχέσεως, ἐπὶ μὲν τοῖς γενναίοις ἀνδρῶν, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς ἀγεννέσι γυναικῶν μόρια ταῖς στήλαις ἐγ- χαράσσων, ὡς 5 ὑπὸ Αἰγυπτίων μετὰ "Ὄσιριν πρῶτον νομισθῆναι.
δ΄ Aaya 8 ἔτῃ η΄, ὃς τὸν ἐν Apowor:
ΧΟΡ)» “τ (δι Ρ Τῇ
λαβύρινθον ἑαυτῷ τάφον κατεσκεύασε.
ε Apepis,* ἔτη η΄
ς΄ Ἀμμενέμης," ἔτη η΄.
ζ' Σκεμίοφρις, ἀδελφή, ἔτη 8’.
“Ὁμοῦ, ἔτη ρξ΄.
Fr. 35. Syncellus, p. 112. ΚΑΤΑ ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
Δευτέρου τόμου Mave d.
Δωδεκάτη δυναστεία Διοσπολιτῶν Ba- σιλέων ἑπτά. ὧν ὁ πρῶτος δΣεσόγχοσις," Apupeveuov υἱός, ἔτη ps’.
1 κατασχέσεως τη. 2m.: ὃς MSS. 8 “αμάρης Meyer. “᾿Αμμερής A. 5° Auevéuns B. 6 Β : Leadyywpis A.
'See Agyptische Inschriften aus den Museen zu Berlin, i. p. 257, for a stele at Semneh with an inscription in which the great Seséstris pours contempt upon his enemies, the Nubians.
* For the sexual symbols represented upon pillars, see Hat. ii. 102, 106, Diod. Sic. I. 55. 8: cf. the representation of mutilated captives on one of the walls of the Ramesseum, Diod. Sic. 1. 48. 2. It has been suggested that Herodotus, who saw the pillars of Sesostris in Palestine, may possiby have mistaken an Assyrian for an Egyptian relief.
68
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 34, 35
his conquest of the tribes.' Upon stelae [pillars] he engraved for a valiant race the secret parts of a man, for an ignoble race those of a woman.” Accordingly he was esteemed by the Egyptians as the next in rank to Osiris.
4, Lacharés (Lamarés),° for 8 years: he built the Labyrinth 5 in the Arsinoite nome as his own tomb.
5. Amerés, for 8 years.
6. Ammenemés, for 8 years.
7. Scemiophris, his sister, for 4 years.
Total, 160 years.
Fr. 35 (from Syncellus), AccorDiInc To EvsEBtvs.
From the Second Book of Manetho.
The Twelfth Dynasty consisted of seven kings of Diospolis. The first of these, Sesonchosis, son of Ammenemés. reigned for 46 years.
3’ For other names of Amenemhét III., see note on Marés, App. II., No. 35, p. 224.
4The Labyrinth is correctly attributed by Manetho to Amenemhét III., who built it as his mortuary temple (contrast Herodotus, ji. 148, who assigns this monument to the Dodecarchy). The Fayaim was a place of great importance during this dynasty, from Amenemhét I. onwards.
The description of the nome as “ Arsinoite’’ has often been suspected as a later interpo.ation ; but if ‘ Arsinoite ἢ was used by Manetho himself, it gives as a date in his life the year 256 B.c. when Ptolemy Philadelphus commem- orated Queen Arsinoe (d. 270 B.c.) in the new name of the nome. (Cf. Intro. p. xvi for a possible reference to Manetho, the historian of Egypt, in 24] B.c.)
69
Fr. 35, 36 MANETHO
βι μμανέμης, ἔτη An’, Os ὑπὸ τῶν ἰδίων εὐνούχων ἀνῃρέθη.
γ' Σέσωστρις," ἔτη μη΄, ὃς λέγεται γεγονέναι πηχῶν δ', παλαιστῶν γ΄, δακτύλων β΄. ὃς πᾶσαν ἐχειρώσατο τὴν ᾿Ασίαν ἐν ἐνιαυτοῖς ἐννέα, καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης τὰ μέχρι Θράκης, πανταχόσε μνημόσυνα ἐγείρας τῆς τῶν ἐθνῶν κατασχέσεως, ἐπὶ μὲν τοῖς γενναίοις ἀνδρῶν, ἐπὶ δὲ τοῖς ἀγεννέσι γυναικῶν μόρια ταῖς στήλαις ἐγχαράσσων, ws? καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων «πρῶτον» 38 μετὰ "Ὄσιριν νομισθῆναι.
Mc? ὃν Adpapts, ἔτη η΄, ὃς τὸν ἐν Apoevotrn 4 ~ 4 λαβύρινθον ἑαυτῷ τάφον κατεσκεύασεν. « \ Z / Yee ἢ ” , a ΄ Οἱ δὲ τούτου διάδοχοι ἐπὶ ἔτη pf’, ot πάντες ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτεσι σμέ.
Fr. 36. Eusrsrus, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Ρ. 98.
E Manethonis secundo libro.
Duodecima dynastia Diospolitarum regum VII, quorum primus Sesonchosis Ammenemis filius annis XLVI.
Ammenemes annis XX XVIII, qui a suis eunuchis interemptus est.
Sesostris annis XLVIII, cuius mensura fertur cubitorum quattuor, palmarumque trium cum digitis
ΤΑ; Σέσοστρις B. 2m: ὃς MSS. δ Τὴ, 70
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 35, 36
2. Ammanemés, for 38 years: he was murdered
by his own eunuchs.
3. Seséstris, for 48 years: he is said to have been 4 cubits 3 palms 2 fingers’ breadths in stature. In nine years he subdued the whole of Asia, and Europe as far as Thrace, every- where erecting memorials of his conquest of the tribes. Upon stelae [pillars] he engraved for a valiant race the secret parts of a man, for an ignoble race those of a woman. Accordingly he was esteemed by the Egyptians as the next in rank to Osiris.
Next to him Lamaris reigned for 8 years: he built the Labyrinth in the Arsinoite nome as his own tomb.
His successors ruled for 42 years, and the reigns of the whole dynasty amounted to 245 years.1
Fr. 36. ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
From the Second Book of Manetho.
The Twelfth Dynasty consisted of seven kings of Diospolis. The first of these, Sesonchosis, son of Ammenemés, reigned for 46 years.
2. Ammenemés, for 38 years: he was murdered
by his own eunuchs.
3. Seséstris, for 48 years: he is said to have
been 4 cubits 3 palms 2 fingers’ breadth in
1 The items given add to 182 years.
4This variant spelling with -e- for -.- appears to be
a mere scribal error due to confusion with words beginning ἀρσεν-.
1
FR. 37, 38, 39 MANETHO
duobus. Is universam Asiam annorum novem spa- tio sibi subdidit, itemque Europae partem usque ad Thraciam. Idem et suae in singulas gentes domina- tionis monumenta ubique constituit; apud gentes quidem strenuas virilia, apud vero imbelles feminea pudenda ignominiae causa columnis insculpens. Quare is ab Aegyptiis proximos post Osirin honores tulit.
Secutus est Lampares, annis VIII. Hic in Arsinoite labyrinthum cavernosum sibi tumulum fecit.
Regnaverunt successores eius annis XLII.
Summa universae dominationis annorum CCXLYV.
Fr. 38. Syncellus, p. 113. KATA A®PIKANON.
Τρισκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία Διοσπολιτῶν βασιλέων
ξ'͵, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη υνγ' .ὦ
Fr. 39 (a). ϑγποοίϊιιβ, p. 114. KATA ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
Τρισκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία Διοσπολιτῶν βασιλέων ξ΄, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη υνγ΄. 1B: pd’ A
ςς >?
1 The Armenian has a word here for “ sufferings ’’ or “torments ἢ ᾿ (Margoliouth) : Karst expresses the general meaning as—‘‘ he engraved their oppression through (or, by means of) .
3 Karst translates this word by “‘das héhlenwendelgang- formige’’.
8 Dynasty XITI., 1790-c. 1700 B.c. In the Turin Pa- pyrus there is a corresponding group of sixty kings: see the list in Meyer, Geschichte δ, I. ii. pp. 308 f., one of them
72
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 37, 38, 39
stature. In nine years he subdued the whole of Asia, and Europe as far as Thrace. Every- where he set up memorials of his subjugation of each tribe: among valiant races he engraved upon pillars a man’s secret parts, among un- warlike races a woman’s, as a sign of disgrace. Wherefore he was honoured by the Egyptians next to Osiris.
His successor, Lampares, reigned for 8 years: in the Arsinoite nome he built the many-chambered ? Labyrinth as his tomb.
The succeeding kings ruled for 42 years.
Total for the whole dynasty, 245 years.
Dynasty XIII. Fr. 38 (from Syncellus). AccorDING To AFRICANUS.
The Thirteenth Dynasty * consisted of sixty kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 453 years.
Fr. 39 (a) (from Syncellus). AccOoRDING TO EUSEBIUS.
The Thirteenth Dynasty consisted of sixty kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 453 years.
being a name ending in -mes, perhaps Dedumes, the king Τουτίμαιος of Fr. 42. The twenty-fifth king in the Turin Papyrus, Col. VII., Kha‘neferr6é‘ Sebekhotp IV., is prob- ably the King Chenephrés of whom Artapanus (i./B.c.) says that he was ‘“‘ king of the regions above Memphis (for there were at that time many kings in Egypt)’”’ in the lifetime of Moses (Artapanus, Concerning the Jews, quoted by Euseb., Praepar. Evang. ix. 27: see also Clement of Alexandria, Strom. i. 23, 154).
73
Fr. 39, 41 MANETHO
(b) Eusrsrus, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), ps299:;
Tertia decima dynastia Diospolitarum regum LX, qui regnarunt annis CCCCLIII.
Fr. 41 (a). Syncellus, p. 113. KATA AG®PIKANON.
Τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία Zoit av βασιλέων os’, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ρπδ' 3
(b) Syncellus, p. 114. ΚΑΤΑ ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
Τεσσαρεσκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία Zoit Ov βασιλέων / a > / ” , > ΝΜ , os’, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ρπδ'. ἐν ἄλλῳ υπδ'.
(c) Ευβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), p. 99.
Quarta decima dynastia Xoitarum* regum
LXXVI, qui regnarunt annis CCCCLXXXIV.
1Bony: a lacuna in A. * Aucher: Khsojitarum (Petermann’s translation).
1 Dynasties XIV.-XVII., the Hykséds Age: c. 1700- 1580 B.c.
Dynasty XIV. Nothing is known of the kings of Dynasty XIV., whose seat was at Xois (Sakha) in the West Delta—an island and town in the Sebennytic nome (Strabo, 17. 1. 19). They were not rulers of Upper Egypt, but probably of the West Delta only. At this period there was, it is probable, another contemporary dynasty in Upper Egypt (Dynasty XVII. of Manetho).
In the Turin Papyrus there is a long series of rulers’ names corresponding to this dynasty; but the number
74
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 39, 41
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Thirteenth Dynasty consisted of sixty kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 453 years.
Dynasty XIV.
Fr. 41 (a) (from Syncellus). AccorRDING TO AFRICANUS.
The Fourteenth Dynasty ! consisted of seventy-six kings of Xois, who reigned for 184 years.
(b) Accorpinc To EvsEsivs.
The Fourteenth Dynasty consisted of seventy- six kings of Xois, who reigned for 184 years,—in another copy, 484 years.
(c) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Fourteenth Dynasty consisted of seventy-six kings of Xois, who reigned for 484 years.
given by Manetho (76) was not approximated in the Papyrus which shows between twenty and thirty names of kings. Not one of these names is preserved on the Monuments, nor on the Karnak Tablet. The kings of Dynasty XIV., and even the last kings of Dynasty XIII., reigned sim- ultaneously with the Hyksés kings: cf. the double series of kings in Dynasty XVII. In the Royal Lists of Abydos and Sakkaéra the rulers of Dynasties XIII.-XVII. are altogether omitted. The Royal List of Karnak gives a selection of about thirty-five names of Dynasties XIII.- XVII., omitting Dynasty XIV. and the Hyksds.
79
Fr. 42 MANETHO
Fr. 42. Josrpnus, Contra Apionem, I. 14, δὲ 73-92.1
73 “Apéoua δὴ πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῶν παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίοις γραμμάτων. αὐτὰ μὲν οὖν οὐχ οἷόν τε παρα- τίθεσθαι τἀκείνων, Μανεθὼς 5 δ᾽ ἦν τὸ γένος Αἰ- γύπτιος, ἀνὴρ τῆς ᾿Ελληνικῆς μετεσχηκὼς παιδείας, ὡς δῆλός ἐστιν " γέγραφεν γὰρ ᾿Ελλάδι φωνῇ τὴν πάτριον ἱστορίαν ἐκ δέλτων 3 ἱερῶν, ὥς φησιν
' For §§ 73-75, 82-90, see Eusebius, Praepar. Hvang. x. 18: for §§73-105, see Eusebius, Chron. i. pp. 151-8, Schéne (Arm.).
2? Eus.: Μανέθων L, Lat. (same variation elsewhere).
3 δέλτων Gutschmid (sacris libris Lat.: sacris monumentis Eus. Arm.., cf. ὃ 226): ze τῶν L.
1 The invasion of the Hyksdés took place at some time in Dynasty XIII.: hence the succeeding anarchy in a period of foreign domination. The later Egyptians looked back upon it as the Jews did upon the Babylonian captivity, or the English upon the Danish terror. The keen desire of the Egyptians to forget about the Hyksdés usurpation accounts in part for our ignorance of what actually happened: “it is with apparent unwillingness that they chronicle any events connected with it ’’ (Peet, Egypt and the Old Testament, p. 69). In Egyptian texts the ‘‘infamous’”’ (Hyksés) were denoted as ‘Amu,—a title also given to the Hittites and their allies by Ramessés II. in the poem of the Battle of Kadesh (ed. Kuentz, § 97). Perhaps they were combined with Hittites who in 1925 B.c. brought the kingdom of Babel to an end. It is certain that with the Hyksés numerous Semites came into Egypt: some of the Hyksés kings have Semitic names. For the presence of an important Hurrian element among the Hyksés, see E. A. Speiser, ‘‘ Ethnic Movements,” in Ann. of Amer. Sch. of Or. Res. xiii. (1932), p. 51. The
76
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 42
Tue Hyksos Ace, c. 1700-c. 1580 B.c.}
Fr. 42 (from Josephus, Contra Apionem, i. 14, 73-92).
[Josephus is citing the records of neighbouring nations in proof of the antiquity of the Jews.|
I will begin with Egyptian documents. These I cannot indeed set before you in their ancient form ; but in Manetho we have a native Egyptian who was manifestly imbued with Greek culture. He wrote in Greek the history of his nation, translated, as he himself tells us, from sacred tablets ;* and on many
Hyksés brought with them from Asia their tribal god, which was assimilated by the Egyptians to Séth, the god of foreign parts, of the desert, and of the enemy.
In the first half of the second millennium B.c. the Hyksés ruled a great kingdom in Palestine and Syria (Meyer, Geschichte *, i. ὃ 304); and when their power was broken down by the arrival of hostile tribes, King Amésis took advantage of their plight to drive the Hyksés out of Egypt (A. Jirku, “ Aufstieg und Untergang der Hyksés,”’ in Journ. of the Palestine Orient. Soc. xii., 1932, p. 60).
A dim tradition of Hyksés-rule is possibly preserved in Herodotus, ii. 128. Perhaps “ the shepherd Philitis”’ in that passage is connected with “ Philistines,”’ a tribe which may have formed part of these invaders. There is confusion between two periods of oppression of the common people,—under the pyramid-builders and under the Hyksés. For a translation of the Egyptian records which illustrate the Hyksés period, see Battiscombe Gunn and Alan H. Gardiner, J. Eg. Arch. v., 1918, pp. 36-56, “ The Expulsion of the Hyksés’’.
* The word “ tablets”’ is a probable emendation, since Manetho would naturally base his History upon temple- archives on stone as well as on papyrus: cf. the Palermo Stone, the Turin Papyrus, etc. (Intro. pp. xxiii ff.).
77
Fr. 42 MANETHO
« αὐτός, μεταφράσας, 6s! καὶ πολλὰ τὸν ᾿ Πρόδοτον > ~ ~ ἐλέγχει τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν ὑπ᾽ ἀγνοίας ἐψευσμένον. ia \ / ¢ \ > ~ / ~ 7400T0s δὴ τοίνυν ὁ Μανεθὼς ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν ταῦτα περὶ ἡμῶν γράφει: παραθή- σομαι δὲ τὴν λέξιν αὐτοῦ καθάπερ αὐτὸν ἐκεῖνον παραγαγὼν μάρτυρα" 75 “Τουτίμαιος.Σ ἐπὶ τούτου οὐκ οἶδ᾽ ὅπως ὁ 8 θεὸς ἀντέπνευσεν, καὶ παραδόξως ἐκ τῶν πρὸς ἀνατολὴν ~ A μερῶν ἄνθρωποι τὸ γένος ἄσημοι. καταθαρρήσαντες ἐπὶ τὴν χώραν ἐστράτευσαν καὶ ῥᾳδίως ἀμαχητὶ 76 ταύτην κατὰ κράτος εἷλον, καὶ τοὺς ἡγεμονεύσαν- τας ἐν αὐτῇ χειρωσάμενοι τὸ λοιπὸν τάς τε πόλεις ~ ~ ~ [1 ὠμῶς ἐνέπρησαν καὶ τὰ τῶν θεῶν ἱερὰ κατέσ- καψαν, πᾶσι δὲ τοῖς ἐπιχωρίοις ἐχθρότατά πως ἐχρήσαντο, τοὺς μὲν σφάζοντες, τῶν δὲ καὶ τὰ Ἰ τέκνα καὶ γυναῖκας εἰς δουλείαν ἄγοντες. πέρας A \ / a > ᾽ ~ > ia e cA δὲ καὶ βασιλέα eva ἐξ αὐτῶν ἐποίησαν, ᾧ ὄνομα 1 ὃς Eus.: om. L. 2Gutschmid: τοῦ Τίμαιος ὄνομα L, Eus. (ὄνομα probably a gloss: ἄνεμος Gutschmid).
36 Eus. (perhaps a survival of Ancient Egyptian usage): om. L: Meyer conj. θεός τις.
1 Cf. Manetho, Fr. 88.
2This account of the Hyksés invasion is obviously derived from popular Egyptian tales, the characteristics of which are deeply imprinted upon it. Meyer (Geschichte 5, I. ii. p. 313) quotes from papyri and inscriptions passages of similar style and content, e.g. Pap. Sallier I. describing the war with the Hyksés, and mentioning “ Lord Apépi in Auaris,”’ and an inscription of Queen Hatshepsut from the Speos Artemidos, referring to the occupation of
78
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 42
points of Egyptian history he convicts Herodotus 1 of having erred through ignorance. In the second book of his History of Egypt, this writer Manetho speaks of us as follows. I shall quote his own words, just as if I had brought forward the man himself as a witness : *
“Tutimaeus.? In his reign, for what cause I know not, a blast of God smote us; and un- expectedly, from the regions of the East, invaders of obscure race marched in confidence of victory against our land. By main force they easily seized it without striking a blow ; * and having overpowered the rulers of the land, they then burned our cities ruthlessly, razed to the ground the temples of the gods, and treated all the natives with a cruel hos- tility, massacring some and leading into slavery the wives and children of others. Finally, they ap- pointed as king one of their number whose name was
Auaris. See Breasted, Ancient Records, i. ὃ 24, ii. §§ 296 ff. Meyer adds that he would not be surprised if Manetho’s description reappeared word for word one day in a hieratic papyrus. Cf. ὃ 75 ὁ θεός : ὃ 76 the crimes of the Hyksés (Fr. 54, § 249, those of the Solymites and their polluted allies): § 77 the upper and lower lands: §§ 78, 237 re- ligious tradition to explain the name of Auaris and its dedication to Typhén: § 99 hollow phrases about military expeditions of Sethés: § 237 the form of the phrase ὡς χρόνος ἱκανὸς διῆλθεν, and many other passages. See also Weill, La fin du moyen empire égyptien, pp. 76 ff.
8 See Fr. 38, n. 3.
‘The success of the Hyksés may have been due to superior archery and to the use of horse-drawn chariots, previously unknown in Egypt (Maspero, Hist. Ane. ii. p- 51; Petrie, Hyksos and Israelite Cities, p. 70; H. R. Hall, ἄπο. Hist. of Near East 8, p. 213), as well as to superior weapons of bronze (H. R. Hall, C.A.H. i. p. 291 n., 312 f.).
19
Fr. 42 MANETHO
ἣν Σάλιτις. Kat οὗτος ev τῇ Μέμφιδι κατεγίνετο, ΄, ~ τήν τε ἄνω Kal κάτω χώραν δασμολογῶν καὶ φρουρὰν ἐν τοῖς ἐπιτηδειοτάτοις καταλείπων 5 τόποις. μάλιστα δὲ καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἀνατολὴν ἠσφα- ud > a λίσατο μέρη, προορώμενος, Acoupiwy ποτὲ μεῖζον / a ~ 18 ἰσχυόντων, ἐσομένην ἐπιθυμίᾳ 8 τῆς αὐτοῦ βασι- λ / ” ὃ «ς A δὲ > ~ ~ he 4 elas ἔφοδον. εὑρὼν δὲ ev νομῷ τῷ Laity / ? πόλιν ἐπικαιροτάτην, κειμένην μὲν πρὸς ἀνατολὴν τοῦ Βουβαστίτου ποταμοῦ, καλουμένην δ᾽ ἀπό τινος ἀρχαίας θεολογίας Αὔαριν, ταύτην ἔκτισέν
1 Silitis Kus. Arm.: Σαΐτης Fr. 43, 48, 49. 2 Hd. pr.: καταλιπὼν L. 3’ Bekker: ἐπιθυμίαν L. 4Conj. Σεθροΐτῃ Manetho, Fr. 43, 48, 49.
The name may be Semitic (¢f. Hebr. shallij), but it has not been found on the monuments. Possibly it is not strictly a proper name, but rather a title like “* prince,”’ ‘*oeneral’’: “‘sultan ’’ comes from the same root.
2 Cf. § 90. Manetho regards as historically true the Greek tales of the great Assyrian Hmpire of Ninus and Semiramis. The period referred to here is much earlier than the time when Assyria began to harass the Mediter- ranean regions.
3 Tf ‘“‘ Saite’’ is correct here, it has nothing to do with the famous Sais, but is probably used for “‘ Tanite”’: cf. Herodotus, ii. 17, Strabo, 17, 1, 20 (P. Montet in Revue Biblique, xxxix. 1930). The Sethroite nome (Fr. 48, 45, 49) is in the extreme Εἰ. of the Delta, adjoining the Tanite nome, For Sethroé see H. Junker, Zeit. f. dg. Sprache 75. 1939, p. 78.
4For Bubastis see Fr. 8 n. 2. The Bubastite branch is the farthest E., the next being the Tanitic.
5 Auaris, in Ancient Egyptian Hetwa‘ret, “town of the desert strip,’ but this meaning does not explain the “religious tradition ’’. (The older interpretations, “‘ house of the flight,’’ “‘ house of the leg,’’ were attached to the Seth-Typhén legend: ef. n. 3 infra.) Tanis was a strong-
80
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 42
Salitis.1 He had his seat at Memphis, levying tribute from Upper and Lower Egypt, and always leaving garrisons behind in the most advantageous positions. Above all, he fortified the district to the east, foreseeing that the Assyrians,” as they grew stronger, would one day covet and attack his kingdom.
“Τὴ the Saite [Sethroite] nome* he found a city very favourably situated on the east of the Bubastite branch 4 of the Nile, and called Auaris® after an
hold of the Hyksés: in O.7. Numbers xiii. 22, “ Now Hebron (in S. Palestine) was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt,’’ Zoan is Tanis (Dja‘net), and the statement probably refers to the Hyksés age. Sethe cautiously said, ‘‘ Seth is the god of the Hyksés cities, Tanis and Auaris’’. But in Revue Biblique, xxxix., 1930, pp. 5-28, Pierre Montet, the excavator of Tanis, brought forward reasons to identify Auaris and Pi-Ra‘messes with Tanis ; and Alan H. Gardiner (J. Hg. Arch. xix., 1933, pp. 122- 128) gave further evidence for this view (p. 126): “San el-Hagar marks the site of the city successively called Auaris, Pi-Ra‘messe, and Tanis’’. Im spite of the criti- cism of Raymond Weill (J. Hg. Arch. xxi., 1935, pp. 10-25), who cited a hieroglyphic document (found in the temple of Ptah in Memphis) in which Auaris and “ the field (or land) of Tanis’’ are separate, Pierre Montet (Syria, xvii., 1936, pp. 200-202) maintains the identity of Auaris, Pi-Ra‘messes, and Tanis. [So does H. Junker, Zeit. f. dg. Sprache 75. 1939, pp. 63-84.]
Meanwhile, a new identification of Pi-Ra‘messés had been suggested: by excavation M. Hamza (Annales du Service des Antiquités de Egypte, xxx. 1930, p. 65) found evidence tending to identify Pi-Ra‘messés with the palace of Ramessés II. at Tell el-Yahudiya, near Kantir, ὁ. 25 kilometres south of Tanis; and William C. Hayes (Glazed Tiles from a Palace of Ramessés II. at Kantir : The Metro- politan Museum of Art Papers, No. 3, 1937) supports this theory that Kantir was the Delta residence of the Rames- side kings of Egypt, pointing out that there is a practically
(Footnote continued on page 81
Fr. 42 MANETHO
τε Kal τοῖς τείχεσιν ὀχυρωτάτην ἐποίησεν͵ ἐν- ΄ > ~ \ “ Θ ~ > ” ‘ οικίσας αὐτῇ Kal πλῆθος ὁπλιτῶν εἰς εἴκοσι Kal 79 τέσσαρας μυριάδας ἀνδρῶν προφυλακήν. ἔνθα δὲ κατὰ θέρειαν ἤρχετο, τὰ μὲν σιτομετρῶν καὶ ΄ / A A \ - > μισθοφορίαν παρεχόμενος, τὰ δὲ Kal ταῖς ἐξοπ- λισίαις πρὸς φόβον τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐπιμελῶς γυμνάζων. ΝΜ > > , ” \ ΄ >? 4 ἄρξας δ᾽ ἐννεακαίδεκα ἔτη, τὸν βίον ἐτελεύτησε. A ~ \ -“ > , ,ὔ ‘ 80 μετὰ τοῦτον δὲ ἕτερος ἐβασίλευσεν τέσσαρα καὶ 4, ” Xr / B 4 2 θ᾽ a τεσσαράκοντα ἔτη καλούμενος Βνών,Σ pel ὃν ἄλλος ᾿Απαχνὰν ὃ ἕξ καὶ τριάκοντα ἕτη καὶ μῆνας ἕπτά, ἕπειτα δὲ καὶ Ἄπωφις ᾿ ἕν καὶ ἑξήκοντα καὶ Ἶ A 5 / A ~ ν 3. δ᾽ ~ δὲ 81 ᾿Ιαννὰς 5 πεντήκοντα καὶ μῆνα ἕνα, ἐπὶ πᾶσι δὲ \ cA 6 > a \ / \ ~ ὃ , καὶ "Acais ® ἐννέα καὶ τεσσαράκοντα καὶ μῆνας δύο. \ ΑΌ. A a > > A > / ~ καὶ οὗτοι μὲν ἕξ ev αὐτοῖς ἐγενήθησαν πρῶτοι ἄρχοντες, ποθοῦντες 7 ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον τῆς Αἰγύπτου 82 ἐξᾶραι τὴν ῥίζαν. ἐκαλεῖτο δὲ τὸ σύμπαν αὐτῶν ® 1 Hic autem Lat.: ἐνθάδε L. 2 Manetho, Fr. 43, 48, 49: Βηών L. 3 Apakhnan Eus.: Παχνὰν Fr. 43: Apachnas Lat. 4 Aphosis Eus. Arm.: “Adofis MSS., Fr. 43: “Adwdus Fr. 49. δ Ιανίας ed. pr.: Samnas Lat.: Anan Eus. Arm.: ’Avvas or Avvay Gutschmid. 6 Ases Lat.: Aseth Eus. (Gutschmid and Meyer hold ‘AonO to be the form used by Josephus). 7 Ed. pr.: πορθοῦντες L. i 8 πολεμοῦντες ἀεὶ Kai ποθοῦντες μᾶλλον MSS. Big. and Hafn.
in Hudson. 9 σύμπαν αὐτῶν Eus., omne genus eorum Lat.: om. ἴω.
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AEGYPTIACA Fr. 42
ancient religious tradition.! This place he rebuilt and fortified with massive walls, planting there a garrison of as many as 240,000 heavy-armed men to guard his frontier. Here he would come in summer- time, partly to serve out rations and pay his troops, partly to train them carefully in manceuvres and so strike terror into foreign tribes. After reigning for 19 years, Salitis died; and a second king, named Bnon,? succeeded and reigned for 44 years. Next to him came Apachnan, who ruled for 36 years and 7 months ;° then Apéphis for 61, and Iannas for 50 years and 1 month; then finally Assis for 49 years and 2 months. These six kings, their first rulers, were ever more and more eager to extirpate the Egyptian stock. Their race as a whole was called
unbroken series of royal Ramesside monuments which cover a period of almost 200 years.
In 1906 Petrie discovered at Kantir a vast fortified encampment of Hyksés date and a Hyksés cemetery: see Petrie, Hyksés and Israelite Cities, pp. 3-16 (the earthwork ramparts of the camp were intended to protect an army of chariots).
1 See Fr. 54, ὃ 237, for its connexion with Seth-Typhon, to whom the tribal god of the Hyksés was assimilated.
2 Of these Hyks6s names Bnén and Apachnan are un- explained. Apdpi (the name of several kings—at least three), and perhaps Aséth (Assis), seem to be pure Egyptian: Iannas is presumed to be Khian, whose cartouche turned up surprisingly and significantly on the lid of an alabastron in the Palace of Minos at Knossos in Crete, as well as on a basalt lion from Baghdad. On Khian, see Griffith in Proc. of Soc. of Bibl. Arch. xix. (1897), pp. 294 f., 297.
8JIn his History (and for short reigns in the Epitome, see e.g. Dynasty X XVII.) Manetho reckoned by months as well as by years, like the Turin Papyrus and the Palermo Stone: see Intro. pp. xxiv f.
83
Fr. 42 MANETHO
ἔθνος ‘Yxouws,) τοῦτο δέ ἐστιν βασιλεῖς ποιμένες - A ‘A “ > <= A ~ ul / τὸ yap UK καθ᾽ ἱερὰν γλῶσσαν βασιλέα onpaiver, τὸ δὲ σὼς ποιμήν ἐστι καὶ ποιμένες κατὰ τὴν κοινὴν διάλεκτον, καὶ οὕτω συντιθέμενον γίνεται « > Yrows. τινὲς δὲ λέγουσιν αὐτοὺς “ApaBas εἶναι. > ~
83 [ἐν 5 δ᾽ ἄλλῳ ἀντιγράφῳ od βασιλεῖς σημαίνεσθαι
A ~ a a / > A x , > διὰ τῆς τοῦ BK προσηγορίας, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον aiy- μαλώτους δηλοῦσθαι ποιμένας “3 τὸ γὰρ ὕκ πάλιν Αἰγυπτιστὶ καὶ τὸ ak δασυνόμενον αἰχμαλώτους ε ~ 4 4 \ ~ αλλ θ 4, /, ῥητῶς μηνύειν. καὶ τοῦτο μᾶλλον πιθανώτερόν
~ « μοι φαίνεται καὶ παλαιᾶς ἱστορίας ἐχόμενον. 4 Ἁ ΄ ,ὔ 84 Τούτους τοὺς προκατωνομασμένους βασιλέας, ‘ 5 A ~ TT / Xr ,ὔ Α A [καὶ] ® τοὺς τῶν ΠΙἼοιμένων καλουμένων καὶ τοὺς ἐξ αὐτῶν γενομένους, κρατῆσαι τῆς Αἰγύπτου
1 “Υκουσσώς Eus. (Hikkusin Eus. Arm.): so also infra.
2 The bracketed clause (already in Eus.) is apparently an ancient gloss, derived from ὃ 91: cf. the similar marginal annotations to §§ 92, 98.
3 ποιμένας Eus.: οὐ ποιμένας L.
4 μηνύειν Holwerda: μηνύει L. δ᾽ Bracketed by Thackeray, Reinach.
1 Hyksdés, “‘ rulers of foreign lands’’ (Erman-Grapow, Worterbuch, iii. p. 171, 29). Another form of the name, Hykussés, is preserved by Eusebius, but it is uncertain whether the medial -u- is really authentic—the Egyptian plural (Meyer). Hyk = ruler of a pastoral people, a sheikh.
‘“The Hyksés, like the foreign Kassite Dynasty in Babylonia, adopted the higher culture of the conquered
84
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 42
Hyksés,! that is ‘ king-shepherds’: for hyk in the sacred language means ‘king,’ and 505 in common speech is ‘shepherd’ or ‘ shepherds’:? hence the compound word ‘ Hyksés’. Some say that they were Arabs.” ? In another copy‘? the expression hyk, it is said, does not mean “kings”: on the contrary, the compound refers to “ captive- shepherds”. In Egyptian hyk, in fact, and hak when aspirated expressly denote “captives”’.6 This explanation seems to me the more convincing and more in keeping with ancient history.
These kings whom I have enumerated above, and their descendants, ruling over the so-called Shepherds, dominated Egypt, according to Manetho, for 511
country’ (J. Garstang, The Heritage of Solomon, 1934, . 62).
Ps This is correct: for the Egyptian word 3’sw,
** Bedouins,’’ which in Coptic became shés, ‘* a herdsman,”’
see Erman-Grapow, Worterbuch, iv. p. 412, 10 (B.G.).
3 In a papyrus (11. 111. A.D.) quoted by Wilcken in Archiv fiir Pap. iii. (1906), pp. 188 ff. (Chrestomathie, I. ii. p. 322) ἄμμος ὑκσιωτική is mentioned—aloe [or cement (Preisigke)] from the land of the Hyksiétae, apparently in Arabia. This gives some support to the statement in the text.
4 Josephus, in revising this treatise just as he revised his Antiquities, appears to have used a second version of Manetho’s Aegyptiaca. Did Josephus ever have before him Manetho’s original work ? Laqueur thinks it more probable that Josephus consulted revisions of Manetho made from the philo- or the anti-Semitic point of view: see Intro. p. xx. Since the third century B.c. an exten- sive literature on the origin of the Jews had arisen.
5 This appears to be a Jewish explanation (§ 91), to harmonize with the story of Joseph.
6 The reference here is to the Egyptian word h’k, “ booty,” δ prisoners of war’ (Erman-Grapow, Worterbuch, iii. p. 33)
(B.G.). 85
Fr. 42 MANETHO
ga φησὶν ἔτη πρὸς τοῖς πεντακοσίοις ἕνδεκα. μετὰ ταῦτα δὲ τῶν ἐκ τῆς Θηβαΐδος καὶ τῆς ἄλλης Αἰγύπτου βασιλέων γενέσθαι φησὶν ἐπὶ τοὺς Ποιμένας ἐπανάστασιν, καὶ πόλεμον! συρραγῆναι ΄ ἢ , ὅν ἃ \ ᾽ ΗΡ 86 μέγαν καὶ πολυχρόνιον. ἐπὶ δὲ βασιλέως, ᾧ ὄνομα εἶναι Μισφραγμούθωσις" ἡττημένους 8 φησὶ τοὺς Ποιμένας * ἐκ μὲν τῆς ἄλλης Αἰγύπτου πάσης > ἐκπεσεῖν, κατακλεισθῆναι δ᾽ εἰς τόπον ἀρουρῶν ἔχοντα μυρίων τὴν περίμετρον Αὔαριν ὃ ὄνομα τῷ δητόπῳ. τοῦτόν φησιν ὁ Μανεθὼς ἅπαντα τείχει τε μεγάλῳ καὶ ἰσχυρῷ περιβαλεῖν τοὺς Π]οιμένας, ὅπως τήν τε κτῆσιν ἅπασαν ἔχωσιν ἐν ὀχυρῷ ‘ \ , A ec ~ \ A “ 88 καὶ τὴν λείαν τὴν ἑαυτῶν. τὸν δὲ Μισφραγμου- θώσεως υἱὸν Θούμμωσιν ® ἐπιχειρῆσαι μὲν αὐτοὺς διὰ πολιορκίας ἑλεῖν κατὰ κράτος, ὀκτὼ καὶ τεσσαράκοντα μυριάσι στρατοῦ προσεδρεύσαντα τοῖς τείχεσιν: ἐπεὶ δὲ τῆς πολιορκίας ἴ ἀπέγνω, 14 αὐτοῖς L, Lat.: om. Eus. 2 Eus.: ‘Adtodpaypovdwois 1, (Lat.): so also infra. 3 Conj. Cobet: ἡττωμένους L. 44 ἐξ αὐτοῦ L: om. Eus.: ὑπ᾽ αὐτοῦ ed. pr. 5 Avapw 1, (Lat.): Avapis Eus.
δ Θούμμωσιν L: Θμούθωσιν Eus. 7L: τὴν πολιορκίαν Eus.
1This number of years, much too high for the length of the Hyksés sway in Egypt, may perhaps refer to the whole period of their rule in Palestine and Syria: see A. Jirku, in Journ. of the Palestine Orient. Soc. xii., 1932,
. 5] τι. 4.
᾿ 2 Misphragmuthésis, 7.e. Menkheperré* (Tuthmésis III.) and his son Thummiésis, 7.e. Tuthmdsis IV., are here said to have driven out the Hyksés. In Fr. 50, ὃ 94, Tethmésis is named as the conqueror. In point of historical fact the
86
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 42
years. Thereafter, he says, there came a revolt of the kings of the Thebaid and the rest of Egypt against the Shepherds, and a fierce and prolonged war broke out between them. By a king whose name was Misphragmuthosis,” the Shepherds, he says, were defeated, driven out of all the rest of Egypt, and confined in a region measuring within its circumference 10,000 ariirae,? by name Auaris. According to Manetho, the Shepherds enclosed this whole area with a high, strong wall, in order to safe- guard all their possessions and spoils. Thummiésis, the son of Misphragmuthdésis (he continues), at- tempted by siege to force them to surrender, blockad- ing the fortress with an army of 480,000 men. Finally, giving up the siege in despair, he concluded
victorious king was Amésis, and he took Auaris by main force: the genuine Manetho must surely have given this name which is preserved by Africanus and Eusebius, as also by Apién in Tatian, adv. Graecos, §38. See p. 101 n. 2, and cf. Meyer, Aeg. Chron. pp. 73 f.
Weill, La fin du moyen empire égyptien, p. 95, explains the error by assuming that the exploit of the capture of Auaris was usurped by Tuthmésis IV., as it was usurped earlier by Hatshepsut and later by Ramessés III.
Breasted (C.A.H. ii. p. 83) holds that, since with the catastrophic fall of Kadesh on the Orontes before the arms of Tuthmdsis III. the last vestige of the Hyksés power disappeared, the tradition of late Greek days made Tuthmésis IIT. the conqueror of the Hyksés. He points out that the name Misphragmuthésis is to be identified with the two cartouche-names of Tuthmésis III.: it is a corruption of “‘Menkheperré‘ Tuthmésis”’.
? Lit. “‘ with a circumference of 10,000 arirae’’. The text (which cannot be attributed as it stands to Manetho -τὴν περίμετρον must be a later addition) implies a wrong use of ardra as a measure of length; it is, in reality, a measure of area, about half an acre.
87
Fr. 42 MANETHO
’ὔ / ΄ Ἁ Μ > ’ ποιήσασθαι συμβάσεις, ἵνα τὴν Αἴγυπτον ἐκλιπόντες a 4 4 > “-“ 3 / \ ὅποι βούλονται πάντες ἀβλαβεῖς ἀπέλθωσι. τοὺς 80δὲ ἐπὶ ταῖς ὁμολογίαις πανοικησίᾳ μετὰ τῶν κτήσεων οὐκ ἐλάττους μυριάδων ὄντας εἴκοσι καὶ τεσσάρων ἀπὸ τῆς Αἰγύπτου τὴν ἔρημον εἰς Συρίαν διοδοιπορῆσαι. φοβουμένους δὲ τὴν ᾿Ασσυρίων 90 δυναστείαν, τότε γὰρ ἐκείνους τῆς ᾿Ασίας κρατεῖν, ἐν τῇ νῦν ᾿Ιουδαίᾳ καλουμένῃ πόλιν οἰκοδομησα- μένους τοσαύταις μυριάσιν ἀνθρώπων ἀρκέσουσαν, “εροσόλυμα ταύτην ὀνομάσαι. 9 “Ev ἄλλῃ δέ τινι βίβλῳ τῶν Αἰγυπτιακῶν M 0 \ ~ / \ 1 ” A ανεθὼς τοῦτό φησι «τὸ» ἔθνος, τοὺς καλου- μένους ΠΠοιμένας, αἰχμαλώτους ἐν ταῖς ἱεραῖς ᾽ ~ / / / > ~ ‘ αὐτῶν βίβλοις γεγράφθαι, λέγων ὀρθῶς: καὶ γὰρ τοῖς ἀνωτάτω προγόνοις ἡμῶν τὸ ποιμαίνειν πάτριον ἦν, καὶ νομαδικὸν ἔχοντες τὸν βίον οὕτως > ~ / >’ / / / > 92 ἐκαλοῦντο []οιμένες. αἰχμάλωτοί te πάλιν οὐκ > ’, e i ~ > / > / > id ἀλόγως ὑπὸ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων aveypadnoar, ἐπειδή- περ ὃ πρόγονος ἡμῶν ᾿Ιώσηπος 5 ἑαυτὸν ἔφη πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τῶν Αἰγυπτίων αἰχμάλωτον εἶναι,
1 Bekker: om. L.
51, (in margin): ἐν ἑτέρῳ ἀντιγράφῳ εὑρέθη οὕτως" κατήχθη πραθεὶς παρὰ τῶν ἀδελφῶν εἰς Αἴγυπτον πρὸς τὸν βασιλέα τῆς Αἰγύπτου, καὶ πάλιν ὕστερον τοὺς αὑτοῦ ἀδελφοὺς μετεπέμψατο τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιτρέψαντος.
1240,000—the number of the garrison mentioned in § 78, where they aro described as “ hoplites ”’.
2 On the origin of “‘ Jeru-Salem,’’ see A. Jirku in Zettschr. d. Deutsch. Morgenl. Gesellschaft, 90 (1936), pp. « 10 κα f.: the first part, Jeru-, is non-Semitic (cf. Ο.1΄. Hzek. xvi. 2, 45: 2 Sam. xxiv. 16, and the names Jeru-ba‘al, Jeru-’el ;
88
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 42
a treaty by which they should all depart from Egypt and go unmolested where they pleased. On these terms the Shepherds, with their possessions and households complete, no fewer than 240,000 persons,1 left Egypt and journeyed over the desert into Syria. There, dreading the power of the Assyrians who were at that time masters of Asia, they built in the land now called Judaea a city large enough to hold all those thousands of people, and gave it the name of Jerusalem.?
In another book 3 of his History of Egypt Manetho says that this race of so-called Shepherds is, in the sacred books of Egypt, described as “‘ captives ” ; and his statement is correct. With our remotest ancestors, indeed, it was a hereditary custom to feed sheep; and as they lived a nomadic life, they were called Shepherds. On the other hand, in the Egyptian records they were not unreasonably styled Captives, since our ancestor Joseph told the king of Egypt® that he was a captive, and later, with the
also, Jaru-wataS in an inscr. of Boghazk6i); the second part, Salem, is a Canaanitish divine name, found in the texts of Ras esh-Shamra. The name of the city occurs in the El-Amarna Letters in the form ‘ Urusalimmu,”’ the oldest literary mention of Jerusalem.
3 Cf. ὃ 83 for the same information, there attributed to “another copy ”’.
4 Cf. O.T. Genesis xlvi. 32-34, xlvii. 3.
5 In the Biblical narrative Joseph told the chief butler or cup-bearer (Genesis xl. 15). The margin of the Floren- tine MS. has a note on this passage: “‘In another copy (i.e. of the treatise Against Apion) the following reading was found—‘he was sold by his brethren and brought down into Egypt to the king of Egypt; and later, again,
> 99
with the king’s consent, summoned his brethren to Egypt’.
89
Fr. 42, 43 MANETHO
‘ ‘ > ᾿ > A ΝΜ ΄ καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς εἰς τὴν Αἴγυπτον ὕστερον / ~ / > / > A μετεπέμψατο, τοῦ βασιλέως ἐπιτρέψαντος. ἀλλὰ περὶ μὲν τούτων ἐν ἄλλοις ποιήσομαι τὴν ἐξέτασιν ἀκριβεστέραν.
Fr. 48. Syncellus, p. 113. ΚΑΤΑ ΑΦΡΙΚΑΝΟΝ.
Πεντεκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία []οιμένων. ἦσαν δὲ Φοίνικες ξένοι βασιλεῖς ς΄, ot καὶ Μέμφιν - « ἌΡ = ΕἸ - , ” εἷλον, of Kal ἐν τῷ Σεθροΐτῃ νομῷ πόλιν ἔκτισαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς ὁρμώμενοι Αἰγυπτίους ἐχειρώσαντο. ~ sh > / Μ , > > v πρῶτος Σαΐτης ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη ιθ΄, ad οὗ καὶ ὁ Σαΐτης νομός." Β' Βνῶν, ἔτη μδ΄. γ΄ Παχνάν, ἔτη ξα΄. δ΄ Σταάν, ἔτη ν΄. ε΄ Ἄρχλης, ἔτη pl’. , » ” ’ ς΄ “Adwdus,? ἔτη Ea’. μοῦ, ἔτη ond’. 1 Τὴ B the words οἱ καὶ ἐν τῷ Σεθροΐτῃ νομῷ .. . ἐχειρώσαντο
come after ὁ Latrns νομός. 2m.: “Adofis MSS.
1 The reference seems to be to Fr. 54, § 227 ff., but ἐν ἄλλοις usually refers to a separate work.
* Africanus gives a less correct list than Josephus (cf. the transposition of Apéphis to the end): there is further corruption in Eusebius (Fr. 48) and the Book of S6this (App. IV.).
3 This statement of the Phoenician origin of the Hyksés kings has generally been discredited until recently: now the Ras esh-Shamra tablets, which imply a pantheon strikingly similar to that of the Hyksés, have shown that the Hyksés were closely related to the Phoenicians.
90
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 42, 43
king’s consent, summoned his brethren to Egypt. But I shall investigate this subject more fully in another place.!
Dynasty XV. Fr. 43 (from Syncellus). ACCORDING TO AFRICANUS.?
The Fifteenth Dynasty consisted of Shepherd Kings. There were six foreign kings from Phoenicia,* who seized Memphis: in the Sethroite nome they founded a town, from which as a base they subdued Egypt.
The first of these kings, Saités, reigned for 19 years: the Saite nome ὅ is called after him.
2. Bnén, for 44 years.
3. Pachnan [Apachnan], for 61 years.
4, Staan,° for 50 years.
5. Archlés,® for 49 years.
6. Aphéphis,’ (Aphobis), for 61 years.
Total, 284 years.
‘See p. 80 n. 3. The Saite nome proper, as opposed to this “ Tanite’’? nome, is mentioned in Egyptian texts of the Old Kingdom. For the famous Sais, the seat of Dynasty XXVI. (now Sa El-Hagar, see Baedeker,® p. 36 —N.W. of Tanta on the right bank of the Rosetta branch), the centre of the cult of Neith, “‘the metropolis of the lower country ”’ (Strabo, 17. 1, 18), ef. Herodotus, ii. 62 ; Diod. i. 28, 4 (for its relation to Athens).
5 For Iannas (in Josephus), the Khian of the Monuments, see p. 83 n. 2.
® Archlés here, and in Eusebius (I’r. 48), corresponds with Assis (or Aseth) in Josephus (Fr. 42, § 80); but the change in the form of the name is extraordinary.
* The Jength of reign (61 years, as in Josephus) leads one to believe that Africanus has transposed Apdphis from the 4th place to the 6th; but in point of fact the last Hyksés king whom we know by name was called Apepi.
91
Fr. 44, 45, 46 MANETHO
Fr. 44 (a). Synecellus, p. 114. KATA EYZEBION.
Πεντεκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία AtvoomoAuta@v βα-
σιλέων, ot ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ov’.
(0) υβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), P90.
Quinta decima dynastia Diospolitarum regum, qui regnarunt annis CCL.
Fr. 45. Syncellus, p. 114. KATA A®PIKANON
“Εκκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία [Ποιμένες ἄλλοι βασιλεῖς Ἴ μ
Ap’: ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη dun’.
Fr. 46 (a). Syncellus, p. 114. KATA ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
“Εκκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία Θηβαῖοι βασιλεῖς €’,' οἵ 1.3 / ” , καὶ ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη pi’.
(0) Ευβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), ΒΡ Ὁ"
Sexta decima dynastia Thebaeorum regum V, qui regnarunt annis CXC,
ιη΄ Boeckh. 92
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 44, 45, 46
Fr. 44 (a) (from Syncellus). AccorDING TO EUsEBIUs.
The Fifteenth Dynasty consisted of kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 250 years.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Fifteenth Dynasty consisted of kings of Diospolis, who reigned for 250 years.
Dynasty XVI.
Fr. 45 (from Syncellus). AccorDING TO AFRICANUS.
The Sixteenth Dynasty were Shepherd Kings again, 32 in number: they reigned for 518 years.
Fr. 46 (a) (from Syncellus), AccoRDING TO EUSEBIUS.
The Sixteenth Dynasty were kings of Thebes, 5 in number: they reigned for 190 years.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Sixteenth Dynasty were kings of Thebes, 5 in number: they reigned for 190 years.
1 Barbarus gives 318 years (p. 23, XV.) ; Meyer conjec- tures that the true number is 418 (Aeg. Chron. p. 99). Contrast Fr. 42, § 84 (511 years).
93
Fr. 47, 48 MANETHO
Fr. 47. Syncellus, p. 114. KATA A®PIKANON.
‘Entaxaidexatyn δυναστεία [Ποιμένες ἄλλοι βα- 7 μ σιλεῖς py’ καὶ Θηβαῖοι ἢ" Διοσπολῖται μγ΄.
ὋὉμοῦ οἱ Ποιμένες καὶ οἱ Θηβαῖοι ἐβασίλευσαν ἔτη ρνα΄.
Fr. 48 (a). Syncellus, p. 114. ΚΑΤΑ ΕὙΣΕΒΙΟΝ.
“Επτακαιδεκάτη δυναστεία []οιμένες ἦσαν ἀδελ- φοὶ 5 Φοίνικες ξένοι βασιλεῖς, ot καὶ Μέμφιν εἷλον. ὯΩν πρῶτος Σαἵτης ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη ιθ΄, ad’ e \ ¢ sh \ > ΄, « A > ~ οὗ καὶ 6 Σαΐτης νομὸς ἐκλήθη, ot καὶ ἐν τῷ Σεθροΐτῃ νομῷ πόλιν ἔκτισαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς ὁρμώμενοι
Αἰγυπτίους ἐχειρώσαντο.
1 Miiller. 2 A lapsus calami for δὲ (Meyer): Africanus (Fr. 43) pre- serves the true text: ἦσαν δὲ Φοίνικες . .
1See H. E. Winlock, ‘‘Tombs of the Seventeenth Dynasty at Thebes,” in J. Hg. Arch. x. pp. 217 ff.
2 Barbarus gives 221 years (p. 23, XVI.). According to Manetho the total length of the foreign usurpation prob- ably was 929 years (260 in Josephus + 518 + 161). Josephus (Fr. 42, § 84) gives 511 years. These statements, even if based on actual traditions, have no weight as compared with the certain data of the Monuments. The almost complete lack of buildings of the Hyksés time and the close connexion of the Thebans of Dynasty XVII.
94
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 47, 48
Dynasty XVII Fr. 47 (from Syncellus). AccorpiINc TO AFRICANUS.
The Seventeenth Dynasty |! were Shepherd Kings again, 43 in number, and kings of Thebes or Dios- polis, 43 in number.
Total of the reigns of the Shepherd Kings and the Theban kings, 151 years.”
Fr. 48 (a) (from Syncellus). AccoRDING TO EUSEBIUS.
The Seventeenth Dynasty were Shepherds and brothers : they were foreign kings from Phoenicia, who seized Memphis.
The first of these kings, Saités, reigned for 19 years: the Saite nome‘ is called after him. These kings founded in the Sethroite nome a town, from which as a base they subdued Egypt.
with those of Dynasty XIII. tend to show that the Hyksés rule in the Nile Valley lasted for about a hundred and twenty years, c. 1700-1580 B.c. Under one of the Theban kings, Ta‘o, who bore the epithet ‘“‘ The Brave,”’ war with the Hyksés broke out c. 1590 B.c. ; Kamose, the last king of Dynasty XVII., continued the war of in- dependence, and Amésis (of Dynasty XVIII.) finally expelled the usurpers.
* This must be a mistake of transcription: see note 2 on the text.
“See Fr. 42, ὃ 78, n. 3, Fr. 43, n. 4.
95
Fr. 48 MANETHO
B’ Βνῶν, ἔτη μ΄.
γ'" Ἄφωφις, ἔτη ιδ'.
Μεθ’ ὃν Ἄρχλης, ἔτη λ΄.
“Ὁμοῦ, ἔτη py’.
Κατὰ τούτους Αἰγυπτίων βασιλεὺς ᾿Ιωσὴφ δείκ- νυται.
(0) Ευβεβιῦβ, Chronica I. (Armenian Version), Ρ. 99 sq.
Septima decima dynastia Pastorum, qui fratres erant Phoenices exterique reges, et Memphin occu- parunt.
Ex his primus Saites imperavit annis XIX, a quo Saitarum quoque nomos nomen traxit. Eidem in Sethroite nomo urbem condiderunt, unde incursione facta Aegyptios perdomuerunt.
Secundus Bnon, annis XL. Deinde Archles, annis XXX. Aphophis, annis XIV.
Summa annorum CIII. Horum aetate regnavisse in Aegypto Josephus videtur.
1Om. A.
1See p. 95 ἢ. 3. 2See p. 80 n. 3.
96
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 48
2. Bnoén, for 40 years. 3. Aphophis, for 14 years.
After him Archlés reigned for 30 years. Total, 103 years.
It was in their time that Joseph was appointed
king of Egypt.
(b) ARMENIAN VERSION OF EUSEBIUS.
The Seventeenth Dynasty consisted of Shepherds, who were brothers! from Phoenicia and foreign kings: they seized Memphis. The first of these kings, Saites, reigned for 19 years: from him, too, the Saite nome? derived its name. These kings founded in the Sethroite nome a town from which they made a raid and subdued Egypt.
The second king was Bnon, tor 40 years. Next, Archles, for 30 years. Aphophis, for 14 years.
Total, 103 years.
It was in their time that Joseph appears to have ruled in Egypt.®
The Armenian text of this sentence is rather difficult, but Professor Margoliouth, pointing out that the Armenian present infinitive is used here for the perfect, approves of this rendering. Karst translates the Armenian in the following sense: “It is under these kings that Joseph arises, to rule over Egypt’”’.
Fr. 49 MANETHO
Fr. 49. Scholia in Platonis Timaeum, 21 E (Hermann).
Σαϊτικός - ἐκ τῶν Μανεθὼ Αἰγυπτιακῶν. ‘En- τακαιδεκάτη δυναστεία [Ποιμένες - ἦσαν ἀδελφοὶ" Φοίνικες ξένοι βασιλεῖς, ot καὶ Μέμφιν εἷλον.
ὯΩν πρῶτος Σαΐτης ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη ιθ΄, ἀφ᾽ οὗ δι 6 Po \ > / a tn ~ “᾿ καὶ 6 Σαΐτης νομὸς ἐκλήθη - ot καὶ ἐν τῷ Σεθρωΐτῃ ~ / ” > ae c 4 > / νομῷ πόλιν ἔκτισαν, ἀφ᾽ ἧς ὁρμώμενοι Αἰγυπτίους
ἐχειρώσαντο.
Δεύτερος τούτων Βνῶν, ἔτη μ'.
Τρίτος Apxans, ἔτη λ΄.
Τέταρτος Ἄφω φις, ἔτη 0d’.
Ὅ “ ’
μοῦ, py’.
Ὃ δὲ Σαΐτης προσέθηκε τῷ μηνὶ ὥρας ιβ’, ὡς εἶναι ἡμερῶν λ΄, καὶ τῷ ἐνιαυτῷ ἡμέρας ς᾽, καὶ γέγονεν ἡμερῶν τξέ.
1 δὲ conj.: of. Fr. 48 (a).
98
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 49
Fr. 49 (from the Scholia to Plato).
Saitic, of Sais. From the Aegyptiaca of Manetho. The Seventeenth Dynasty consisted of Shepherds: they were brothers! from Phoenicia, foreign kings, wboseized Memphis. The first of these kings, Saités, reigned for 19 years: the Saite nome” is called after him. These kings founded in the Sethréite nome a town, from which as a base they subdued Egypt.
The second of these kings, Bnén, reigned for 40 years; the third, Archaés, for 30 years; and the fourth, Aphéphis, for 14 years. Total, 103 years.
Saités added 12 hours to the month, to make its length 30 days; and he added 6 days to the year, which thus comprised 365 days.°
1See p. 95 n. 3. 2 See p. 80 n. 3.
8 The addition of 5 days (not 6, as above) to the short year of 360 days was made long before the Hyksés age: it goes back to at least the Pyramid Age, and probably earlier. The introduction of the calendar, making an artificial reconciliation of the lunar and solar years, perhaps as early as 4236 B.C., is believed to give the earliest fixed date in human history: see V. Gordon Childe, New Light on the Most Ancient East, 1934, pp. 5 f.
99
Fr. 50 MANETHO
Fr. 50. Josepnus, Contra Apionem, I, 15, 16, §§ 93-105.1
(Continued from Fr. 42.)
Ni A δὲ ~ > / ΄ /
93 υνὶ δὲ τῆς ἀρχαιότητος ταύτης παρατίθεμαι τοὺς Αἰγυπτίους μάρτυρας. πάλιν οὖν τὰ τοῦ Μανεθῶ 3 πῶς ἔχει πρὸς τὴν τῶν χρόνων τάξιν
94 ὑπογράψω. φησὶ δὲ οὕτως - “wera τὸ ἐξελθεῖν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου τὸν λαὸν τῶν ΠἼὨοιμένων εἰς Ιεροσόλυμα, ὁ ἐκβαλὼν αὐτοὺς ἐξ Αἰγύπτου βασιλεὺς Τέθμωσις ἐβασίλευσεν μετὰ ταῦτα ἔτη εἰκοσιπέντε καὶ μῆνας τέσσαρας καὶ ἐτελεύτησεν, καὶ παρέλαβεν
Ἁ 3 \ « > ~ εν / ” / ν ἀρχὴν ὃ αὐτοῦ υἱὸς Χέβρων ἔτη Sexarpia. 95 μεθ᾽ ὃν ᾿Ἀμένωφις εἴκοσι καὶ μῆνας ἕπτά. τοῦ δὲ ἀδελφὴ ‘Apecois® εἰκοσιὲν καὶ μῆνας ἐννέα. ~ δὲ My ὃ bd \ ~ >? / ~ ths δὲ Μήφρης δώδεκα καὶ μῆνας ἐννέα. τοῦ δὲ Μηφραμούθωσις εἰκοσιπέντε καὶ μῆνας δέκα. lo δὲ Θ ~ 4 > / \ ~ > 7 ~ δ᾽ θότου 0€ ὥὕμωσις“ evvea καὶ μῆνας OKTW. τοῦ Apevwdis τριάκοντα καὶ μῆνας δέκα. τοῦ δὲ
1§§ 94-105 are quoted by Theophilus, Ad Autolycum, ITI, 20f. §§ 103, 104 are quoted by Eusebius, Praepar. Evang., Χ, 13.
2 Niese: ΪΜανέθωνος L.
8 Naber: ᾿Αμενσὶς Fr. 52: ᾿Αμεσσὴς L.
4 Τυθμώσης Manetho, Fr. 51: Τούθμωσις Fr. 52, 53.
1The New Kingdom: Dynasties XVIII.-XX.: 6. 1580- ὁ. 1100 B.c.
Dynasty XVIII. c. 1580-1310 B.c.
For identifications with the monumental evidence which is firmly established, see Meyer, Geschichte*, ii. 1, p. 78: the names and order of the first nine kings are: (1) Amésis
100
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 50
Dynasties, XVIII} XIX.
Fr. 50 (from Josephus, Contra Apionem, i. 15, 16, §§ 93-105)—(continued from Fr. 42).
For the present I am citing the Egyptians as wit- nesses to this antiquity of ours. I shall therefore resume my quotations from Manetho’s works in their reference to chronology. His account is as follows: ** After the departure of the tribe of Shepherds from Egypt to Jerusalem, Tethmésis,” the king who drove them out of Egypt, reigned for 25 years 4 months until his death, when he was succeeded by his son Chebrén, who ruled for 13 years. After him Amen6phis reigned for 20 years 7 months ; then his sister Amessis for 2] years 9 months; then her son Méphrés for 12 years 9 months; then his son Méphra- muthésis for 25 years 10 months; then his son Thmésis for 9 years 8 months ; then his son Amenéphis
(Chebr6én is unexplained), (2) Amendphis I., (3) Tuthmésis I., (4) Tuthmésis IT., (5) Hatshepsut (apparently Manetho’s Amessis or Amensis: the same length of reign, 21 years), (6) Tuthmdsis III. (corresponding to Méphrés, i.e. Menkheperré* or Meshperé‘, and Misphragmuthésis, 7.e. Menkheperré‘ Thutmose), (7) Amendéphis 11., (8) Tuthmésis IV. (the order of these two being reversed by Manetho), (9) Amenéphis III. (Hérus, the same length of reign, 36 years).
The remaining kings of the dynasty are: Amendéphis IV. (Akhnaten, see p. 123 n. 1), Semenkhkaré‘ (ἢ Acenchérés), Tat‘ankhamon (ἢ Chebrés), Ay (ἢ Acherrés): see C.A.H. ii. p. 702. On rulers Nos. 3, 4, 5 and 6, see Wm. F. Edgerton, The Thutmosid Succession, 1933.
For Dynasty XIX. see p. 148 n. 1.
2 Tethmésis = Amdsis: see note on Misphragmuthésis, Fr. 42, § 86. For the scarab of Amosis see Plate 1, 3.
101
Fr. 50 MANETHO
0) \ ‘ ~ [4 “ δὲ ρος τριακονταὲξ καὶ μῆνας πέντε. τοῦ δὲ θυγάτηρ ᾿ἀκεγχερὴς δώδεκα καὶ μῆνα ἕνα. τῆς 971 δὲ ‘Pddwris ἀδελφὸς ἐννέα. τοῦ δὲ ‘Axeyynpns δώδεκα καὶ μῆνας πέντε. τοῦ δὲ ᾿Ακεγχήρης ἕτερος δώδεκα καὶ μῆνας τρεῖς. τοῦ δὲ “Appais τέσσαρα καὶ μῆνα ἕνα. τοῦ δὲ 'Ραμέσσης ἕν καὶ μῆνας τέσσαρας. τοῦ δὲ Ἁρμέσσης Μιαμοῦν
« A \ “ 4 ~ \ > / ἑξηκονταὲξ καὶ μῆνας δύο. τοῦ δὲ ᾿Αμένωφις ΄ A ~ σ -“ A / ε \ 98 δεκαεννέα καὶ μῆνας ἕξ. τοῦ δὲ Σέθως ὁ Kai ‘Papéoons,! ἱππικὴν καὶ ναυτικὴν ἔχων δύναμιν,
A ἣν > A σ - > , “ > 4, τὸν μὲν ἀδελφὸν “Appaiv ἐπίτροπον τῆς Αἰγύπτου κατέστησεν, καὶ πᾶσαν μὲν αὐτῷ τὴν ἄλλην βα-
\ / > / /, A > / σιλικὴν περιέθηκεν ἐξουσίαν, μόνον δὲ ἐνετείλατο διάδημα μὴ φορεῖν μηδὲ τὴν βασιλίδα μητέρα τε
~ / > ~ > ἐς A sa ~ Ν» 99 τῶν τέκνων ἀδικεῖν, ἀπέχεσθαι δὲ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ~ / > ‘ A 3, ἃ tA \ βασιλικῶν παλλακίδων. αὐτὸς δὲ ἐπὶ Κύπρον καὶ Φοινίκην καὶ πάλιν ᾿Ασσυρίους τε καὶ Μήδους
1 18. : Ζέθωσις καὶ ἱΡαμέσσης L.
2L (in margin): εὑρέθη ἐν ἑτέρῳ ἀντιγράφῳ οὕτως" μεθ᾽ ὃν Σέθωσις καὶ ἹΡαμέσσης δύο ἀδελφοί: ὁ μὲν ναυτικὴν ἔχων δύναμιν τοὺς κατὰ θάλατταν | ἀπαντῶντας καὶ διαχειρωμένους f (διαπειρω- μένους Naber) ἐπολιόρκει" μετ᾽ οὐ πολὺ δὲ καὶ τὸν ἱῬαμέσσην ἀνελών, “Appaiv ἄλλον αὑτοῦ ἀδελφὸν ἐπίτροπον τῆς Αἰγύπτου καταστῆσαι (for κατέστησε).
1 Howard Carter (Tutankhamen, iii. p. 3) points out that monuments of Amenéphis III. are dated to his 37th year, perhaps even to his 40th year; and he explains that Manetho has given the length of his reign as sole ruler. More commonly, the high figures assigned to the reigns of kings may be explained by the assumption that over- lapping co-regencies have been included.
2 Miamtin = Mey-amiun, “‘ beloved of Amin”,
102
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 50
for 30 years 10 months;? then his son Orus for 36 years 5 months; then his daughter Acenchérés for 12 years 1 month; then her brother Rathétis for 9 years; then his son Acenchérés for 12 years 5 months, his son Acenchérés II. for 12 years 3 months, his son Harmais for 4 years 1 month, his son Ramessés for 1 year 4 months, his son Harmessés Miamin? for 66 years 2 months, his son Amenéphis for 19 years 6 months, and his son Sethés, also called Ramessés,? whose power lay in his cavalry and his fleet. This king appointed his brother Harmais viceroy of Egypt, and invested him with all the royal prerogatives, except that he charged him not to wear a diadem, nor to wrong the queen, the mother of his children, and to refrain likewise from the royal concubines. He then set out on an expedition against Cyprus and Phoenicia and later against the Assyrians and the
?The margin of the Florentine MS. has a note here: “The following reading was found in another copy: * After him Sethdsis and Ramessés, two brothers. The former, with a strong fleet, blockaded his murderous (?) adversaries by sea. Not long after, he slow Ramessés and appointed another of his brothers, Harmais, as viceroy of Egypt.’”’ This is intended as a correction of the text of Josephus, but it contains the error of the Florentine MS. in the reading Σέθωσις καὶ ἹΡαμέσσης. Sethdsis is the Sesostris of Herodotus, ii. 102, where his naval expedition in the “‘ Red Sea ”’ is described.
Meyer, Aeg. Chron. p. 91, considers the words ‘“‘ also called Ramesses’ an addition to Manetho. See ὃ 245.
W. Struve (see p. 148 n. 1) would here emend Sethés into Sesés, which was a name of Ramesés II.: according to the monuments he reigned for 67 years (cf. Fr. 55, 2), and his triumphant Asiatic campaigns were told by Hecataeus of Abdera (Osymandyas in Diodorus Siculus, i. 47 ff.).
103
Fr. 50 MANETHO
στρατεύσας, ἅπαντας τοὺς μὲν δόρατι, τοὺς δὲ 3 \ / a ~ ~ ΄ e ‘ ἀμαχητὶ φόβῳ δὲ τῆς πολλῆς δυνάμεως ὑποχειρίους ἔλαβε, καὶ μέγα φρονήσας ἐπὶ ταῖς εὐπραγίαις ἔτι καὶ θαρσαλεώτερον ἐπεπορεύετο τὰς πρὸς ἀνατολὰς 100 πόλεις τε καὶ χώρας καταστρεφόμενος. χρόνου ε ~ / σ “ ε \ > τε ἱκανοῦ γεγονότος, “Appais 6 καταλειφθεὶς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ πάντα τάμπαλιν οἷς ἁδελφὸς ' παρήνει μὴ ποιεῖν ἀδεῶς ἔπραττεν" καὶ γὰρ τὴν βασιλίδα / ” \ aA Μ / > ~ βιαίως ἔσχεν καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις παλλακίσιν ἀφειδῶς διετέλει χρώμενος, πειθόμενος δὲ 3 ὑπὸ τῶν φίλων 101 διάδημα ἐφόρει καὶ eles τῷ ἀδελφῷ. ὁ δὲ τεταγμένος ἐπὶ τῶν ἱερέων ὃ τῆς Αἰγύπτου γράψας /, βιβλίον ἔπεμψε τῷ Σεθώσει, δηλῶν αὐτῷ πάντα Avie 3 “ ¢ > A 39 ““κῖο oe Kal ὅτι ἀντῆρεν ὁ ἀδελφὸς αὐτῷ Ἃρμαϊς. παρα- χρῆμα οὖν ὑπέστρεψεν εἰς Π,Ἂηλούσιον καὶ ἐκράτησεν “ 7 / ε \ , >? / > \ ~ 102 τῆς ἰδίας βασιλείας. ἡ δὲ χώρα ἐκλήθη ἀπὸ τοῦ αὐτοῦ ὀνόματος Αἴγυπτος λέγεται γὰρ ὅτι 6 μὲν Σέθως ἐκαλεῖτο Αἴγυπτος, Ἅρμαϊς δὲ 6 ἀδελφὸς αὐτοῦ Aavads.”’ 1 ἁδελφὸς Gutschmid: ἀδελφὸς L. ὅτε conj. Niese. 3 ἱερέων L (perhaps an Ancient Egyptian formula): ἱερῶν Hudson (sacra Lat., fana Eus.)—with this ef. Revenue Laws
of Ptolemy Philadelphus, 519 (258 B.C.) of ἐπὶ τῶν ἱερῶν τεταγ- μένοι 4 λέγεται Gutschmid: λέγει L (dicit Lat.).
1A frequent title from the Old Kingdom onwards is
‘overseer of the priests of Upper and Lower Egypt,” tease applied to the high priest of Amin. The emenda- tion ἱερῶν (for ἱερέων) is supported by a reference in a papyrus of about the time of Manetho.
*See Fr. 54, § 274, n. 1 (pp. 140-141).
3 With the return of Sethdésis to a country in revolt, ef. Herodotus, ii. 107 (return of Sesostris and the perilous
104
AEGYPTIACA Fr. 50
Medes; and he subjugated them all, some by the sword, others without a blow and merely by the menace of his mighty host. In the pride of his con- quests, he continued his advance with still greater boldness, and subdued the cities and lands of the East. When a considerable time had elapsed, Harmais who had been left behind in Egypt, reck- lessly contravened all his brother’s injunctions. He outraged the queen and proceeded to make free with the concubines; then, following the advice of his friends, he began to wear a diadem and rose in tevolt against his brother. The warden of the priests of Egypt | then wrote a letter which he sent to Sethdsis, revealing all the details, including the revolt of his brother Harmais. Sethésis forthwith returned to Pélusium ? and took possession of his kingdom ὃ; and the land was named Aegyptus after him. It is said that Sethés was called Aegyptus, and his brother Harmais, Danaus.” 4
banquet), Diod. Sic. i. 57, 6-8. The tale appears to be a piece of folklore (Maspero, Journ. des Savants, 1901, pp- 599, 665 ff.). See Wainwright, Sky-Religion, p. 48.
4Danaus: cf. ὃ 231. See Meyer, Aeg. Chron. p. 75, for the theory that the identification of Sethés and Harmais with Aegyptus and Danaus is due, not to Manetho, but to a Jewish commentator or interpolator.
The tradition is that Danaus, a king of Egypt, was expelled by his brother and fled to Argos with his fifty daughters, and there “the sons of Aegyptus’’ were slain by “the daughters of Danaus.” The legend appears to have existed in Egypt as well as in Greece: see Diod. Sic. i, 28. 2, 97. 2. For attempts to explain the story in terms of Aegean pre-history, see J. L. Myres, Who Were the Greeks ? (1930), pp. 323 ff.; M. P. Nilsson, The Mycenaean Origin of Greek Mythology (1932), p. 64.
105
103
104
105
Fr. 50, 51 MANETHO
~ al ? > ~ Ταῦτα μὲν ὁ Μανεθώς. δῆλον δ᾽ ἐστὶν ἐκ τῶν ta ~ εἰρημένων ἐτῶν, τοῦ χρόνου συλλογισθέντος, ὅτι of καλούμενοι []οιμένες, ἡμέτεροι δὲ πρόγονοι, τρισὶ καὶ ἐνενήκοντα καὶ τριακοσίοις πρόσθεν ἔτεσιν ~ A ex τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἀπαλλαγέντες THY χώραν ταύτην > , ἍἋ \ > ΕΣ 5 / 7 ἐπῴκησαν ἢ Δαναὸν eis Ἄργος ἀφικέσθαι " καίτοι A > a ? τοῦτον ἀρχαιότατον ᾿Αργεῖοι νομίζουσι. δύο τοίνυν a / ~ ὁ Μανεθὼς ἡμῖν τὰ μέγιστα μεμαρτύρηκεν ἐκ τῶν ~ «ε παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίοις γραμμάτων, πρῶτον μὲν τὴν ἑτέ- »Μ > ” ” A A > - ρωθεν ἄφιξιν εἰς Αἴγυπτον, ἔπειτα δὲ τὴν ἐκεῖθεν ἀπαλλαγὴν οὕτως ἀρχαίαν τοῖς χρόνοις, ὡς ἐγγύς a A > ~ που προτερεῖν" αὐτὴν τῶν ᾿ΪΙλιακῶν ἔτεσι χιλίοις. € \ δ Fy We, 4 > > ~ > > , ὑπὲρ ὧν δ᾽ 6 Μανεθὼς οὐκ ἐκ τῶν παρ᾽ Αἰγυπτίοις αὶ 3 3 3 « st \ « λό » ~ ypappdatwr,® ἀλλ᾽, ὡς αὐτὸς ὡμολόγηκεν, ἐκ τῶν ἀδεσπότως μυθολογουμένων προστέθεικεν, ὕστερον > / A) ’ 3 AY ‘ > / ἐξελέγξω κατὰ μέρος ἀποδεικνὺς τὴν ἀπίθανον αὐτοῦ ψευδολογίαν.
Fr. 51. ΤΗΒΟΡΗΠΙΒ, Ad Autolycum, III, 20 (Otto).
ὋὉ δὲ Μωσῆς odnyjnoas* rods "Iovdaious, ὡς ἔφθημεν εἰρηκέναι, ἐκβεβλημένους ἀπὸ γῆς Αἰγύπτου
1 δὲ Eus.: om. L, Lat.
2 που προτερεῖν Eus., Lat.: τοῦ πρότερον L.
3 γραμμάτων ed. pr. (litteris Lat., libris Eus.): πραγμάτων L. 48. ἦν : ὡδήγησε Boeckh.
1 This total is reckoned from Tethmésis (Amésis) to the end of the reign of Sethésis, the latter being taken as 60 years (cf. ὃ 231, where Sethés is said to have reigned for 59 years after driving out Hermaeus).
106
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 50, 51
Such is Manetho’s account; and, if the time is reckoned according to the years mentioned, it is clear that the so-called Shepherds, our ancestors, quitted Egypt and settled in our land 393 years! before the coming of Danaus to Argos. Yet the Argives regard Danaus as belonging to a remote antiquity.” Thus Manetho has given us evidence from Egyptian records upon two very important points: first, upon our coming to Egypt from elsewhere ; and secondly, upon our departure from Egypt at a date so remote that it preceded the Trojan war® by wellnigh a thousand years.4 As for the additions which Manetho has made, not from the Egyptian records, but, as he has himself admitted, from anonymous legendary tales,° I shall later refute them in detail, and show the im- probability of his lying stories.
Fr. 51 5 (from Theophilus, Ad Autolyc. iii. 19).
Moses was the leader of the Jews, as I have already said, when they had been expelled from Egypt by
2 The mythical King Inachus was held to be still more ancient: cf. Fr. 4, 1 (p. 19 n. 4).
8 The traditional date of the Trojan war is 1192-1183 B.C.
4 This appears to be about four times too high a figure: 250 years would be a nearer estimate.
5 Cf. Fr. 54, §§ 229, 287, for Manetho’s use of popular traditions.
®This list of Dynasties XVIII., XIX. is obviously derived wholly from Josephus, any variations from the text of Josephus being merely corruptions. Theophilus, Bishop of Antioch, wrote his apologia for the Christian faith (three books addressed to a friend Autolycus) in the second half of ii. A.D.
107
Fr. 51 MANETHO
e \ , \ e ” / σ ὑπὸ βασιλέως Φαραὼ οὗ τοὔνομα Τέθμωσις, ὅς,
/ \ \ >? \ ~ ve / ” φασίν, μετὰ τὴν ἐκβολὴν τοῦ λαοῦ ἐβασίλευσεν ἔτη
” / \ ~ , « « / 4 εἴκοσι πέντε Kal μῆνας δ΄, ws ὑφήρηται Mavabads.
2. 3.
4.
108
Kai peta τοῦτον Χεβρῶν, ἔτη ιγ΄.
Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Ἀμένωφις, ἔτη kK’, μῆνας es ἕπτά.
Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον ἡ ἀδελφὴ αὐτοῦ Ἀ μέσση, ἔτη Ka’, μῆνα a’
. Μετὰ δὲ ταύτην Μήφρης, ἔτη ιβ’, μῆνας 0’. . Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Μηφραμμούθωσις, ἔτη
a) a , κ΄," μῆνας ι΄.
. Καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Τυθμώσης, ἔτη θ', μῆνας
. Kai μετὰ τοῦτον Ἀμένωφις,3 ἔτη λ', μῆνας
, C.
. Mera δὲ τοῦτον *"Qpos, ἔτη das,’ μῆνας ε΄. . Τούτου δὲ θυγάτηρ, «ἈΑἈκεγχερής», ἔτη
ι{81, μῆνας α'
. Μετὰ δὲ ταύτην “Ῥαθῶτις, ἔτη θ'». . «Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον ΑΙ κεγχήρης, ἔτη of’, μῆνας
E>.
. «Μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Ak> εἰ[γ]χ[ή]ρης, ἔτη of’,
μῆνας γ'.
. Τοῦ δὲ Appais, ἔτη 8’, μῆνα a’. . Καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Ραμέσσης ἐνιαυτὸν, μῆνας
δ
. Καὶ μετὰ τοῦτον Ῥαμέσσης Μιαμμού,
ἔτη €s’° καὶ μῆνας β'.
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 51
King Pharaéh whose name was Tethmésis. After the expulsion of the people, this king, it is said, reigned for 25 years 4 months, according to Manetho’s reckoning.
2. 3. 4,
After him, Chebrén ruled for 13 years.
After him, Amendphis, for 20 years 7 months.
After him, his sister Amessé, for 2] years 1 month [9 months in Josephus].
. After her, Méphrés, for 12 years 9 months. . After him, Méphrammuthésis, for 20 years [25
years in Josephus] 10 months.
. After him, Tuthmésés, for 9 years 8 months.
. After him, Amendphis, for 30 years 10 months, . After him, Orus, for 36 years 5 months.
. Next, his daughter [Acenchérés] reigned for 12
years 1 month.
. After her, [Rathétis, for 9 years. . After him, Acenchérés, for 12 years 5 months. . After him, Aclenchérés [II.], for 12 years 3
months.
. His son Harmais, for 4 years 1 month. . After him, Ramessés for 1 year and 4 months. . After him, Ramessés Miammi(n), for 66 years
2 months.
1q’ t.e, ἕνα, in error for ἐννέα, Josephus, Fr. 50, ὃ 95 (Miller). 2¥or xe’, as in Josephus, Fr. 50, § 95. 8 Aapevodis Otto. 4 Restored from J osephus (Boeckh): MSS. θυγάτηρ ἔ ἔτη ι΄, μῆνας γ΄. μετὰ δὲ ταύτην Μερχερής, € ἔτη ιβ΄, μῆνας γ΄. 5 μετὰ δὲ τοῦτον Μέσσης Μιαμμού, ἔτη [ξ]ς΄ Otto.
109
Fr. 51, 52 MANETHO
17. Kai μετὰ τοῦτον Ἀμένωφις, ἔτη v6’, μῆνας ς΄. Τοῦ δὲ Σέθως, ὃς" καὶ “Payéoons, ἔτη ι', dv? φασιν ἐσχηκέναι πολλὴν δύναμιν ἱππικῆς καὶ παράταξιν ναυτικῆς.
Fr. 52. Syncellus, pp. 115, 130, 133. KATA A®PIKANON.
᾿Οκτωκαιδεκάτη δυναστεία Διοσπολιτῶν βασιλέων ts’.
*Qv πρῶτος Ἀμώς, ἐφ᾽ οὗ Μωῦσῆς ἐξῆλθεν ἐξ Αἰγύπτου, ὡς ἡμεῖς ἀποδεικνύομεν, ὡς δὲ ἡ παροῦσα ψῆφος ἀναγκάζει, ἐπὶ τούτου τὸν Μωῦσέα συμβαίνει νέον ἔτι εἶναι.
Δεύτερος κατὰ ᾿Αφρικανὸν κατὰ τὴν ιη΄ δυναστείαν > / 7 Ν ΄ ἐβασίλευσε Χεβρώς, ἔτη ιγ΄.
Τρίτος, Auevwo Ais, ἔτη κδ' 3
Τέταρτος, Awevais,® ἔτη Kp’.
1 τοῦ δὲ Θοῖσσος Otto.
2 οὕς Otto, adding after ναυτικῆς the words κατὰ τοὺς ἰδίους χρόνους.
3 κα΄ τη. 4 τετάρτη Miller. δ᾽ Auepais A.
1See p. 100 n. 1.
2See p. 101 n. 2. On the basis of new evidence scholars now tend to conclude that the Exodus took place c. 1445 B.c. (see e.g. J. W. Jack, The Date of the Exodus, 1925): Jericho fell c. 1400 B.c. (J. Garstang, The Heritage of Solomon, 1934, p. 281).
8.7.6. Africanus.
110
AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) Fr. 51, 52
17. After him, Amenéphis, for 19 years 6 months.
18. Then, his son Sethés, also called Ramessés, for 10 years. He is said to have possessed a large force of cavalry and an organized fleet.
Dynasty XVIII.
Fr. 52 (from Syncellus). AccORDING TO AFRICANUS.
The Eighteenth Dynasty ! consisted of 16 kings of Diospolis.
The first of these was Amés, in whose reign Moses went forth from Egypt,” as I* here declare ; but, according to the convincing evidence of the present calculation’ it follows that in this reign Moses was still young.
The second king of the Eighteenth Dynasty, ac- cording to Africanus, was Chebrés, who reigned for 13 years.
The third king, Amenéphthis,° reigned for 24 (21)
ears. ; The fourth king (queen), Amensis(Amersis), reigned for 22 years.
“ T.e. by Syncellus.
5 This Greek transcription of ‘“* Amenhotpe,”’ retaining both the labial and the dental, is the fullest form of the name, ‘“ Amenédthés’’ showing assimilation : “Amend6phis,’”” which is regularly used to represent ““Amenhotpe,”’ actually comes from another name, *“Amen(em)dpe’’ (B.G.). The month Phamenéth (February-March) is named from the “feast of Amendthés ’’.
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Fr. 52 MANETHO
Iléuntos, Μίσαφρις, ἔτη vy’.
“Exros, Μισφραγμούθωσις, ἔτη Ks’, ἐφ οὗ ὃ
ἐπὶ Δευκαλίωνος κατακλυσμός.
Ὁμοῦ ἐπὶ Apdcews τοῦ καὶ Μισφραγμουθώσεως ἀρχῆς κατὰ Adpixavov γίνονται ἔτη ξθ΄. Τοῦ γὰρ Αμὼς οὐδ᾽ ὅλως εἶπεν ἔτη.
ζ΄ Τούθμωσις, ἔτη θ΄. n Ἀμενῶφις, ἔτη λα΄ Οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Μέμ- νων εἶναι νομιζόμενος καὶ φθεγγόμενος λίθος. GY *Qpos, ἔτη λζ΄. (« ἈἈχερρῆς, ἔτη λβ΄. ια΄ ῬΡαθῶς, ἔτη ἕξ. iB’ Χεβρής, ἔτη ιβ΄. ιγ΄ Axeppijs, ἔτη ιβ΄. ιδ΄ Appecis,| ἔτη ε΄. ιε΄ Ῥαμεσσῆς, ἔτος a’ is’ Αμενωφάθ," ἔτη ιθ ὋὉμοῦ, ἔτη o€y’.
1B: "Apeons A. *B: ᾿Αμενώφ G.
‘This note about Memnén in both Africanus and Euse- bius should be transferred to the ninth king of the dynasty, Orus or Amendéphis III.
[Footnote continued on opposite page.
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AEGYPTIACA (EPITOME) FR. 52
The fifth, Misaphris, for 13 years.
The sixth, Misphragmuthdésis, for 26 years: in his reign the flood of Deucalion’s time occurred.
Total, according to Africanus, down to the reign of Amésis, also called Misphragmuthdsis, 69 years. Of the length of the reign of Amés he said nothing at all.
7. Tuthmésis, for 9 years. 8. Amendphis, for3l years. Thisis the king who was reputed to be Memnon and a speaking , Statue.! 9. Orus, for 37 years.
10. Acherrés,” for 32 years.
11. Rathés, for 6 years.
12. Chebrés, for 12 years.
13. Acherrés, for 12 years.
14.