« “Page 2—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, Decanber 1948

axe Garols for Gbhristmas Stee

Are you one of those carol singers who start out so bravely on the first couple of lines and-then get the mumbles, like this:

“Good King Wencelas look’d out, On the feast of Stephen—

Da-da da-da da da da

Du da du da du du.

Thére is nothing much that can be done about tone-deaf people who always seem to know all the words and sing carols at the top of their voices. Nor is there any solution for people who can't carry a tune. But it does occur to us that carol singing would be more fun all round if everybody knew the words. So here, to help our readers have more. fun, and hence a happier Christmas, are the words to your favorite carols.

Bark! the Berald Angels Sing

Hark! the herald angels sing, “Glory:to the new-born King,” Peace on earth and mercy mild— God and sinners reconciled!” Joyful, all ye nations, rise

Join the.triumph of the skies;— With th’ angelic host proclaim, “Christ is born in Bethlehem!" Hark! the herald angels sing, “Glory to the new-born King.”

Christ, by highest heaven adored, Christ, the everlasting Lord,

Late in time behold Him come, Offspring of the Virgin’s womb. Veiled in flesh the Godhead see; Hail the Incarnate Deity, .

Pleased as Man with man to dwell: Jesus, our Emmanuel!

Hark! the herald angels sing, “Glory to the new-born King.”

Mild He lays.His glory by,

Born that man no more may die;

Born to raise the sons of earth;

Born to give them second birth.

Risen ‘with healing in His wings,

Light and life to all He brings.

Hail, the Son of Righteousness!

Hail, the heaven-born Prince of Peace! Hark! the herald angels sing,

“Glory to the new-born King.”

a Silent Piaht! Holy sight!

Silent night! Holy night! All is calm, all is bright, Round yon Virgin. Mother and Child! Holy Infant so tender and mild, Sleep insheavenly peace,— Sleep in heavenly peace.

Silent night! Holy night! Shepherds quake at the sight, Glories stream from heaven afar, Heavenly hosts sing Alleluia;

Christ, the Saviour, is born, Christ, the Saviour, is born.

Silent night! Holy night! Son of God, love's pure light Radiant beams from Thy holy face, With the dawn of redeeming grees Jesus, Lord, at Thy birth, ~ Jesus, Lord, at: Thy birth:

Away in a Manger

Away in a manger, no crib for a bed,

The little Lord Jesus laid down His sweet

head.

The stars in the heavens looked down where:

He lay, The little Lord Jesus, asleep on the hay.

The cattle are lowing, the Baby awakes, But little Lord Jesus, no crying He makes.

I love Thee, Lord Jesus, look down from the

"sky,

And stay by my cradle till morning is nigh.

' |

Good King Wenceslas

Good King Wenceslas look'd out, Orr the feast of Stephen,

When the snow lay round about, Deep and crisp and even;

Brightly shone the moon that night, Though the frost was cruel,

When a poor man came in sight, Gath'ring winter fuel.

“Hither, page, and stand-by me, _ If thou know’st it, telling. Yonder peasant, who is he? Where ond what his dwelling?” “Sire, he lives a good league hence, Underneath the mountain; Right against the forest fence, By Saint Agnes’ fountain.”

“Bring me flesh, and bring me wine, Bring me pine logs hither;

Thou and I wilt see him dine, When we bear them thither.”

Page and monarch forth they went, Forth they went together:

Through the rude winds’ wild lament, And the bitter weather.

“Sire, the night is darker now, And the wind blows stronger; Fails my heart, I know not how, I can go no longer.” “Mark my footsteps, my good page, Tread thou in them boldly; Thou shalt find the winter’s rage Freeze thy blood less coldly.”

In his master’s steps he trod, When the snow lay dented; Heat was in the very sod Which the saint had printed. 2 Therefore, Christian men, be sure, Wealth or rank possessing, e who now will bless the poor, Shall yourselves find blessing.

The First Nowell

The first Nowell the angel did say

Was to certain poor shepherds in fields as

they lay;

In fields where they lay keeping their sheep,

On a cold winter's night that was so deep. Nowell, Nowell, Nowell, Nowell, Born is the King of Israel.

They looked up and saw a star,

Shining in the East, beyond them far,

And to the earth it gave great light,

And so it continued both day and night.

Nowell, Nowell, Nowell, Nowell, Born is the. King of Israel.

O come, all ye faithful,

Joyful and triumphant, 4 O come’— ye,

O come — ye to Bethlehem; Come and behold — Him, Born the King of angels;

O come, let us adore Him,

O. come, let us adore Him, Christ, the Lord.

Sing, choirs of angels,

Sing in exultation;

Sing, all ye citizens of heav’n above: “Glory to God,

All glory in the highest.”

O come, let us adore Him,

Christ, the Lord.

Yea, Lord we greet Thee,

Born this happy morning;

Jesus, to Thee be all glory giv'n;- Word of the Father,

Now in flesh appearing:

O come, let us adore Him,

O come, let-us adore Him,

Christ, the Lord.

Joy to the World! Joy to the world! the Lord is come; Let earth receive her King; Let ev'ry heart prepare Him room, And heav'n and nature sing, And heav'n and nature sing, And heav'n and heav'n and nature sing.

He rules the world with truth and grace, And makes the nations prove _ The glories of His righteousness,

And wonders of His love,

And wonders of His love, And wonders, wonders of His love.

® Little Town of Bethlehem

O little town of Bethlehem, * How still we see thee lie.

Above thy deep and dreamless sleep The silent stars go by,

Yet in thy dark streets shineth The everlasting Light; |

The hopes and fears of all the years Are met in thee tonight.

For Christ is born of Mary; And gathered all above, While mortals sleep, the angels keep Their watch of wondering love. O morning stars, together Proclaim the holy birth! And praises sing to God the King, And peace to men on earth.

O holy Child of Bethlehem, ” Descend to us, we pray;

_ Cast out our sin and enter in,

Be born in us today. We hear the Christmas angels - The great glad tidings tell;

’ © come to us, abide with us,

“Our Lord Emmanuel! ~

“UNIVERSITY LIBRAR)

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“CONTENTS.

Christmas Carols _...-------- Editorials __.-------\--

The Immigration Tide --.------ Rebuilding the West -- Sprinkler Irrigation __-------- Nature's Wonderland _-.-----18 Poetry for Christmas Crossword Puzzle __-----.---- Fun Page Short Story): 2o.--se----e <p 5 Recipes Aunt Sal

FARM AND RANCH

Farm andRanch Review

Vou, xiIv. No. 12 Careary, DecempBerr, 1948

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FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—-Page 5

Farm and Ranch Review Editorials

To Store Up the Spirit of Christmas And Release it Throughout the Year

What is there to be said abcut Christmas that hasn't been said a thousand times before? What Christmas theme is there that has not been worn threadbare by editors and preachers through endless repetition?

It would be easy, too easy, to di- late. on the gulf that separates Christ from Christianity. It would be easy, too easy, to enter a protest against the debasement of the word “Christianity” by the common practice of coupling it with civilization, culture and even democracy. It would be easy, too easy, to abhor the bitter squabbling over textual meanings which create hatreds in the name of Christ who preached only of Love. It would be easy enough to fill this page on any of these themes.

Yet—on pain of being trite and commonplace, we prefer to say something else. It is this: The great, the enduring fact in the life of Jesus was that He had a moral code, an ethical system, a philosophy — call it what you will—and He lived up to it.

He preached what He practiced in His everyday life. In the perspective of history, in the relation to His times, what He preached was more revolutionary than anything heard today. Evil was the consort when brute force was king. He preached the good life as its own reward, pacifism, the ordinary virtues of kindli- ness, tolerance, patience, humility and_ the other ingredients of what we call human decency,

But befere the practice and the preaching there was the working out of a moral code. And it is right here, perhaps that the world of teday is at such completé variance with Jesus and His teachings. [tis only at Christmas time that we get back te the real basis of the moral code of Jesus. Arthur Schopenhauer once de- fined the basis of morality as loving kindness. It's a good definition.

That's Christmas, the bubbling up and overflowing of loving kindness! At that time we follow most of Christ's precepts. We love our neighbors, we are generous, tolerant, hindly, patient, slow to anger, brotherly, helpful and charitable. We come to know how much more blessed it is to give than to receive. Some of us even make an attempt at the most difficult of all Christ's teachings — loving our enemies, And in the fullness of our hearts we cannot help but tell each other:

“What a world this would be if we could only capture some of the spirit of Christmas in a bottle and release it throughout the year!”

- Then most of us sigh and fall back into a common mould where Christian ethics have little place. Why? Perhaps it is because civilization has dropped one subject from its curriculum. Our schools and churches and homes can teach us everything ~—- except how to live with ourselves. We have everything a civilization can provide, except an individual, workable, everyday moral code. We are like peo- ple who have learned everything there is to know about arithmetic — except addition. We fum- ble, we grope, we wander and sometimes our answers are right and sometimes they are wrong.

So we sometimes lie, and steal, and are unjust, cruel, spiteful. Afterwards we may feel uncomfortable, our conscience may twinge but we only vaguely know why; because the moral code we live by is vague and elastic.

But if a rigid moral code is hard to live by, it is much easier, and can be done more successfully if we have one that is clearly defined. That, we suggest in all humility, is one of the greatest truths to be gleaned from the life of Jesus.

Confusion On The Food Front Because Need Doesn't Spell Demand

GooD deal of confusion has been creat-

ed lately by contradictory statements about food. On one hand we have heard warnings from the top food experts that world population is outstripping world ca- pacity to produce. Millions of people live in constant fear of famine. To raise their diets even to a subsistance level would re- quire more food than this whole continent is capable of producing.

Then to seemingly contradict all this, Mr. J. H. Wesson of the Saskatchewan Wheat Pool has expressed concern over our ability to dispose of next year’s crop. The United States this year will give away $1,000,000,000 worth of food under the European Recovery program. Without this outlet, and if supply and demand oper- ated without restriction, the bumper U.S. crop would have precipitated a disastrous agricultural depression.

The trouble here is that the experts are talking about two different things. The nutritionists are concerned with human need. The farmer group leaders are con- cerned with effective demand. There was perhaps once a time when there was some relation between the two. There is almost none today. The needs of Europe and

Asia are fantastic in size. But they are the needs of the beggar in front of the shop window and as incapable of being filled.

So the question of need is largely aca- demic, particularly as far as Asia is con- cerned. One illustration is enough to nail down that fact. For generations the Bri- tish were appalled by the health standards of India. They tried to do something about them. Some progress was made and the death rate from plagues and epidemics was reduced. The age span was gradually extended. But as popula- tion rose it tended to run out of food and famines came closer and closer to- gether. It was literally true that children who were saved from death in infancy from disease were carried off by famines their continued existence had helped to create.

Grain is not only a food. It is wealth created by the labor and capital of those who produce it. It is a trading commodi- ty, wealth that can be realized only if it is exchanged for other “commodities, for other wealth. The people who need our food, and want our food, can only get it

if they exchange the product of their labor and capital for it.

That’s pretty simple. It’s elemental. So is the fact that the means by which those commodities were produced were largely destroyed by the war. Not only were physical plants destroved, but the carefully husbanded capital assets were sold off. Britain once earned several bil- lions a year on her investments abroad. Those earnings bought food. But those assets were sold for American dollars which were used to buy ships that were sunk and shells that were fired and planes that were lost. ,

So the people of Europe, our customers, are faced with the dual problem of re- building their shattered cities and fac- tories and producing enough extra wealth to buy the food they need from us. It is an impossible task. And that is the ex- planation why we may be headed for trouble in maintaining our sales of grain.

What must be realized is that the world economy of today has no resemblanee to anything anv of us have ever known be- fore. Shouting slogans and smear words, invoking economic laws which had a pfr- tial validity for half a decade a 100 vears ago, these contribute nothing to the solu- tion to our problem.

In a very real sense, the war is not over. The people of Britain and Western Europe are still our allies; and they re- main our most valuable potential custom- ers outside the U.S.A. Canada's national interest demands that measures be devis- ed to keep our food flowing to our allies and customers until such times as they can stand on their own feet.

That means that the Canadian nation must accept the responsibility for the cost of the operation. If the nation, as a whole, refuses to accept this responsibility, then the full, and completely disastrous burden will fall on the producers of Western Can- ada.

The danger, to the West, in the “need” propaganda is that we will once again be lulled into the dream that there is an un- limited demand at high prices for all the food we can produce. There is a demand, but the great task that faces our yovern- ment and our people is to make it effective.

Premier Stuart Garson Steps Out and Up

T= departure of Premier Stuart Garson

of Manitoba for Ottawa is, in one very real sense, a distinct loss to the peo- ple of the prairies. There have been few abler men in public life in Canada in this generation. A man of character and con- science, he became to be recognized every- where as the man who spoke with the au- thentic voice of Western Canada.

Stuart Garson was our champion, and we don’t like to see him go, even if his going is a great gain for Canada. Indeed, the fact that Mr. Garson has accepted the call to Ottawa is a significant commentary on his sense of public duty. He is leaving the familiar for the strange. He is leav- ing the things upon which he set a higch

(Continued on page 6)

Page 6—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948

Farmand Ranch Review Editorials

(Editorials Continued)

value for a career that may well be fraught with considerable frustration. From a viewpoint of pure self interest, he will be giving up a great deal for he could, in a very short time, make a much better income in private practice than he will earn as a member of the Canadian cabinet.

Everyone who know him, even slightly, in Manitoba will vouch for this fact: His sense of public duty was incredibly high. He would go anywhere, at the behest of even the smallest group, to discuss public questions. Ina very real sense, he did not regard politics as a job but as an oppor- tunity to serve his community. People who fail to understand that about Stuart Garson will fail to understand him at all.

But having said all this, it is only right to say, too, that there will be satisfaction for all the people of the prairies in know- ing that he goes to fill one of the three top portfolios in the Government. He will give the West another needed and power- ful voice in the formulation of policy.

What may not be widely known among our readers is that he is a sounaer student of economics than many of the profes- sidfal economists who advise the Govern- ment. He has a firm grasp of economic thecry, the text-book stuff. But his realis- tie political sense has taught him that a good deal of book-learned theory doesfft have much practical application in a coun- try like ours. Certainly his knowledge of finance and interest in fiscal policy will be of great value to the Liberal party, par- ticularly in Western Canada.

ie Why Pump Life Into a Dead Horse

HE coalition Government in Manitoba served its purpose and must eventu- ally pass from the picture. So we don’t quite see the point in the effort being made to preserve it after the departure of Mr. Garson.

It was formed in 1942 to do two things. To unite all the people of Manitoba in an effort to achieve the adoption of the Rowell-Sirois report, and to aid in the successful prosecution of the war. Both objectives have been met. It’s excuse for continued existence seems to have evapor- ated.

Whether or not the Coalition was a suc- cess or a failure, we leave to history. When the C.C.F. pulled out of the union, and the Socialist tide was flowing, it may be that

the coalition prevented the C.C.F. from_

coming to power in Manitoba. On the other side of the picture, the

union of the Liberals and Conservatives in.

provincial politics played into the hands of the C.C.F. federally. It gave the So- cialists a chance to assert that there was no difference between the two parties, that the C.C.F. was the only vehicle for the protest voters. At the same time, the very existence of the Coalition cast a pall over the Liberal organization.

In the old days, a young man with a hankering to get into politics could try either the Liberal or the Conservative party. Under the Coalition, the door was slammed shut in his face by both parties. He could wait for the sitting member of

the Legislature to die, or he could forget about politics. It is small wonder then that the young Liberals of Manitoba are the most vocal in their demands for a dis- solution of the partnership.

Under the Conservative Party leader- ship of Mr. Bracken, the Manitoba Con- servatives had some justification for stay- ing in the Coalition. Today their party is led by Mr. Drew, who stands resolutely against everything they stood for in form- ing the Coalition to implement the Rowell- Sirois report.

There is of course the excuse, a very lame one, that dissolution of the Coalition would lead to the election of a C.C.F. Gov- ernment. We doubt if even those who voice such an opinion have any strong convictions. The C.C.F. in Manitoba to- day is drifting leaderless, without much hope of gaining anything but a few urban seats. In any event there are worse things than losing elections. One of them is to abandon principle.

ee The Eclipse Of Newspaper Editors

SIDE altogether from being made to look foolish, the American news- papers, magazines, radio experts and poll takers were taught a lesson by the re- election of President Truman. It was this — the whole publishing world, which in- cludes radio, has lost touch with the peo- ple. It doesn’t matter so much that the press was wrong. It was the way in which it was wrong that raises questions that go right home to the fundamentals of the freedom of the press.

In the last few decades the press, in- cluding the magazines, have been under- going forced draft evolution. The day when an editor counted for something, in his community and in his country has passed. The dominant voice in the press today is the publisher, the man who counts the coins, owns the press and the proper- ty. And even the individual press tycoon has been diminishing in importance as chain newspapers and magazines in- creased.

Chain newspapers arg operated like service stations, chain bakeries and chain

, cigar stores and with the same general

objectives. Some of them follow a formu- la perfected by William Randolph Hearst. That might be described as_ blatantly biased. The editorials are written by the owner while the editors’ function is only to see that they get into print. Or chains operate like the Scripps-Howard papers. They make a fetish of impartiality and fill their editorial pages with columns giving opposite points of view. Again, the individual] editor counts for nothing.

In the Hearst chain, editors must be pliable enough to make whatever turns the whims of an aged autocrat demand. The must be prepared to see their papers advocating the most outlandish lunacies. The giants who once occupied editorial offices have been succeeded by ‘‘yes-men” and the transformation has affected the whole profession.

Young men with off-centrve ideas are no longer welcome. To advance in the jour-

nalism of today a young man must fashion his convictions after his publisher’s pet: prejudices. That, of course, is not univer- sally true. It is not true in Canada as far as the best papers are concerned. But the best Canadian papers are locally owned and are conceded by all to make an honest attempt to provide their sub- scribers with the best service possible.

The way for a young man to get ahead in the chain publications is to write things his publisher likes to read. Pliable young men of that stripe do not make objective reporters, or men who will wear out their shoes chasing facts. They tend to use the telephone, to “pick each other’s brains,” one of the commonest phrases of the trade.

So the American experts made quick campaign trips, and wrote the most pro- found nonsense. And when they were proved to be completely wrong, they were stunned and called the eelction an upset. How could it have been otherwise, when most of the so-called experts got their in- formation from each other.

It is of some credit to the American press to note that the best reporters, men like James Reston of the New York Times and Russell Wiggins of the Washington Post were quick to accept the blame for their part in the performance. Both are men of integrity and ability.

The mistake newspaper and magazine readers make is in placing too great stock in opinions expressed by their favorite or- gans. The name of a paper, attached to an opinion, even if the paper does own a big building, does not make the opinion any better. It is, in fact, simply the opin- ion of the person who was hired to write opinions as men as* hired to lay bricks. Newspapers and magazines are the sum total of the people who work for them, they are not super-beings in their own right.

When the editors of newspapers circu- late only among people who think the same as they do, who take in each others intel- lectual laundry, their opinions are, in fact, quite worthless. Some of the most publi- cized editors, hence, often know less about the subject they pontifically discuss than do most of their readers. That was obvi- ous in the American election. Unfortun- ately, with the growth of chain publish- ing, this is the type of editor most desired by chain publishers, far more desired and in demand than the free-thinking, inde-

pendent mind.

Don't Forget

Your Christmas Seals

RDINARILY, we are most reluctant to use our editorial page to boost the efforts of the various charitable appeals that are made to our readers. But we have no hesitation at all when it comes to Christmas Seals.

We like to see these seals on the letters we get, and we like to put them on the letters we send. They add just the right touch of good cheer to the mail. They are always so attractive in their own right that we would buy them even if no charity was involved. And when we realize that the proceeds from the sale of these cheery little stickers goes to help finance anti-tu- berculosis work all over our country, they become double attractive.

Foreign Affairs Commentary

Truman's Victory Was |

Big Gain For Canada

By BEN MALKIN

[THE general satisfaction expressed in Canada over the Democratic victory in the United States has not been ill-founded. Under a Truman ad- ministration, it is reasonable to sup- pose, the Americans will continue to permit the flow of Canadian goods, particularly agricultural products, into their country, The European Aid Program will be maintained and ex- tended, and President Truman’s record indicates that while he wil] not surrender to Russian pressure, neither will he abandon hope for reaching a peaceful settlement with the Soviets. The trade position is important. Even under the Geneva agreements, a country may exclude agricultural im- ports if it itself is facing a surpJus and if it is compelled to maintain a government price-support program as a result. Yet the United States, under President Truman, has not invoked this escape clause with respect to Ca- nadian foods. Potatoes are a case in point. Under

dispute and the Palestine war. In the Berlin quarrel, the issue is the blockade and the introduction of So- viet zone currency to cover the whole of Berlin. The question is, which shall come first, the lifting of the blockade, or the introduction of the Soviet currency ? One suggestion has been that both be done simultaneously, but the western powers have insisted that the blockade be lifted first. An- other suggestion, advanced mainly by Canada, is that the blockade be lifted in stages, with highway traffic to be permitted -first, while details on the currency question are straightened out.

In. Palestine, again upon Canada’s initiative, Arabs and Israeli have been ordered to conclude an armistice, with a view to opening direct negotiations for a peace settlement. The Israeli provisional government has always contended that this was the best way to end the Palestine war, and in fact rumors that they were in direct con-

the Geneva pact, 1,000,000 bushels oe with several Arab states, explor-

table potatoes 4nd 2,500,000 bushels o seed potatoes were to enter the United States this year at a duty of 3714 cents a hundredweight. Thereafter, the duty would be 75 cents. While lower-duty potatoes were being ship- ped from Canada to Boston and New York, Maine was suffering a potato glut. At the same time, the govern- ment price support level on potatoes in Maine was higher than the price of Canadian potatoes, including duty, laid down in American cities.

As a result, heavy pressure was brought on Washington to keep Cana- dian potatoes out. The U.S. govern- ment could have done this, yet it didn’t, and to a certain extent will be subsidizing Canadian potatoes as well as its own, for by permitting imports, it raises the supply of surplus Ameri- can potatoes, and at the same time re- duces the surplus of Canadian pota- toes with which our own government will have to deal.

This is but one example of how the Truman administration treats Ca- nadian trade.

Since we are losing much of the Bri- tish market for our bacon, beef, cheese and eggs because of the shortage of dollars in the United Kingdom, the American market will in the next three or four years be more important than ever. The beneficial conse- guences of the American election in so far as Canada is concerned cannot, therefore, be overemphasized.

Berlin and Palestine During the past few weeks, the United Nations General Assembly ip Paris debated settlement of the Berlin

ing the possibility of a settlement, have been cihrrent for some time. The Stake in China

Meanwhile, the civil war in China has taken a turn that may change the whole course of history. Even if the Corhmunists are in the long run un- successful in winning the whole of China, they ean, by consolidating their strength in Manchuria, dominate the whole of northeast Asia. They already hold military sway over this rich ter- ritory of 30,000,000 people, with sub- stantial resources in coal, iron, and oil. Manchuria industries, during the war, were vital to Japanese armament. Now in the hands of the Communists, the use to which this area that borders on Soviet Siberia Is put may com- pletely change the balance of power in the world.

Few informed people in the western world sympathize with the weak and corrupt government of China’s presi- dent, Chiang Kai-shek, with the ex- ploitation of peasants and coolies that has alienated most of the population from him, or with the greed and sel- fishness of China’s rich men that has sabotaged every effort of the western world. to restore and stabilize the country’s economy. If it were certain that the Communists, who appear to have widespread support among the people, were to concentrate on domes- tic problems, it is doubtful whether very many people would object to their victory. But if they should add their strength to Stalin’s efforts to expand Russian territory and influence, the western world becomes directly con- cerned with the problem of stopping them.

a. BOKSTOD

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page 7

Good reading for how many people?

Eivervwaene today you see signs of a new trend in Canadian reading habits.

Now as never before people are discovering that the printed word, with its worlds of information and entertainment, is a priceless aid to fuller, happier living. So they are reading more newspapers, mag- azines and books every year!

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How can this be?

Because part of the money that you and millions of other policyholders pay in to life insurance com- panies is invested for you in sound Canadian indus- tries — such as the pulp and paper indugtry.

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ESIDES insects, the immigrants

had to contend with prairie animals. Gophers not only destroyed entirely the patches of grain the settlers had worked so hard to put in, they also got into the sod houses and messed them up. They left their trademark in the sack of flour — but the home- steader would sift it and use it any- way.

Prairie animals were frequently the source of comedy among the immi- grants. Two charming English girls, who had recently come to live with their uncle just outside of Regina, were invited to have tea with the Sas- katchewan lLieutenant-Governor and his wife. “Donning their best party clothes, the young women proceeded to drive into town. They saw a stray kitten along the prairie trail, caught it, gave it refuge in a shawl and took it along.

When they got to Government House, they were surprised at the bad odor of the place, and put it down to lack of drains. As the excited young ladies entered the Tea Room, where was gathered Regina’s social elite, the elite left hurriedly. The kitten jump-

| ed out of the shawl and hid under the

piano.

Later that afternoon the Governor’s stable hand was seen carrying a heap of the very latest English styles in feminine finery on a pitchfork to the prairie — for burial! It was the first, and last, skunk those English immi- grants ever made friends with. His- tory does not relate whether or not they were ever invited to tea again.

. TSS ST a

In our immigration activities today, we take care to see that the pros- pective citizen is amply trained to make a success in his new home. Such care was not particularly noticeable in the early days. In their haste to

reach the Promised Land, many “green” settlers arrived on _ the prairies.

One such group were the famous Barr colonists, straight from London, who made homes near Lloydminster.

Their inexperience led to many comic |

—even tragic—situations, and it was not until many years afterwards that the immigrants, finally successful farmers, could laugh at their blunders.

A Barr colonist, at the end of his first day’s trip, began to unhitch his horses. He wondered how he’d ever get the harness all back on the horses in the morning, since he’d never har- nessed horses before. He was not to be defeated. He took some raw lime and painted lines on the horses’ hides to show where the harness went.

A group of Barr colonists with oxen came to the top of a steep hill at a ereek. The hill looked formidable, and a great argument sprang up about the best way to get down it. Finally, it was agreed that, to prevent the earts from going down too quickly, the oxen should be hobbled. The carts promptly overran the oxen and all

~ settler

——

“CHARLES CLAY wah

aml

landed in great confusion at the bot- tom.

Then, after unscrambling the mess, and starting up the equally steep hill on the other side of the creek, the new colonists tied the wheels to prevent the carts from slipping back. The oxen struggled hard to draw the loads up the slope with wheels locked," and the puzzled immigrants sweated and swore as they pushed.

A few of these “green” colonists made amusing blunders. One cut up a bag of turnips and sowed the pieces. One bought a bag of bran and a bag of shorts and planted them.

Another bought a cow. He gave her three pails of water and couldn’t un- derstand why he got so little ‘milk. He insisted on returning the cow to the dealér.

* * *

The early immigrants faced man- made hazards. Perhaps the most an- noying of these were the _ horse- thieves.

One summer morning a settler, who had some fine» work-horses and a small pony, missed a large mare and a pony. The settler scoured the sur- rounding country but could not find them, so decided they had not strayed but were stolen.

He remembered that, two weeks be- fore, a cowboy riding a mule had stop- ped and admired the heavy horses, On this clue, the settler started to look for some tracks — a mule, a pony, and a heavy horse. He finally found what he was looking for. Driving a buckboard, with his rifle under the seat, the settler started in pursuit.

After travelling about 90 miles, the reached the top of a small knoll one day at noon — and saw be- low in the hollow the thief sound asleep with the _ stolen — property tethered to his foot!

Covering the cowboy with his rifle; the stettler called to him to bring the horses and tie them to the buckboard. The settler then ordered the cowboy to stand on one side and secured the revolver which was on the ground where the cowboy had been sleeping. With horses and guns, the settler started back home.

The cowboy’s mule, however, as soon as he saw his companioas going away, started to follow. This left the thief on the prairie, helpless, far from food and shelter. So the settler stop- ped and waited until the mule was caught.

The cowboy then shouted: “By God, you are a gentleman!” and each. start- ed on his way.

During part of the prairie pioneer- ing period, liquor was scarce. The amount of spirits alowed under a special permit system was limited to two gallons every three of four months. This led to extensive smug- gling from the neighboring United States. z ‘ The contraband — sometimes “for- tified” with tobacco leaf, bluestone, sulphate of copper, red pepper — was known as Mountain Dew, Coffin Var- nish, Bug Juice, White Mule, White

‘Lightnin’, Forty Rod, Tanglefoot, and

other more descriptive but less men- tionable titles. . It was shipped to the - prairies in the most ingenious dis- guises — in baled hay, in the centre of casks of sugar, in the centre of kegs of butter or pickles, in cans of

fruit, in imitation Bibles, in coffins, in erates of eggs. .

One day a keg labelled “vinegar” arrived at the railway platform of a prairie town. A suspicious Mountie immediately proceeded to guard it by sitting on it. He planned to wait for the owners to claim it.

The two owners were just a jump ahead of the Mountie. One joined the Mountie, and, ignoring the keg, told funny yarns which kept the Mountie, shaking with laughter, As he talked and joked, the thirsty conspirator kept stamping up and down the wood- en platform,

Meanwhile, his confederate was prone under the platform, with a brace and bit and large crock. Protected by the noise of the laughter and stamping, he bored through platform and keg, drained the whiskey — every drop — and got away.

The next morning the two pioneers, their thirst properly assuaged, visited the station and thought it very funny to find the Mountie still on guard.

Sometimes. practical jokes back- fired.

A preacher, noted fer his dull ser- mons, was due to hold a service in a small community. Two young men; knowing the preacher read from his book of sermons, glued the last and first pages of two sermons together, hoping to confuse the cleric.

The jokesters — and the congrega- tion — met speedy justice. The ab- sent-minded minister read = right through both sermons, although they were about completely different sub- jects. :

Two young Englishmen came to live on a homestead. They were very green and tender; and the settlers plied them with fantastic stories of Indians and wild beasts.

On a moonlit night two settlers hid themselves in the bush near the new- comers’ shack and imitated the howl- ing of wolves. This brought no re- sponse from the English lads, so one of the settlers got down on his hands and knees and gamboled across an open space, uttering cries that would have scared -an ordinary wolf to death.

All at once the door of the shack was thrown open and one of the Eng- lishmen most expeditiously hit the settler in the legs with a charge of

buckshot. : * * ok

Prairie Indians were sometimes a source of amusement to the pioneers, sometimes a source of anxiety. Short- ly after it was opened in 1885, the tele- graph office at Wood Mountain receiv- ed a pair of telephones for experi- mental purposes. One was installed at Wood Mountain, the other at Moose Jaw, about 75 miles away. These were the first telephones reaching the prairies. The instruments worked very clearly. j

On one occasion the telegraph agent at Moose Jaw got a Sioux Indian into his office, while the agent at Wood

Fa ED

~ SK

“Oh, the big city isn’t so bad. if you don’t lose your head.”

Mountain got another Sioux into his. The Wood Mountain agent instructed his Indians how to proceed. ‘

A look of vast amazement spread over the Redman’s countenance as he recognized the voice of his relative who he knew had gone to Moose Jaw. The Wood Mountain Indian then spoke in turn into the phone, and, re- ceiving a reply, dropped the receiver and turned to the dgent. He said ex- citedly:

“Tf it costs a pony, I’m going to have one of these things; it speaks Indian as well as I do.”

Sometimes. the Indians were surly. One day a group of renegade Sioux came to their Indian agent and de- manded guns, flour, ammunition. “In those days Indian magic — and in fact any kind of man-made magic — went a long-way. The agent decided it was time to practice some, and he told his wife what to do.

She was to step into the circle of Indians and address them. When the agent’s wife was ready, the interpreter said: “Look at the white squaw and listen to her words.”

All eyes were turned on her. She opened her mouth to speak, and, lo, her teeth fell out!

Amazement, ‘wonder, fright took possession of those surly Indians, and the agent and his wife saw the biggest Indian stampede in all their lives! FalSe teeth had saved a bad situation.

In the loneliness of the early prairie pioneering days it was easy to lose track of time. On a certain peaceful Sabbath morning a settler was sur- prised to hear much gidupping and whoaing coming from his neighbor’s homestead.

The latter was ploughing away — a spectacle to men and angels — and making more noise than usual.

Now that erring plowman was noted for his puritanical views. He was called “Holy Jack.”

An appreciative grin spread over the first settler’s face. He carefully dressed himself in his Sunday best, and sedately walked over to the Sab- bath-breaking plowman. Stopping him, the settler began a solemn lec- ture on lack of respect for the Lord’s Day. ; ,

Holy Jack almost fainted. He near- ly skinned the oxen in his hurry to get the harness off.

He said, dolefully: “Thanks, dear neighbor. I thought it was Saturday. I should have known that the devil had a hand in the matter, for the plow never ran so smoothly.”

% * *

Today, as we once more open our immigration gates wider than they have been at any time since 1920, we do well to remember that among the Canadians welcoming today’s immi- grants are the descendants of hun- dreds of thousands of earlier immi- grants.

A short while ago I flew from Sas- katoon, at about the top of the plains area, to Regina, near the bottom of the plains. It was a glittering moon- lit night, and the prairie countryside lay spread out below like a patchwork quilt.

Impressive farm buildings were easy to see. The lamps in farm houses shone against the windows. Along highways gleamed the headlights of night-traveling automobiles. And dot- ting the great area was the glow of the street-lamps of the many towns and villages.

As my _ airplane slid smoothly through the night sky the trials and tribulations of the prairie pioneers — among whom had been my parents — seemed to belong to another world. They did: they belonged to the prairie of half a century ago. And I realized quite clearly that, for the improve- ments made, those early immigrants themselves are largely to be thanked.

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page 9

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Page 10—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW,

eal

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December, 1948

pesainers

An Eden, to a Desert, to an Eden; That's the Story of the Melita Project

Y/IND-BLOWN, eroded and cropless, two sections of land in what was once Manitoba’s dust bowl, have been brought™back to fertility and profitable production. That’s the story of the Dominion Reclamation § station at Melita, which has just issued a pro- gress report that will be required reading for soil-conscious Western farmers,

More than a million acres were abandoned in Manitoba during the desperate drouth of the 1930’s. The Melita district was one of the hardest hit. When the Dominion Government established its P.F.R.A. reclamation stations in 1935, one was placed on two of the worst sections of land at Melita.

In the southwest section of the Province where this Station is situat-

half miles north of the town of Melita were leased in 1935 for the establish- ment of a Reclamation Station. On this land practically no crops had been produced since 1928. Extensive soil erosion had taken place on each of the eight quarter sections. Some of the eroded strips extended the full length of.the quarter section. From these the surface soil had been completely removed. In other areas there were extensive banks of drift sand. Areas less severely eroded were infested with couch grass, Russian thistle,

ragweed, wild millet and other weeds.

The two sections of land selected for the station were typical of the severely eroded areas of southwest Manitoba. The levelling of sand banks and the destruction of weeds in preparing the

From This — — — — —

ed, the long-term (fifty-five font average annual precipitation is 17.63 inches. The soil in the area is classed as Souris Light Sandy Loam and the sub-soil is sandy clay. The water table is approximately ten feet below the surface. The top soil when dry and unprotected erodes readily with winds of moderate velocity.

During the six years of drought (1929 - 1934) the average annual pre- cipitation was 14.58 inches or 3.05 inches less than the long term average. The dry weather was accompanied by grasshopper invasions. The combined effect of drought, grasshoppers, and extensive soil erosion by wind, caused crop failures in a wide area and low

To This

land for crop production was the first problem faced. Such work had to be accomplished without exposing the soil to further danger of drifting. Bare unprotected soil had to be avoided and the plough was used only on very small areas. Surface tillage was used almost exclusively and the reclamation work was undertaken in strips rather than in fields. A trash cover of up- rooted weeds or stubble was maintain- ed on the surface. Where a cover of this kind could not be provided, straw, manure or other such material was spread on the surface. Winter rye was extensively used as a first crop to provide a soil cover.

The second phase of the work cen-

unprofitable yields

throughout’ the southwest section of the province. By 1935, farms totalling a million acres in Manitoba had been Bhandoned. Much of this abandoned land was in

the light soil areas. Where soil drift- ing was a major cause of abandon- ment, the sand banks that had accum- ulated through wind erosion provided a further -menace to neighboring farms.

Two sections of land four and a

tered on the rebuilding of the soil and the restoring of fertility... Numerous experiments have been underway dur- ing the past eleven years to measure the effect of grasses and legumes, barnyard and green manures, and commercial fertilizers, in adding fibre and fertility to the soil. The suit- ability of different crops and crop se- quences has also been studied. Due to the continued necessity of precau- tions to prevent soil drifting, all fields

Shelterbelts Are Not Complete

Without Evergreens

Feed lot on the farm of Mr. Tom Galloway, Lloyds" Hill, SAlene: ‘ substantially sheltered by spruce planted in 1914. Trees are now well over 30 feet high and provide ideal protection for stock the year round.

By JOHN WALKER

Superintendent, Forestry Station, Indian Head

N an area like the Prairie Provinces where most broadleaf trees are without leaves for over seven months of the year, the value of evergreen trees for landscape effect and protec- tion is much greater than in areas where broadleaf trees hold their foli- age longer. The protective influence of evergreen trees in the open plains area during winter months must be ex- perienced to be fully appreciated.

Fortunately, more and more tree planters have come to realize that evergreen trees may be expected to survive and develop under most con- ditions where broadleaf trees can be grown. In every farm _ shelter-belt, therefore, a substantial planting of evergreens should be considered a “must”.

For best results they should not be planted indiscriminately, but for a specific purpose and according to a definite plan.

Thorough soil preparation is _per- haps more essential for evergreens than for broadleaf trees. They should be planted in rows by themselves, and these rows separated from the broad- leaf rows. When planted adjacent to established broadleaf trees up to 30 feet high, a space from 20 to 30 feet wide should be kept in a cultivated

on the Station are in strips of ap- proximately ten rods in width. The effect of shelter belts in the control of erosion has also been observed and measured.

The progress report published in 1948 provides a summary of the re- sults of the experimental work under- taken on the Reclamation Station. During the years that have elapsed since the reclamation projects began, practically all of the land leased in 1935 had been brought into satisfac- tory production. The projects have benefited during these years by gener- ally favorable weather conditions. A series of dry years must be experi- enced before the cultural practices evolved can be fully appraised.

History is almost certain to be re- peated and years of reduced precipita- tion will probably follow the past decade of relatively favorable crop conditions in Western Canada, Much experience and experimental evidence have been accumulated to assist in bridging the periods of drought and in avoiding a recurrence of the wide- spread disaster of the thirties. It will be necessary, of course, to use the guides provided by experience and the results of experimental work in the cropping of land subject to wind ero- sion.

A copy of the report of the Domin- ion Reclamation Station may be obtained by writing to the Experi- mental Farm, Brandon, Manitoba.

condition between the broadleaf and evergreen rows. This distance may be reduced to 15 or 20 feet if the ex- tending branches of the - broadleaf trees can be pruned or “walled up” each year.

By this practice the _ broadleaf branches would not interfere with the development of the evergreen trees, and a neat, dense, hedge-like barrier will be obtained. What may seem like unnecessary space set aside for the evergreens at the outset will be

little enough after they begin to make

a substantial amount of annual growth.

Kinds of evergreen trees to plant will be governed by individual taste

and liking. More rapid growth may

‘be expected from Scots pine than

from spruces. But, for providing the most effective and continuous shelter, spruces surpass the pine. ». This is partly because lower and _ older branches of pines eventually lose their needles and die. Needles of spruces are longer-lived.

When planting evergreens, there- fore, to complete a shelter design, one or more rows may be added. These may contain mixed evergreen species, but a more satisfactory plan is to plant each kind in a separate row. The following design is suggested for a three-row planting of evergreens with- in the protection of broadleaf trees: Scots pine in the row nearest the broadleaf trees; white spruce in the second row; Colorado spruce in the third row (nearest the garden, house,- etc.)

If early shelter is the main thought behind the planting of evergreens the trees should be spaced from four to six feet apart in the rows. If plant-. ed for decorative effect the distance between trees may be doubled. Dis- tances between evergreen rows may be eight or more feet.

Where spacing in the rows is close (four to six feet) it is wise to leave ample room for branches to extend outwards without restriction. Strips between evergreen tree rows should be kept cultivated. Plantings of this type at the Forest Nursery Station, Indian Head, Sask., are in a healthy, vigorous condition after thirty years, and provide excellent year-round pro- tection.

Western Canada Reclamation Will Spur Irrigation Prospects

By C. FRANK STEELE

ON of the important agencies giv-

ing support to reclamation in Western Canada is actually — little known and yet it is making progress steadily. This is the Western Canada Reclamation Association organized at a meeting in Lethbridge in July, 1947.

The Lethbridge organizational con- ference, which attracted delegates from British Columbia, Alberta, Sas- katchewan and Manitoba, followed previous meetings when the idea of an association to foster irrigation and water storage was informally dis- cussed. One of these meetings was held in Regina some months before the Lethbridge conference. A meeting was also convened in Medicine Hat, which is vitally interested in the work of such a body because of the proposed Bow River Development, an extension of the present Canada Land project at Vauxhall. Medicine Hat stands to gain greatly by irrigation with upwards of 100,000 acres of irrigable lands in close proximity to the city,

At the Lethbridge meeting an or- ganization was effected including the election of officers and the adoption of a constitution. Delegates at the con- ference were impressed with the pos- sibilities of irrigation in seeing the productive projects clustered around Lethbridge — the city has over 300,000 acres of irrigated lands tributary to it — and the St. Mary and East Pot Hole Coulee dams being built by the senior governments. These are part of the P.F.R.A. program, to store water for another 350,000 acres of irri- gable farm lands.

The delegates from the western “dust bowl” saw sugar factories, can- neries, alfalfa mills, market gardens, livestock feedlots, etc., inclusive of the varied activities tied in with irriga- tion. Here was a stabilized agriculture brought about by the application of water to the land. “More Green Acres” was the slogan of the parley and along with irrigation was visioned the development of hydro power lead¢ ing to rural electrification on the prairies.

The imagination of the strong Sas- katchewan delegation was fired by the proposed South Saskatchewan River irrigation and power development costing $60,000,000, and taking an esti- mated ten years to build. This plan, ' they learned, calls for a mighty dam at Outlook creating power for hydro and storing water for the thirsty Jands of a large section of Southern and Central Saskatchewan.

It was in this spirit of optimism that the delegates at the Lethbridge meeting launched this new association backed by governmental, agricultural, transportation, business and_ civic bodies. Officers were elected as fol- lows:

‘President: A. P. Burns, Medicine Hat; First Vice-President, H. W. Pope, K.C., Moose Jaw, Sask.; Second Vice- President, A. W. Gray, Rutland, B.C.; Treasurer, Dr. W. H. Fairfield, Leth- bridgé; Acting Secretary, A. J. Ray- ment, Chamber of Commerce, Medicine Hat.

DIRECTORS: For ‘Alberta: A. P. Burns, Medicine Hat; J. A. Cameron, Youngstown; Dr. W. H. Fairfield, Lethbridge; P. M. Sauder, Strathmore.

For Saskatchewan: F. J. Dickson, Swift Current; E. E. Bisenhauer, Re- gina; S. N. McEachern, Saskatoon; H. W. Pope, K.C., Moose Jaw.

For British. Columbia: Guy Con- stable, Creston; A. W. Gray, Rutland; . Frank Staples, Creston.

For Manitoba: G. R. Fanset, Winni- peg. . :

The constitution of the association sets out its territorial scope as Alber- ta, Saskatchewan and British Colum- bia with the door open to Manitoba to come in when that province formally applies for membership. Manitoba wanted more time to study the plan with its possible effects on Manitoba waters. “Down stream’ interests were pointed out including the pos- sible effect of western reservoir stor- age on the water levels of Manitoba lakes.

It involves major electrical develop- ment undertakings in the provigtce, andit was felt that Manitoba /inter- ests in this field must be safeguarded. However, it was suggested that with proper development and allocation of water there should be enough for all interested areas. In this connection the primary importance of conserving the forests on the East Slope of the Rockies was stressed, as it is there the snows are trapped in winter to supply the rivers with water in the spring.and summer. It was recognized that the future of irrigation on the prairies is bound up with the preser- vation of these sources @&f water in the mountains. This East Slope For- estry undertaking is now in the hands of a joint Dominion-provincial com- mission headed by Major General Howard Kennedy.

The constitution sets out.the board purposes of the association as follows:

“The purposes of the association shall be: to promote the development, control, conservation, preservation and utilization of the water resources of Western Canada;

“To promote by education and other proper means, the reclamation of dry areas by irrigation development, the preservation of the forests at the sources of water supplies, the conser- vation and control of water resources, hydro electric development as the need arises, flood prevention and soil con- servation;

“To assure the compilation of all necessary information applicable to the above purposes; to work for the expansion and co-ordination of federal and provincial agencies dealing with these water resources; to co-operate with and assist such agencies in se- curing authorization and construction of such projects meeting with the ap- proval of the localities affected; to assist the western provinces and water users thereof in the economical development and operation of water improvements and the integration of their activities with the existing gov- ernment agencies; to preserve the rights and interests of Western Can- ada in their water resources; to pro- mote the adoption of legislation in furtherance thereof and to oppose legislation detrimental to these pur- poses.

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TAKM Alu RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page |!

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Will Hollow Aluminum Pipe.

Revolutionize Prairie Farming ?

Here is a significant and. timely article about a new development. Lightpipe, easily carried and connected, may well take the toil out of irrigation, free more farmers from dependency on rainfall.

By J. J. BROWN

peas farmers, looking back un-

easily at the recent series. of “wet” years, know that this is too good to last, and are searching for some kind of insurance that will guarantee them crops in good weather and bad. Recent improvements in farm irrigation systems now make this dream a reality. The P. F. R. A. thfough its canal irrigation system is bringing water to many prairie areas; the new aluminum irrigation tubing makes possible inexpensive, easily transportable sprinkler systems for distributing water from the canals to the plant roots.

Irrigation in one torm or another has been ‘used for many years to in- erease crop yields and as a standby system for drought insurance. The city of Lethbridge, Alberta, is an out- standing example of-the social and economic advantages that come to an area as a result of systematic irriga- tion. During the continued drought of the thirties Lethbridge was an oasis of business activity in a desert of dust storms and abandoned farms.

All: during the depression Leth- bridge had the largest volume of re- tail trade per capita of any Canadian city. In spite of the fact that they lived in the center of ghe prairie dust bowl, farmers of the Lethbridge area were growing and selling as usual, and had money. to make purchases from Lethbridge merchants. The comparative prosperity of Lethbridge farmers in the thirties was not be- cause they had better land or better weather, or were more skillful farm- ers, but simply because they were fortunate enough to have an irrigation system ready for operation when the drought struck,

The all-aluminum sprinkler system

now coming into use in Canada does not compete with the P. F. R. A. canal irrigation, but is rather its. accepted partner. P.F.R.A. brings water to the grower’s property, and sprinkler irri- gation takes over from there to dis- tribute it more economically and pro- duce larger and better crops.

A typieal aluminum irrigation sys- tem for a 40-acre plot, as installed by Major Aluminum Products of Van-

couver, consists of 660 feet of 5-inch diameter irrigation tubing laid on the ground dividing the square field in half. The tubing comes in 20-ft. lengths which are joined in a single motion by means of sleeve-type couplings.

second run of 3-inch diameter tubing, 640 feet long, is coupled to one end of the main line at right angles, and a similar length of lateral is coupled to the other end. This lateral run of pipe is provided with vertical risers which fit into the couplings at 40-foot intervals. The rotary sprinklers fit onto the tops of the risers.

In use, a pump powered by a gaso- line or electric motor supplies the feeder line with 250 gallons of water per minute, at a pressure of 41 pounds per square inch. The sprinklers pre- cipitate 314 inches of water each 12 hours, and would usually be allowed to run 12 hours on sod, or 8 hours on cultivated ground. When the first sections of the field have had _ suffi- cient water, first one.lateral and then the other is shut down, by closing the valve on that line,.and moved to a new position. Every second coupling of the lateral is unfastened, and the 40-foot lengths of tubing, with sprink- lers attached, are carried 60 feet and reassembled in a line parallel to the first position. In this way successive: tracts are irrigated at 12-hour inter- vals. In.11 days and nights the forty-

acre field is irrigated with 314, inches of water. i

Sprinkler irrigation systems have been used successfully by California market ‘gardeners for over a decade. Since the war fruit growers in British Columbia’s Okanagan Valley have found sprinkler irrigation to be the best kind of crop insurance. Many have paid for their entire system in two years through increased yields. Since the system is not a permanent fixture in the ground, but simple and light enough to be easily transportable from place to place, more and more farmers keep their tubing in use all summer, irrigating land and _ feed crops, as well as orchards and gardens.

The advantages of sprinkler irriga- tiofi over ditch or rill systems are chiefly greater economy and efficiency.

The first cost of a sprinkler system is’

somewhat higher than the eost of dig- ging irrigation ditches, but the yearly labor cost is much lower. When the water is running in irrigation ditches workmen haye to stand by continu- ously to make sure that thé water goes where needed. Thus the operating cost of the system in terms of labor is very high.

With sprinkler irrigation, once the farmer has laid the aluminum pipe they can go about other work for the rest of the day. Sprinkler irrigation is particularly valuable on rolling or rough terrain, where ditches tend to wash out the topsoil, and it eliminates the costly levelling required for flood irrigation. For any field where cover crops are required only sprinkler irri- gation can be used, since the ditches and rills interfere with the operation of farm machinery.

An important advantage of the sprinkler system of-irrigation is that it doesn’t waste water. All the water used goes directly on the plants, where it will do the most good. With ditch irrigation it often happens that low areas get too much water and high areas too little. With a sprinkler irri- gation system, the farmer can plan his layout without having to worry about

the nature of the terrain. A further advantage of sprinkler irrigation is that soluble fertilizers can be dissolv- ed in the water and evenly distributed over the field.

The cost of an all-aluminum sprink- ler irrigation system is difficult to set down exactly, because it is determined by many variables such as the Size and nature of the field, the type of water supply, the nature of the topsoil and subsoil, and the prevailing labor rate in the district. A rough approxima- tion of the first cost is $15 to $30 an acre, depending on the crop to be grown. This cost is quickly recover- ed in the form of increased yields.

One Alberta farmer, converting from ditch to sprinkler irrigation, increas- ed his yield of peas from %, to 1% tons per acre. Near Lethbridge, a 40- acre plot under irrigation produced 16 tons of sugar beets per acre, the beets showed a 30% increase in.sugar con- tent, the quantity of beet tops was doubled, and appreciably less harvest labor was required because the water had kept the ground soft.

Aluminum ‘irrigation systems have the advantage of lightness for easy portability, good appearance, and permanence. One man can carry twenty-foot lengths of 4-inch tubing, with its associated. couplings and sprinklers, with ease. The aluminum is bright and clean appearing when new, is corrosion resistant, and will not rust in use. The alloy used for irrigation tubing has roughly half the strength of mild steel, with only one third the weight. The tubing, coup- lings and all other elements of the sprinkler system are designed to with- stand many years of hard use on the farm. :

In This Issue...

Recipes for

Christmas on Page 35

Seed Production Rose In Saskatchewan In '48

EGISTERED and certified seed growers increased in Saskatche- wan this year by about 58 per cent, from 1,900 to 3,000, Gus Bell, superin- tendent of the plant products division of the federal department of agricul- ture, reported.

The 12 inspectors of the division had travelled between 5,000 and 6,000 miles each in a hectic eight-week period, July 1 to August 28, to com- plete the field inspections of these crops in all corners of the province. The inspectors had worked from dawn to dusk every day during this period in the effort to complete the inspec- tions before the harvest, a task made difficult by the varying conditions found among the crops of the greatly increased applicants.

Mr. Bell said there was a great in- crease in the acreage sown to regis- tered and certified wheat, though bar- ley, particularly the new malting vari- ety, Montcalm, had 4lso shown a large increase, |

Mr. Bell thought the impetus to in- creased acreage and more growers had been the tremendous export demand and high prices last year for register- ed and certified seed. As high as $4 per bushel had been paid for this ex- port wheat last year. :

There was nothing at present to in- dicate there would be the same heavy export market this year, Mr. Bell said. There was a better crop being har- vested in Europe, and he thought the

money was lacking to pay for this high-priced wheat for export.

. Mr, Bell thought there would be a heavy demand and a good market for forage crop seed this season. The brome grass crop was short this year, and with less seed than last year available, buyers were now trying to get all they could.

He said the alfalfa crop was fair to good, and the seed should find a ready market at more than the average price of the past few years.

“Sure, I can give you lots of credit reference—I owe Miller’s Feed Store, Ajax Hardware, Bud’s Service Station, Jackson Dry Goods, Joe’s Cafe, Easy Finance, The State Bank, Red’s Garage, Harper’s Grocery, and

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page 13

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Page |4—FARM AND: RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948

You have the best when you own an

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Here Is What Our Readers WantIn A New Farm Home

Prize Letter

To the Editor:

In your September edition I noticed the many: letters in response to your question, “What Good Is a Front Door?” and found them most interest- ing. I intended to write and tell you my opinion, but the busy season was here. A rain has halted everything now, so I find I have time to write and tell you my ideas on “what I want in farm housing.”

At present we are living in a two- roomed house, and though, we have fixed it as best we can, we hope it won’t be too long before we can build a new house. We have studied a great number of plans, but ve not. yet found the perféct house for us. I must add, however, that the plans in your paper are excellent, and it is quite evident that the designers know some- thing of the needs of farm housing. Many house plans one finds just wouldn’t do for the farm, and though we want beauty we want convenience as well that is especially adapted to farm living.

We would like a one-and-one-half- storey house with a large kitchen, living-room, bath, two bedrooms downstairs, and two bedrooms up- stairs, a full basement, a back porch, and a small front porch to enhance the front of the house.

To work from the bottom up, a good foundation and a big basement is a must. The basement should be parti- tiened into furnace room, coal bin, root vegetable storage, a room lined with shelves to store canned fruits, meats, vegetables, etc.; a utility room and, if possible, a shower.

The utility room would have a sink for the men to wash _up,.a place to hang their overalls, ete., a stove for canning, the separator, washing ma- chine, and table space. Also lines to |dry clothes in winter when they can- |not be thoroughly dried outside. All | basement walls would be finished in }a light color with a touch of color to The basement must

'an outside entrance through which the }milk, swill, ete., can be carried and the men can come in and wash up | without tracking through the kitchen.

I want a big kitchen with plenty of cupboard space and light. The stove must be near the chimney so that there are as few stove pipes as pos- sible and near the door so that coal ‘and wood need not be carried across | the room. Formerly, running water fand electricity were considered | strictly city conveniences, but many farmers have their own pressure sys- tem for water and either a power plant of their own or hooked to the power line. Naturally we plan to have both. The electricity would make it possible to have conveniences too numerous to mention. My telephone would also be in the kitchen, and also a small radio. The kitchen must be large enough to provide a dining area, thus eliminating the necessity of hav- ing a separate dining room.

Many living rooms are long and narrow making furniture placing a problem. I want a large living room, with a front door, incidently!

The bathroom must be so placed that it is easily reached from either bed room downstairs without having to go through any other room. Each bedroom - must -be provided’ with clothes closets—nice big ones. For bedrooms may seem like a lot, but if

one has a family and usually an

extra man or two they really are needed.

As for the actual construction of the house, it must be well built, insulated, and well finished. This is usually the responsibility of the man of the house.

I could go on and on describing how I want my house to be, but that would almost fill a book. I hope I have given you some idea of what I want in farm housing.

Wishing the Farm and Ranch Re- view every continued success.

Mrs. Albert Meding.

Trochu, Alta.

e OF *

Prize Letter To the Editor:—

As a fairly newcomer to the farm I had a great deal to learn — mostly about the various crops and animals, but I also found out a well-planned city home just doesn’t fit the country.

In the first place a person needs a utility room where the men folk can wash up and change; preferably -con- taining a shower, and leading into the kitchen but not crossing that “sacred” part where the woman is preparing the meals.

Secondly, there must bé a large kitchen with room at one end for the threshing crew to eat. Dining Tooms are costly nowadays, and for the time spent in them not worth it. Large kitchens also allow the mother to keep an eye on any small children playing in one corner.

Thirdly, the man of the house needs a room, call it a den, that will house his guns (out of the youngster’s hands) and his farm records. All business deals can be carried on here without any interruptions. Add a studio lounge or a couch and it will also pinch: hit as an extra bedroom.

In the fourth place, the master bed- room should be located on the main floor, not too far from the kitchen. In case of sickness this bedroom will call for a minimum of running around.

Fifth. — The downstairs bathroom should be near. the bedroom and is a necessity.

Sixth. — The family living-room should be large enough for the family andetheir friends to sit and talk with- out anyone having to be relegated to the kitchen.

From the living-room I would wish the stairway to ascend gracefully to the second floor. Here the large land- ing will contain a comfy built-in win-

dow. seat and room for the sewitz machine and cupboards.

The two bedrooms found here should contain enough storage space for all toys, games and equipment as well as a good-sized clothes closet in each room,

Another bathroom is called for and I believe essential.

Shall we descend into the cdicyichan now? : At the foot of the stairs, which, is the way, are handy to the kitchen, is a storage room for all fruits and vege- tables. Space could be left for the building of a walk-in-cooler. Built-in shelves and bins save a lot of work.

Another large room with space at one end for the laundry and the other end devoted té the cream homage 2 is also required.

The rumpus room with built-in bunks or couches along one side wilt

house all the extra men in the busy

season mo the need of a bunk- house.

The rest of the basement is taken up by the furnace room. ;

In conclusion, lots of _ built-in cupboards go a long way in reducing household chores. Of course, electric lights and hot and cold running water will be present in the home we plan to build some tomorrow.

Mrs, J. R. Paterson. Ogden P.O., Alta.

* & €

Prize Letter

To the Editor:

I have been living, for more than @ quarter century, in the house f “dreamed of” for nearly a decade. Here are hints on what to include, and what to avoid: |

Do have one down-stairs bed-room and bath. If you can also have a bath upstairs, that is fine. Have your most- lived-in rooms on the south side of the house. Have one, two, or three windows in a room, but unless ex- tremely large, do not have four. — (it limits wall space too much, and makes heating more difficult.)

Have a laundry (or work-room) ad- joining kitchen instead of/in the base- ment. I have lines strung 5. inches apart, 10 inches below ceiling in my laundry, and can dry half a wash over night, in winter, by leaving kitchen door open. I inch by 3 inch strips hold line hooks.

Avoid too much verandah. A small one, front and back, with roof, is use- ful; but a large one shades the win- dows too much for blooming plants. -

Have windows set not lower than 26 inches from floor, -so that low furniture can be placed under them. £ find leaded windows attractive, , but not very sturdy. The joints break, by wind pressure.» Roller doors do serve

This is Erosion . . .

_ Manitoba Coxoperator Bhote

a useful purpose, but are inclined to get off the track, and there is no way to oil them.

Don’t waste money on hardwood floors for work rooms, Linoleum will be required anyway. Varnish simply will not survive hard use in a farm kitchen.

“We double-plastered our home, but a fireresistant insulation might be warmer.

Have a solid wall between furnace- room and vegetable room to avoid wilting vegetables. Have a removable window to cool the latter, during mild spells. Have an outside door to base- ment, and stationary wash-bowl and hooks for wraps in either basement or laundry, for the men.

Our ceilings are 8 feet 6 inches, but for a cold climate 8 feet might be

Good Insurance ... .

warmer, and still look all right.

If I was building again I would have ‘space in kitchen for meals for six people. When more accommoda- tion was needed, a gateleg table in the livingroom would serve for banquets. I would abolish the dining-room and den (or office) and have a larger living-room, not too disconnected from the kitchen. A room to live in.

The house should be adequately wired for electricity, by an expert, during construction.

Before even the foundation is !aid, be sure you have an adequate water supply at hand.

The modern trend toward inconspic- uous window and door casings is a great improvement, also slab doors, without panels. Much easier to keep clean.

_ Lastly, keep indoor colors light and cheerful; and washable walls are a great comfort, as well as saving much labor in re-decorating.

Leta R. Porter.

Czar, Alta.

x * &

Prize Letter

To the. Editor:

I have been very much interested in your articles on Rural Housing. The plans you have published have been the most sensible I have seen to date. Of course I may be prejudiced as the August plans are much similar to the ones I drew for myself in 1946. I like the stair arrangements in your plan but prefer my kitchen plan, as I object to a plan having a traffic lane between cabinets and stove. Your plan shows no table-top space adja- ‘cent to stove which is most incon- venient. I also think there should be a wall between kitchen and dining room to keep kitchen heat out of din- ing room, A dining room 10 ft. 6 in. by 12 ft will seat ten men comfortably without the table extending ou/ into

Some of the reasons holding back construction of farm homes are: (1) If there is any kind of a house on the farm» when a young couple starts farming it must do until the farm is paid for. In order to pay for the farm new machinery and outbuildings have priority. By the time they feel able to afford to build a new home they are almost ready to retire, so why build.

(2) The building of a three or four thousand dollar home on a farm does not increase the price received for a farm by three or four thousand dol- lars, so, apart from comfort and con- venience, is actually a poor invest- ment. If depreciation were allowed on the Income Tax Return for the farm home it might overcome this in part. a

Manitoba Co-operator Photo

(3) Farming is such a gamble with drought, hail and frost the farmers hesitate to build unless they have the cash. Mrs. W. C. Taylor.

Wainwright, Alta.

Prize Letter To the Editor:—

My sincere thanks for giving read- ers a chance to air their opinions.

My first opinion is: Sure, we need more new farm-house designs, both for middle-aged or old couples, or young growing families. One- and two-storied houses or bungalows. I am praying for a side door for the use of strangers, leading into kitchen and hallway. A separate wash up, utility room for all, who work or play outdoors and no‘necessity to get in the way of the housewife,

Why not leave muddy, wet rubbers and clothes’ there? It should be warmed the same as the rest of the rooms. The housewife could wash, dry and iron in there, too.

A kitchen window facing the high- way, and if possible catch the sun in winter months would be useful to start plants, too. A hall is useful— full Jength—handy for bathroom, which, if next to kitchen, would pro- vide more privacy.

Then a good basement partitioned off for a work-shop, or play-room. A cool part for vegetable and fruit stor- age, and necessary in every part of Canada a place to dry clothes in wet or freezing weather. Sure its another prolonged dream of mine. The major- ity of farmers are content to make the gld house do. Serves us right. Every’ time Pa spends money for new im- proved gadgets, livestock or buildings, then the housewife should demand a few improvements in the house. After all he lives there too, and usually is vhe first to take the neighbors through to see what a good husband

FARM

AND RANCH KEVIEW, December, 1948—Page [5

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TIRED?

Come SUNDOWN any day in the year~in war or peace, good times or bad—the farmer has earned his rest if any man has! And when he comes to the sunset years of life he deserves a holiday as long as he lives; But saving up enough money to see you through those years in comfort is a harder job, ordinarily, than earning a living from the farm. Yet it needn’t be! If you knew of a new seed that was easier to plant and cultivate, was insured against crop failure and guaranteed to yield several times as much as the seed you’d been using, you would be interested, wouldn’t you? A Canada Life contract offers just those-advan- tages in making your lifetime harvest of dollars earn an-income for your retirement. FILL OUT AND) Tt —7 "~~~ Spr rare ce as ser Saaes wee astanmedt| MAIL THIS couron NOW pee Life Assurance Company, { 330 University Avenue, ; Toronto, Ontario. The CANADA LI FE Without cost or obligation, please let TT itcrance Company

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Page 18&—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948 Pe ee

i SSR RAAT RS.

The Alberta Wheat Pool extends sincere Season's Greetings to the farming population of Alberta.

WEBS VERE WE CK YIRE WE WERE VERE LER VEE BIE IRE BIE BENE BEE IIE HEE ERNE

This farmer-owned co-operative or- ganization is deeply appreciative of the confidence evinced in its operations as shown by the generous support tendered by Alberta grain producers.

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It's Still Not Too Late

To Windproof Farm

VERY farm operator in Western Canada knows that if he has bare soil it is likely to drift unless it is rough. It is too late now to preserve a good trash cover or to get a cover crop, so if soil is in a dangerous con- dition the only remedy is to make it rough. This can be done either by mold board plowing or by listing.

Some farmers on medium textured. soils, such as loam and silt loams, have found that plowing summer- fallows in the fall protects them until the grain is high enough to make them safe in the spring. Even

Lands

tivator as listing furrows may be placed four feet apart. Ifa duck-foot cultivator is not available a one-way dise can be converted into a lister by removing all but every fourth disc. Listing should bé at-right angles to the prevailing wind.

Some fields that have been well packed by irrigation or rain can be left quite rough by a deep duck-foot cultivating. Sugar beet fields and po- tato fields on the irrigated lands are often protected satisfactorily by a late fall cultivating with the ordinary duck-foot cultivator. This does not leave the fallow in as safe-a condition

in a dry fall, such as this, summer- fallows almost invariably are moist enough to plow. If plowing is done, it must be deep enough to turn under the dust mulch that has accumulated, and so leave the top cloddy. Usually it is not safe to depend on fall plowing on light soils or on clays.

Listing is the only safe procedure on sandy or clay soils, and it is pre- ferred to plowing on the medium-tex- tured soils by most farmers. Listing can be done easily and cheaply by equipping a duck-foot cultivator with lister shovels which can be purchased from the implement dealer. Only three to four shovels are required for a cul-

as listing, but it may be satisfactory and is surely better than leaving the field with an undisturbed dust mulch on the surface.

If fields are permitted to go into the winter without being properiy protect- ed winter listing with a one-way lis- ter will be required, and any field that is likely to drift in the spring should be cultivated or plowed as soon as the frost is out of the ground.

The methods described have been used so many times with success that one does not hesitate to say that it is sheer carelessness to let fields drift. Every field should be wind-proofed. — (Lethbridge. ) :

Uses Expand For Power

DEMONSTRATION of the uses

that can be made of a power- driven sprayer — a machine that has become familiar on Manitoba farms since the introduction of chemicals for weed-control — was undertaken dur- ing the past summer by Agricultural Representative L. H. Jones, Manitoba Department of Agriculture. With the co-operation of officials of the Domin- ion Experimental Farms System, who supplied the pressure pump with motor and tank, the financial support of three rural municipalities, and the technical advice of R. H. Painter, Live- stock Insect Laboratory, Lethbridge, Mr. Jones made use of the sprayer wherever possible — using the farm- ing district around Hamiota for the experiment.

The general policy was to do a com- plete job on each farm while on the premises. Farm buildings and homes were washed, disinfected, and white- washed. A. total of 3. farms were sprayed with DDT — livestock, inter-

Sprayers

iors of stables, pig pens, etc., manure piles, and any other places where in- sects are likely to breed.

“The results of these DDT demon- strations were quite encouraging,” Mr. Jones _ states. Spraying buildings brought almost complete housefly con- trol. The first spraying of cattle was effective for six to eight weeks. Spray- ing sheep with DDT to control ticks was also found to be highly successful.

Cost of these operations, on an ayer- age farm consisting of 4 head of cattle, 10 pigs, a large barn, a hen-house, a brooder house, 2 poultry range shel- ters, and. a pig pen, amounted to $8.00. “On nine farms the buildings were whitewashed at the same time at a somewhat added cost,” the -report adds.

In the village of Hamiota, DDT was applied to back lanes, toilets, and gar- bage cans at a cost of $26.90. Asa result of the application, the housefly population decreased. sharply: ’ The yellow-headed spruce sawfly ‘and the

fir sawfly, both of which have caused considerable damage to spruce trees in shelter belts, were brought under com- plete control with the help of a single- nozzle spray-gun which was used to shoot DDT ot the tops of the trees.

In the municipalities of Hamiota, Manitoba, and Blanshard, a total of 68 miles of road allowance was sprayed with 2,4-D. For an outlay of $368.65, shared by the three municipalities, all willows and ragweed were reported completely wiped out.

“The work done this summer was well received, and there is a real de- mand for additional spraying another

year,” Mr. Jones states in conclusio

“There is no doubt, in an area com-

prising three municipalities, an opera- tor and the equipment could be em- ployed full time. The sprayer could start out in the early spring on warble fly control, then start the DDT spraying for the control of flies and mosquitoes by the first of June. Dur- ing the latter part of June and July the sprayer would be required for spraying scrub, weeds, and_ shelter belts. During the fall and early win- ter, washing, disinfecting, and white- washing buildings would keep the sprayer busy.”

An Eight - Year Rotation

-For Mixed Farming

OX a large percentage of farms in Manitoba no definite crop rotation -jg followed. Farmers, however, in- creasingly are seeking information on rotations that include hay, pasture and anhual forage crops, says Bonar J. Gorby, Dominion Experimental Farm, Brandon, Man.

The following 8-year rotation is proving practical for farmers who wish to establish a thoroughly useful and well-balanced system of cropping. The sequence of crops in this rotation is fallow, grain, grain seed to hay, hay, pasture, breaking, grain, grain.

One-half of the total acreage is in grain efch year and one-eighth each in hay, pasture, stubble fallow and sod fallow. Grass remains down two years. It has been found advantage-

ous to allow a full year for breaking:

sod. This-sod fallow replaces a like

acreagé of stubble summer-fallow that

would be included in a straight grain _ rotation.

One practical objection to this crop- ping sequence is thatthe seeding to grass with a second crop of grain sometimes results in a poor stand or a failure of the forage seed, especially ‘In dry seasons.

In the drier parts of Manitoba it has been found wise to seed hay with the crop on summer-fallow. When this is necessary land should be re- tired to grass for three years if the 8-year rotation is to be followed.

Among other advantages, this ro- tation makes possible a pairing of fields as a plan to reduce the number of cross fences. Pasture and fallow are paired together, also grain and sod breaking, hay and grain, and grain and grain. In other words, the ist and fifth years are paired, the 2nd and 6th, the 3rd and 7th, and the 4th and 8th. The retiring of land regularly to grass aids materially in maintaing ne- cessary root fibre in the soil and in controlling wild oats and other weeds that thrive in grain fields.

On. the station farm at Arborg, where peat soils abound, wheat on summer-fallow in this rotation has averaged 29 bushels and hay 214 tons per acre during the last ten years. On heavy Red River soil at Dugald, the ten-year average of wheat has been 31 bushels and hay 1.4 tons per acre.

At Katrime, in Central Manitoba, on a medium silt loan soil, wheat has averaged 30 bushels and hay 1.1 tons during the last eight years.

Don't Get Familiar ~ With Electricity

LECTRICITY is one of the most beneficial of modern conveniences, but it must be treated with respect. A second’s carelessness may mean disaster. BE. B. Martin, Extension Agricul-

tural Engineer, Alberta Department of |.

Agriculture, warns of the danger of working with electric appliances -or wiring in damp locations. In the base- ment, livestock buildings, and pump house, damp floors can produce an excellent ground. In the event of shock while standing on this moisture, the person involved is subject to the full effect of the charge.

Care with electricity in bath room and kitchen is essential. Never switch on electricity while in the bath. It you keep electric heaters, radios, or similar appliances owt of the bath room there will be no danger of their falling into the tub and electrocuting the occupant.

The Alberta Electrical Protection Act states that plug receptacles shall not be installed in the bath room. In the kitchen, never pick crumbs out of plugged-in hot plate or toaster with a knife or other metal object. More than one serious accident has resulted from this cause.

Keep appliance cords in good repair. Frayed or worn they can cause fire or shock. Never run extension wires un- der carpets or through curtains.

The fuse is one of the most im- portant parts of the wiring circuit. It is there for your protection. It guards

against overloads and abnormally high |

charges which might heat the* wiring circuit. If fire occurs, shut off the electricity

leading to the building involved. The ||

first impulse is to pour water on the

fire, but if the water is thrown on

wires that are carrying electricity, the

full force of the voltage will be direet-

ed through the water to the thrower. Shut off the electricity first.

et Se ei a ENE:

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page 1!7

CAPITAL $7,000,000 RESERVE $10,000,000

IMPERIAL BANK OF CANADA

74th ANNUAL STATEMENT Year Ending October 30th, 1948

ASSETS

Deposits with and Notes of Bank of Canada _._$ 41,336,391.54

Notes of and Cheques on Other Banks -_____- 19,428,277.59 Other Cash and Deposits -.-_.2.¢.22--2------ 9,278,131.57 Government and Municipal Securities (not ex-

ceeding market value) _.___2.-_!--______. 186,278,469.28 Other Bonds and Stocks (not exceeding mar-

ket value)... ee 202 ocd ees eee ee 14,963,957.27 Cdll Loans. (Secured) 2222 Swi se 6,305,327.57 TOTAL QUICK ‘ASSETS |. 222252575 5222. $277 590,554.82 Commercial and Other Looms (after full pro-

vision for bad and doubtful debts) --_____- 176,991 342.62

Liabilities of Customers under Acceptances and Letter of Credit (as per contra) --------

Bank Premises

Other Assets

10,999,824.94 6,138,956.40 122,578.08

$471, 843, 256.86 86

Deposits iPad toes we ees bs Se os CU $441,115,976.35 Notes in Cifculation ____..----- 2-222 -- nee 789,892.50 Acceptances and Letters of Credit Outstanding 10,999,824.94 Other Liabilities 7220 Sel eee haces 209,043.83 TOTAL LIABILITIES TO THE PUBLIC _..-___- $453,114,737.62 Dividends due Shareholders __.__.---------- 212,740.40

18,515,778.84 $471 843,256.86

Capital, Reserve ond Undivided Profits _.._-_

PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT

Profits for the year ended 30th October, 1948, after contributions to Staff Pension Fund and after making appropriations to Contingency Reserves out of which full provision for bad and doubtful debts has been made -__. $ 1,836,578.91

Provision for depreciation of Bank Premises,

Furniture and Equipment -___---.-------- 279,466.22 $ 1,557,112 69

Provision for Dominion and Provincial Taxes 588,090.00 : $ 969,112.69 Dividends amounting to $1.05 per share ____-_- 735,000.00 Balance of Profits carried forward _-___.___- 234,112.69 Profit, cod Loss Balance 3lst October, 1947... 1,281,666.15 Profit "ahd Loss Balance 30th October, 1948__.$ 1,515,778.84

RESERVE FUND

Balance at credit of account 30th October, 1948 oo ne hs ee ee ee ee $ 10,000, 000. 00

W. G. MORE,

President.

I. K. JOHNSTON,

General Manager.

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IN NATURE'S WONDERLAND

By KERRY WOOD

T was Christmas morning, 2 crisp but sunny day with a clean coat- ing of snow piled high on spruce branches, mushroomed over stumps and fence-posts, and spread like a fluffy comforter across the fields and woodlands. Along the creek 1 walked, looking for tracks. The snow had stopped at sundown on Christmas Five, ending a twoday storm. Most wood- folk stay a-bed during winter storms, iso I knew that the ending of the bliz- jzard would be welcomed by the hun- ‘gry ones and likely the starry night ‘of Christmas Eve had been a busy ‘time of foci hunting for my wild ‘neighbors, As a turkey dinner ap- ‘petizer, I intended to walk a mile jor more and look for story-trails | printed on the vast white page of fresh | snow.

First tracks seen were rabbit trails, criss-crossing through the streani-side willows and linked like chains across the creek. There was one spot where a bunny had come to the edge of the creek bank, where the overhanging lip of snow had given way to tumble the rabbit down four feet to the frozen surface of the stream. Peter had land- ed right side up, but he’d been startled and his tracks were widely spaced to show how he’d gone leaping away from there at full speed.

The rabbits had feasted on vsier willow bark; at one spot they’1 found an aspen poplar felled by beavers during the autumn and dined richly on its green bark. Porcupines, beavers, all fond of poplar bark, with even the lordly wapiti sometimes resorting to this fodder during hard winters. But the rabbits had not been alone there: ‘at one patch where their tracks were crazily etched in every direction, the telltale wing marks of a large owl | showed on either side of a bunny trail. ‘The talon marks where clearly im- i printed in the snow, showing that the Gr eat Horned Owl had missed catch- | ing its supper. And further on the | wing marks showed again, mute testi- mony to the night bird’s persistence. | But the rabbit got away, that time.

A Fish Is Caught

| Around the next bend of the creek iL came to the high piled barrier of a beaver dam, and at the lower edge of this dam there was a small patch of ;open water where the current was swift. <A flicker of movement caught my eve — something dark w2s streak- ‘ing away from this water and loping ‘up the bank. Just as it reached the mouth of a bank-side hole, the animal turned and glanced curiously back at It was a mink, a large one wear-

ime, /ing a lovely black coat. Then it ‘darted into the convenient hole and disappeared.

But beside the open water I found

ithe headless body of a small sucker. The six-inch fish was still limp to the touch; it had been caught only a few ‘minutes before. Every spring the fat .gray suckers with their red-finned male consorts come up this tributary ‘from the Red Deer River, spawning .in the creek before returning to the main river by June. Here was the result of that spawning: a school of six-inch suckers lived in this deep stretch of creek where the beavers worked. Vison the Mink had spotted the school and had denned nearby so ‘that he could go angling daily in the ice-bound pool.

On again, then I paused to stare at a squirrel’s track that started from | the very middle of the creek and went

rabbits, and certain mice are ~

There's Excitement in the Woods On a Quiet Christmas Morning

racing away to the base of a nearby spruce tree. A queer thing: how did the squirrel get out in the middle of the creek without leaving track-signs behind it? I glanced aloft, and saw where the snow had been brushed off a spruce branch on the trackless side of the creek and suddenly had my answer. The animal was a Plying Squirrel; attempting to glide across the creek opening, it had come out to the end of the branch to start_its leap. The snow became loosened and fell, swaying the branch just as the squir- rel jumped. So it got a poor send-off, ending up smack in the middle of the ereek and then racing to the nearest spruce tree on the far shore.

Up a Squirrel Highway

I climbed out of the creek-bed to follow the squirrel marks. Looking closely at the spruce trunk, I saw the tiny marks of the squirrel’s claws punctured through the flaky spruce bark. The whole side of that tree had been used as a squirrel highway for years. Nearby, a mound-shape and a few more tracks identified a cone- cache made by a red squirrel -—— it looked like our friend the Flying Squirrel had spotted the cache after climbing the tree and had come down again to raid it and carry off a cone. During the winter season, squirrels practically live on the seeds hidden be- tween the leaves of spruce cones. They store a few mushrooms on_ tree crotches, too, and go exploring crevices and hollow logs for any fro- zen insects they can find.

I well remember the delighted ex- ecitement of a red squirrel who dis- covered a large wasps’ nest one win- ter afternoon; it tore open the paper palace and scooped up every frozen wasp carcass it could find!

Birds and Mice

Up through the spruce woods 1 walked, pausing to watch the whis- tling flight of a flock of white-winged Crossbills undulating over the forest. These birds have a specialized beak that has the points criss-cressed so that they can easily pry open the cones of spruce and pine to get at the seeds. They spend the summers in the moun- tain forests, but spread down over the foothill and parkland woods during the winter. It is fascinating to watch their parrot-like behavior on the tops of spruce trees, walking and hopping from twig to twig in quest of cones.

On a mossy bank I found a neat track, the tiny trail of a White-footed Mouse. This is the handsomest mem- ber of the mouse family, a big-eyed, large-eared little mouse with a dainty, cleanly look about it so different from the repelling appearance of a touse- mouse. Near the mouse trail there was another and smaller track, and I had visions of a Cooper’s Shrew hunt- ing down the pretty White footed mouse, Shrews are seldom seen, but are fairly common in our woodlands — they are the smallest carnivorous ani- mals in North America. Ferocious

Have the Children

Seen Our

Page of Puzzles ?

PAGE 24

in’

little beasties, they can eat their own body-weight in food three times a day! They prey mostly on insects and mice, therefore we should cheer them on their hungry way.

Coming to the uplands where the farm fields stretched away to the hilly horizon, I found a coyote’s lonely trail and started to follow it across the snow-covered stubble. Here the wild dog had paused to stand, facing to- wards the farm house. Perhaps a farm collie had barked, sensing the presence of an intruder. And _ per- haps the coyote had raised its muzzle and produced that yapping yodel which sounds so wild and lonely on a tingling winter’s night. Then the coy- ote had trotted on, suddenly swerving to pounce on a hummock.

The marks showed where his fore- paws came down together, then the imprint of his muzzle as he stuck that sharp nose between his pads to secure the vole or meadow mouse his paws were holding. One gulp, and it was gone, But we can marvel at the sharpness of those ears that heard the soft rustle of a vole’s movement under eight inches of snow. And note the accuracy of that jump, with the paws coming down directly on top of the mouse. And let us praise the coyote’s work in killing off another of our farm pests, the grain-and-grass eating mea- dow mouse that does so much damage yearly to western farm crops.

I was distracted from the coyote’s trail at this point, because a flock of Redpolls alighted on the exposed weed-heads along the nearby fence line and started feeding on the seeds. These sparrow-birds are called Win- ter Canaries by some, because of the sweet canary whistles they utter. Dom- estic canaries are members of the same finch-family to which the Red- polls are related. Each bird has a tiny patch of red on the crown of the head, while the males have a flush of pinkish purple down the breast to dis- tinguish them from the females and juveniles. They are friendly little birds, permitting me to get within ten feet before the flock whisked away to another weed patch.

Attack and Retreat

Walking the fence line, I startled a flock of Hungarian Partridges from a_ clump of wild rose cover. The hardy game birds rose with a staccato burst of cackling and sped away on fast wings. Watching them, I saw a blue- grey Goshawk come rushing towards them, swooping from the side. But the partridges swerved, dodging frantical- ly to miss the hawk’s attack. The gos failed to strike a victim, then the partridges dodged into a willow clump, running as they landed and suddenly disappearing from view. The hawk whirled and darted into the willows, just as I started running towards it to frighten it away.

But before I could get there, the gos came in sight, cackling harshly and with his talons empty. Then the mar- auder, the only seriously harmful hawk we have in Canada, saw me com- ing and whirled away to hunt else- where. When I got close to the wil lows the Hungarians burst out of the snow and flew again — they’d buried themselves in a soft drift to hide from the questing hawk, which explained why the gos hadn’t spotted their dark bodies against the white background!

As I headed towards home and Christmas turkey, I passed near a knoll where there was a heavy growth of snow-berries. On these frozen fruits the Pine Grosbeaks were feed- ing, nearly a dozen of the plump birds. One rosy male was perched on a wil- low limb above the patch, with the bright sun spot-lighting the colorful bird. Then the male raised his beak and uttered that soft but rich war- bling song, a lovely carol in praise of Christmas Day.

First Things

In Surrey, England, a choosy burg- lar broke into Mrs. Margaret Wall’s house, ignored the furs, jewelry, liquor and money, got away with an apple

and an orange. . Perfectionist In Santa Barbara, Calif., Mrs.

Evelyn C. Hart, 95, asked police to hurry over and “do something” about her 70-year-old daughter, “because she uses bad language and I am afraid that the neighbors will think I’m not a careful mother.”

It's You

In Rochester,’ N.Y., Harold F. Ritz climbed from his car to have words with the motorist who had bumped him, found. it was his wife.

Technicality

In Savannah, after seven years and four children, Lee Cuyler and fiancee Isabelle DeLancey finally got around to using their marriage license, issued in 1941.

The Rod

In London, 75% of the parents poll- ed by the War Office said it was per- fectly all right with them if military schools wanted to cane their sons. In Nottingham, England, the Education Committee ruled that héadmasters must take a 30-minute cooling-off per- iod before striking.

Prerogative

In Chicago, after three divorces and 13 separations from the same man, Mrs. Ruth Slifer decided she had “had enough”, sued her husband for a fourth divorce.

Footnote

In Milwaukee, Rookie Mailman Harry A. Kant, arrested for throwing away a batch of mail that he had not delivered, frankly admitted to police: “My feet were tired.”

Retreat

In Joliet, Ill., Prisoner Arthur Hill- er vainly pleaded with Warden Joseph E. Ragen to extend his jail sentence for six months, so that he could finish a theology course. ;

In Pasadena, Calif., Patrolman D. B. Gleason flagged down a motorist who was weaving erratically back. and forth across the highway, let him go when the motorist explained: “Every- thing’s O.K. Just shaving.”

GaSe

AND Sometimes / DESPAIR OF THEE !° Tm ERIS

Hypotenuse

“In Pittsburgh, Elizabeth Sauer ar- rived by air from Germany to marry ex-G.I. Ralph Gaber, got ,a friendly peck on the cheek from Ralph’s younger brother Karl, promptly decid- ed to marry Karl instead.

What Was That?

Near St. Charles, Ill., while Farmer Maurice Regole’s silo exploded. and collapsed the barn against the feed shed, which in turn knocked the wind- mill over the implement shed, Farm- er Regole péacefully slept on, reported to neighbors next day that he had heard “a slight noise.”

Initiation

In Santa Maria, Calif., the rent con- trol office moved to different quarters when landlord boosted the rent.

Mail Call

In Eloy, Ariz., when asstired that there was no mail for him, Cotton- Picker Earl Neal shot it out with Postmaster J. C. Garrett; both were killed.

Great Expectations

In Queens County, N.Y., Cabdriver Je ohn Wagner raced Passenger Andrew Mackey to the courthouse, was told to wait, an hour later inquired within and found that his fare had been sentenced to six months.

Old Fame

In Washington, Ralph Miller asked a stranger for a light, claimed the lighter he had lost three years ago in the South Pacific.

Modern Tempo

In Portland, Ore., Frank A. Staeger, questioned for holding up traffic, ex- plained to police that he had fallen asleep while waiting for the light to change.

Good Clean Sport

In Belgrade, an athlete named Dan- gubic, champion of a sport that has become increasingly popular in the Balkans, set a new Yugoslav record: 25614 feet for the grenade throw.

Routine

In Baltimore, ‘bystanders explained to police why they had made no move to help Mrs. Rita Franke when she ran screaming up the street holding onto a burglar’s coattails: they thought it was just an ordinary husband-and- wife spat.

N N NN N S N N N aN N N N N N N N

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FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Paae 19

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Page 20—-FARM ANDO RANCH REVIEW, December, {948

Scope of 2,4-D Further Extended

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By W. TREVOR HOLLAND

i WW ESSTPEG: Repeated but light ap- i plications of 2,4-D will prove effective against bindweed, perennial ;sow thistle and Canada thistle, Dr, L. M. Stahler told the second annual weed control conference in Winnipeg last month.

He pointed out that recent results have shown that repeated light appli- jeations have proven more effective than single heavy treatment in the elimination of weeds.

Weed experts from all parts of Can- ada and the United States attended the conference, under the auspices of the National Weed Committee of Can- ada (Western Section). There were 309 delegates registered and many in- terested representatives were there, but did not take part in the discus- sions.

H, E. Wood, Chairman of the organ- ization, told the visiting delegates that the steadily improving cultural prac- tices, now gether with the rapidly expanding acreage of field crops being treated with chemicals, speaks well for the future of weed eradication. He esti- mated that 4,000,000 acres were treat- ed with 2,4-D this season in the three prairie provinces.

Dr. L. M. Stahler, United States De- partment of Agriculture, Brookings, S.D., was guest speaker at the annu- al banquet held in conjunction with the Retail Implement Dealers’ Associa- tion. He covered briefly the recent developments in weed control, and

largely mechanized, to--

By Testing and Experimentation

reported the findings of recent research work.

Referring to the development of 2,4-D, Dr. Stahler said that many farmers have worked too long with herbicides such as sodium chloride, to be able to grasp the full potentiality of this new weed control chemical.

He said, “We can not help but real- ize that efficient, cheap control of our worst potential weeds such as bind- weed, Canada thistle, and perennial sow thistle, is available to the average farm operator through repeated light applications of 2,4-D.”

This new method of repeated light applications has proven more success- ful than single heavy treatments in the elimination of weeds. Additional research, however, is necessary to de- termine the most practical use of 2,4-D in conjunction with crops.

Dr. Stahler also reviewed recent dis- coveries in the weed eradication field, including the accidental discovery, that ordinary solvent naptha is a good herbicide for control of water weeds, with no crop damage. It has also been found that common molasses or mo- lasses plus nitrate, applied a few

You'll Find the Words

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ounces per square yard, will give an extended period of soll fertility.

Tests conducted in the past two years by individual farmers and agrt- cultural stations, have yielded much information as to the proper use of chemicals. The Manitoba report, pre sented by H. BH. Wood, indicated that annual weeds are most easily and quickly destroyed In the early stages of growth. Climatic conditions also affect the results.

Pre-emergence tests, using 2,4-D, conducted by the Manitoba Weeds Commission, showed various results with no effect on cereals, and consid- erable success tn legumes.

Eradication of woody growth by spraying with 2,4-D and _ allied chemicals, has proven effective and cheaper than by mechanical means. As mixed woody growth shows much variation as to susceptibility, the ester form of 2,4-D was recommended at ap- proximately 114 to 2 Ibs. per acre. The addition of from 6 to 10% oil to any 2,4-D solutions, speeds up the kill.

Reports of the various committees, following the general sessions, of the conference, included one from the Weed Classification Committee. Both annual and perennial weeds were di- vided into four classifications: highly susceptible, susceptible, partially re sistant, and resistant. The list given included only those plants on which information has been obtained in Western Canada. In many cases, the information is meagre and some of the reports conflicting. Therefore, the classifications were not completely re Hable.

The Herbicides Committee gave a table of suggested amounts of 2,4-D acid (amine and ester), per acre, to use on cereal or flax crops to control weeds in Western Canada.

Stage of weed growth Early Advancing (Ounces acid per acre) Annual weeds

Highly susceptible 3 3 to § Annual weeds

Susceptible 3to4 4to6 Annual weeds

Partially resistant 4to6 6 to8 Perennial weeds

(Top growth contro!) 4to10

For the highly susceptible and sus- ceptible weeds the sodium salt formu- lation may be substituted using one and one-half times the dosages recom- mended in the table.

Cereal crops should not be treated until they have attained a height of 6 inches or until 3 weeks after emer- gence.

Flax should be treated as soon as weed growth warrants, providing the flax plants have already formed 4 or 5 leaves. Severe damage to flax may result if treated after the early bud stage.

The higher rates recommended in the table (8 ounces or more for flax) may at times cause some crop injury. In many cases, however, such injury will be off-set by reduction in weeds,

“I never knew that anything stufled with hay could be so hard.”

» (GERISTMAS is a time for recalling old friends

and old friendships. The past somehow seems closer to us at Christmas than at any other time of the year. One Christmas recalls another and our memories go flickering back down the years like our eyes along the coaches of a slowly mov- ing train. Queer things pop into these memory trails, the trying on of a pair of skates 30 or 40 or 50 years ago, a big Christmas dinner at Grand- ma’s when turkeys seemed ever so much bigger than they are today, a new scarf, a new puppy, a pony tied in the barn.

Memories come in snatches, queer little un- connected snatches when we are alone with our thoughts on Christmas. Snatches of poetry we memorized from the old school reader. A ran- dom line from the Elegy and suddenly our brows are knit up as we say to ourselves: now how did the rest of that go?

So we thought it might be appropriate to include a page of poetry, the kind of stuff all of us used to memorize long ago, Some of it will be familiar, some of it strange; but all of it is ideal for reading aloud around home after dinner. None of the poems is complete. Perhaps some of them don’t seem to make too much sense. But we like them and we think you will, too.

The Day Is Done

The day is done, and the darkness Falls from the wings of Night,

As a feather is wafted downward From an eagle in his flight.

I see the lights of the village Gleam through the rain and the mist, And a feeling of sadness comes o’er me That my soul cannot resist:

A feeling of sadness and longing, That is not, akin to pain,

And resembles sorrow only As the mist resembles the rain.

Come, read to me some poem, Some simple and heartfelt lay, That shall soothe this restless feeling, And banish the thoughts of day.

And the night shall be filled with music, And the cares, that infest the day,

Shall fold their tents, like the Arabs, And as silently steal away.

—Henry Wadsworth Longfetlow.

On His Seventy-Fifth Birthday

I strove with none; for none was worth my strife. Nature I loved, and next to Nature, Art; I warmed both hands before the fire of life, It sinks, and I am ready to depart. —Walter 8. Landor.

A Man's A Man For A' That

What though on homely fare we dine, Wear hodden-grey an’ a’ that;

Give fools their silks and knaves their wine, A man’s a man for a’ that.

For a’ that, an’ a’ that,

Their tinsel show an’ a’ That, The honest man, though e’er so poor Is king of men, for a’ that.

—Robert Burns,

Elegy

The Curfew tolls the knell of parting day, The lowing herd winds slowly o’er the lea, The plowman homeward plods his weary way, And leaves the world to darkness and to me.

Now fades the glimmering landscape on the sight, And all the air a solemn stillness holds,

Save where the beetle wheels his droning flight, And drowsy tinklings lull the distant folds;

--Thomas Gray.

The Soldier

If I should die, think only this of me: That there’s some corner of a foreign field

That is for ever England. There shall he In that rich earth a richer dust concealed:

A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to

roam,

A body of England’s, breathing English air,

Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home,

—Rupert Brooke,

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page 21,

A Page of Poems for Ohristmas

| Remember, | Remember

I remember, I remember, The house where I was born, The little window where the sun Came peeping in'at morn;

He never came a wink too soon, Nor brought too long a day, But now, I often wish the night Had borne my breath away!

I remember, I remember, The fir trees dark and high;

I used to think their slender tops Were close against the sky:

_ Ht was a childish ignorance,

But now it’s little joy To know I’m farther off from heav’n Than when I was a boy. —Thomas Hood.

Barefoot Boy

Blessings on thee, little man, Barefoot boy with cheek of tan! With thy turned up pantaloons, And tiny merry whistled tunes; With thy red lip, redder still Kissed by strawberries on the hill; With the sunshine on thy face, Through thy torn brim’s jaunty grace; From my heart I give thee joy,— I was once a barefoot boy! —John Greenleaf Whittier.

From the Rubaiyat

A book of verse beneath the bough,

A jug of wine, a loaf of bread—and thou Beside me singing in the wilderness—

Ah wilderness were Paradise enow!

I sometimes think that never blows so red The rose as where some dying caesar bled That every hyacinth the garden wears Dropt in her lap from some once lovely head.

Ah love! Could you and I with Him conspire To grasp this sorry scheme of things entire,

Would we not shatter it to bits—and then Re-mould it closer to a heart’s desire!

—The Rubaiyat of Omar Khauyam,

Sweet and Low

Sweet and low, sweet and low, Wind of the Western sea, Low, low, breathe and blow, Wind of the Western Sea! Over the rolling waters go, Come from the dying moon and blow, Biow him again to me; While my Httle one, while my pretty one, sleeps.

—Alfred, Lord Tennyson,

Little Boy Blue

The little tey dog is covered with dust, But sturdy and stanch it stands; And the little toy soldier is red with rust, And his musket molds in his hands. Time was when the little toy dog was new Ant the soldier was passing fair, And that was the time when our Little Boy Blue Kissed them and put them there.

—Eugene Field.

Abou Ben Adhem

Abou Ben Adhem (may his tribe increase!)

Awoke one night from a deep dream of peace,

And saw within the moonlight in his room,

Making it rich and like a lily in bloom,

An angel writing in a book of gold:

Exceeding peace had made Ben Adhem bold,

And to the presence in the room he said,

“What writest thou?’ The vision raised its head,

And, with a look made of all sweet accord,

Answered “The names of those who loved the Lord.”

“And is mine one?” said Abou. “Nay, not so,”

Replied the angel. Abou spoke more low,

But cheerly still; and said, “I pray thee, then,

Write me as one that loves his fellow-men.”

The angel wrote, and vanished. The next night

It came again, with a great wakening light,

And showed the names whom love of God had blessed,—

And, lo! Ben Adhem’s name led all the rest!

—Leigh Hunt.

Invictus

Out of the night that covers me, Black as the Pit from pole to pole, I thank whatever gods may be For my unconquerable soul.

In the fell clutch of circumstance IT have not winced nor cried aloud. Under the bludgeonings of chance My head is bloody, but unbowed.

Beyond this place of wrath and tears Looms but the Horror of the shade,

And yet the menace of the years Finds, and shall find, me unafraid.

It matters not how straight the gate,

How charged with punishments the scroll, I am the master of my fate:

I am the captain of my soul.

—William Ernest Henley.

Essay On Man

Honour and shame from no condition rise;

Act well your part, there all the honour lies.

Fortune in men has some small difference made,

One flaunts in rags, one flutters in brocade;

The cobbler aproned, and the parson gowned,

The friar hooded, and the monarch crowned.

“What differ more [you cry] than crown and cowl!”

VU tell you, friend! a wise man and a fool.

You’ll find, if once the monarch acts the monk,

Or, cobbler-like, the parson will be drunk,

Worth makes the man, and want of it the fellow;

The rest is all but leather or prunella.

—Alerander Pope.

Home-Thoughts, From Abroad

Oh, to be in England

Now that April’s there,

And whoever wakes in England

Sees, some morning, unaware,

That the lowest boughs and the brushwood sheaf Round the elm-tree bole are in tiny leaf,

While the chaffinch sings on the orchard bough In England—now!

And after April, when May follows,

And the whitethroat builds, and all the swallows!

Hark, where my blossomed pear-tree in the hedge

Leans to the field and scatters on the clover

Blossoms and dewdrops—at the bent spray’s edge—

That’s the wise thrush; he sings each song twice over,

Lest you should think he never could recapture

The first fine careless rapture!

And though the fields look rough with hoary dew,

All will be gay when noontide wakes anew

The buttercups, the little children’s dower

—Far brighter than this gaudy melon-flower!

Robert Browning.

A Psalm of Life

Tell me not, in mournful numbers, Life is but an empty dream!—

For the soul is dead that slumbers And things are not what they seem.

a Life is real! Life is earnest! And the grave is not its goal; Dust thou art, to dust returnest, Was not spoken of the soul.

Art is long, and Time is fleeting,

And our hearts, though stout and brave, Still, like muffled drums, are beating . Funeral marches to the grave.

In the world’s broad field of battle, In the bivouac of Life,

Be not like dumb, driven cattle! Be a hero in the strife!

Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime,

And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time;

Footprints, that perhaps another, Sailing o’er life’s sole mo main, A forlorn and shipwrecked brother, Seeing, shall take heart again.

Let us, then, be up and doing. With a heart for any fate;

Still achieving, still pursuing, Learn t6 labor and to wait.

—Henry Wadsworth Longfellow,

Page 22—-FARM AND, RANCH REVIEW, December. ! 948

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MR. FARMER: THE NEW IMPROVED NELSON FARM RECORD

THE NEW IMPROVED

NELSON FARM RECORD

Is now simpler than ever. Do not start an- other year without this book. When you have used it one year you will wonder how you ever got along without it. It is Can- ada’s Simplest, Complete and Workable Farm Bookkeeping System. Every Farmer can understand _ it. Ask your neighbor, he has it. It will give you daily and monthly Totals of your Receipts and Expenses, and at the end of the year it will automatically give you Totals for, Taxable’ Receipts, Deductible Expenses, Non-deductible Expenses, Grand Total of all ExpenSes, Net Taxable. Income, Profit or Loss, Net Worth and all other Informa- tion you need to close your books. Spend 5 minutes each day to know your business. Send for your copy now. The price is so low that you can not afford to be without

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8146

1 Card game 7 Sacred language 11 To pare 15 Joined 21 Fixed allotment 22 Spirit 23 To tear down (var.) 24 Period of minority 25 Units 26 Preposition 28 Ingenuous 30 By the hundred (abbr.) 31 Sea swell 32 Poetic: above 33 Winnows 35 Believer in God 36_Cooking pot 38 Pagoda finial 39 Prefix: from 40 Cuts 42 To steep 43 Shallows 45 Former president (initials) 46 Trite 47 Footstool “50 Sacred poem 52 Hulled grain 54 Small pie 55 Unsophis- ticated 57 Forewords 60 Cuts of meat

sal

HORIZONTAL

61 Slender cord

63 Daub

65 Old part of Persia 66 Competent 67 To urge 68 To spread 70 Dregs 72 Asiatic country 73 To contend 74 Bird’s crop 75 Spanish title 77 Diseases (obs.) 79 Latin: I love 80 Withstood 82 Exclama- tion ' 83 Dread of a name 86 Female ruff 87 Contamina- tion 89 Babylonian deity 90 Enrollment 94 Musical syllable 95 Shell-fish 99 High note 100 To scorch 101 Son of Vulcan 103 Pitcher 104 Large cask 105 To play the beggar 107 A remnant 109 Chess pieces 110 Wharf 111 Soil. 112 Phrase

114 Girl’s name

116 Subscribers

118 Tedious discourse

119 More strained

121 Loyal

123 Part

124 Rubber

125 Surgical thread

127 Abominate

129 Felony

130 Printer’s measure

132 Poets

134 To sink

135 Raves

137 Hebrew

month

139 French lily

141 Crate

142 Danger

144 Epochs

145 Wire measure

146 Medicinal plant

148 Canadian province (abbr.)

149 Wine dealer

151 French conjunc- tion

152 Portion of medicine

153 Insectivore

155 Wine refuse

156 Desirous

158 Lizard

160 Motor

161 Anglo- Saxon serf

162 Italian resort

163 Middle

1 Flock

2 Hindu princess

3 Roman road

4 Under- world god

5 To run

6 Involves

~ 7 Hebrew

letter 8 Wing 9 Animal fat

10 Among states

11 West Virginia county

12 Orient

13 Worm

14 French article

15 To release

16 Negative

17 Nooks

18 Tense

19 Heron

20 To put. off

27 Formerly

29 Prevari- cates

30 Sound of fall

33 Apart- ments

34 Point of compass

36 Exclama- tion

87 Fright

40 Scottish: stone

41 Wing-cover

43 Dexterity

44 Plumlike fruits

Solution Next Month.

VERTICAL

46 Stained

48 Land measure

49 Vehicle

51 Pertaining to middle

52 Halberd 53 Early bird 54 To melt

56 Enemy

58 Florida city

59 Pacific archipelago

61 Amphibian

62 Arraigned

64 Throb

67 Welcomed

69 Contrac- tion: do not

71 To drool

74 Salad herb

75 Pertaining to an old code of laws

76 Stirs up

78 To blur

81 Swiss canton

82 Warm

84 Extinct bird

85 Completely

87 Ancestor

88 Kind of soil

90 To send back

91 To avoid

92 Street arabs

93 Scarce

95 Frightens

96 Being at rest

97 To care for

98 To enroll 102 Without beginning 103 Ireland

106 Difficult problem

108 Encircles

110 Rods

111 Measure (pl. )

113 Alien in Attica

115 Owing

117 Numbers (abbr.)

118 Spruces

120 Story

122 Perfume _

124 Irregular

126 Headland

128 Share

129 Center

130 To cheer up

131 Italian city

133 Note of scale

136 Symbol for tellurium

137 French river

138 To dim

140 Ballad

142 Fishing reel

143 High priest

145 Protective ditch

147 Silkworm

149 Duct

150 Free

152 Swarthy

154 Type measure

155 Pronoun

157 To perform

159 Barth ; goddess

MAN who had been blind from

babyhood until his late 20’s tried to tell what it was like to see: “At first the myriad of detail demanded so much attention I had to try to look at things. There was, and still is, no ugliness -in things that can be seen. Even a wad of paper, wet and soggy in a dirty gutter, contains design and color that are not unpleasant to_look upon. All things are beautiful... and I have found life is beautiful, too... Thanks to my good vision, we face a future of independent security here on our Pennsylvania dairy farm.”

The man was able to see again. be- cause he got new corneas for his eyes through the Eye Bank for Sight Re- storation. _ Last week the eye bank’s third annual report told about his case. Other recent cases: a railroad worker, blinded by sparks, now has normal (20/20) vision. A nun from Ontario cried with joy when she saw her doctor’s hands as he completed an operation to graft new corneas on her eyes. A Long Island mother, able to see only light and shadow since child- hood, can now see her husband and two children.

The driving force behind the eye bank is a smartly dressed, stylish wo- man named Aida de Acosta Breckin- ridge. One day last week the tele- phone rang in her small, office on the first floor of the Manhattan Eye Ear and Throat Hospital. Mrs. Breckin- ridge answered briskly: “Oh, yes. A little baby’s eyes are wonderful. We'll call for them tomorrow.” Another Manhattan hospital had called to say

Food Cravings And Superstition

There is a common superstition that a person should eat whatever he has a craving for since it shows the system needs it. Craving for acids supposed- ly means the body needs acids; crav- ing for sweets means the body needs sugar. Dire results are said to fol- low if the craving is not satisfied, especially in a pregnant woman. Nu- trition experts point out that these be- liefs are fallacies and that cravings are no guide to body needs. They can more safely be ignored than in- dulged.

Water At Work

It was formerly thought that water taken at meals hindered digestion and that it was therefore a mistake to drink water at mealtime. It is now known that, although water dilutes digestive .juices, these fluids operate more ‘efficiently when diluted.

Water taken at mealtime is not harmful unless it is used merely to swill down unchewed food. Experts warn, however, that when the stom- ach is suddenly cooled, digestion is interrupted. So water with meals should only be cool enough to make it palatable.

Too Much Water.

Cool, clear water is fine for drink- ing. But nutritionists say that for cooking vegetables it is not so desir- able. Water for cooking should be boiling and salted when the vegeta- bles are placed in it.

YOUR HEALTH |

Sight For The Sightless

that some parents had offered the cor- neas of their dead child so that an- other person might see. The Red Cross would handle the delivery to the eye bank. A telegram lay on Mrs. Breck- inridge’s desk saying that the next of kin were offering the eyes of a man dying in a Cincinnati hospital. Mrs. Breckinridge “arranged for an airline to fly them east, carefully refrigerated in salt solution (results are best when eyes are removed an hour after death and used within three days).

Mrs. Breckinridge reads with diffi- culty and wears dark glasses to guard her own eyes from glare. Twenty-six years ago she was stricken with glau- coma, an eye disease that often causes blindness. While waiting for her eyes to heal after an operation she began to wonder what she could do for her sur- geon, the late Dr. William Holland Wilmer. She raised nearly $5,000,000 among his patients to establish the Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute at Johns Hopkins. Four years ago a group of Manhattan eye surgeons ask- ed her to help start the eye bank. She is now executive director.

Last year, with eyes from the eye bank, 333 corneal graft operations were performed, 90% of them success- ful. The operation can restore sight only when blindness is caused by dam- age to the cornea. Among conditions | the operation cannot cure is glaucoma.

—From Time Magazine.

RIBTOR

SURPLUS SALE BARGAINS

HALF-AND-HALF WRENCH SETS — A brand new set of 5 “Barcaloy” wrenches. Each wrench has a hexagon box end and an open end in sizes ranging from 7/16” to 34”. Of nickel chrome, molybdenum steel. $9.00 value. Surplus sale price SOCKET SETS — %4” Hexagon drive, con- sists of 19 pieces iietuding ratchet handle: Surplus sale price . $3.98 AUTO FUSES — 20 amps. Sizes to suit all cars. Regular 30c value. Package of 5 ...15¢ 6-VOLT BATTERIES FOR CARS. OR LIGHT TRUCKS — Nationally advertised brand. 15-plate, 9” 7", Regular $19.95, while they last ...$10.95 FORESTER’S SAW — 3 feet long, folding into a leather case, complete with saw set and file. $25.00 value. Surplus sale price $7.95 LEVER-JAW_ PLIERS — ‘“Samson’’ 5-in-1 pliers. 5. ZSale” Price WT $2.98 LEATHER “CRASH HELMETS” — Army Surplus. Ideal for motorcycle drivers, also excellent for football playing. Perfect gift item for boys. Sale price -...eccciccscsccccseeencveee $2.98 20-PIECE FISHING KITS — Surplus Sale Price BREAST DRILLS — Capacity 0 - 4%” pa shank drills. Regular $8.50 value. Sale Prive. “a HAND DRILLS—‘Miller’s 34", complete with 7 round value. Sale price

hank drills. $9.50 86: 95

ance.

607 SECOND STREET EAST,

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page 23

RIBTOR

The Surplus Sale Mail Order House

SISA RSA RS NT NTE BL RH BR GA RT

This December Shopping List Features Many Bargains in Practical Christmas Gifts.

WHITE ENAMELWARE — 10” white enamel plates, 6 for ........$1.00 5” white enamel bowls, 6 for $1.00 Roasters, 7” x 11”, white enamel with pa Each seas FLASHLIGHT BATTERIES — Tes a nationally advertised brand. Regular 15¢ each, Special, each 8c oll, FILTERS — “Fram” and ‘“Purola-

tor’, complete with cartridges Auto size, $3.95; Truck size - $5.50 HOT WATER BOTTLES — Made by Do-

minion Rubber. 1 quart capacity. Reg. DTIC! 2ST ee ees scne 79¢ LANTERNS — Kerosene lanterns. Used,

but in good condition. Globes only TRUCK TIRE CHAINS—8.25 x 20.. Heavy duty, singles, Pair $13.50 TIRE CHAIN PLIERS—Made by Ameri- can Chain Co. Small and medium size.$2.50 TOW ROPES — 34” Manilla rope, 157 long with grab hook and loop $2.50

Clear globes, 49¢ 10c

WELDING OUTFITS By “Rego”, consisting of 2 lengths of sets of gauges, 1 welding 50

hose, 2 5 tips and 1 pair welding $79.50 goggles. Surplus Sale Price ‘

VISES — Rock Island, 314” swivel base. Ruggedly built anvil- back garage vise that opens 5”. Complete with removable pipe jaws at no extra cost, making them the

most, universal general honie work-shop vise ‘possible to obtain. Slightly used, but a wonderful Duy at --cocecconseecnrseee= "$6.75

OPEN-END WRENCHES — Used. “Set of 10 different sizes. Set 98c COLD WEATHER SUITS — Navy. blue gabardine with hood, Satin lined, zipper-

ed legs. Ideal for hunting or working out- doors in cold yveather. Surplus Sale PRIOR, Bos scesedainichlastacantesiclenson soon $19.50 HACKSAW FRAMES — For 8” - 12” blades. Depth 34”. Complete with one blade. Sale Price Fat acekecteel Skecsio sees $1.98

HACK SAW BLADES—Brand new, made of high-grade Tungsten steel. 12” long, 18 tooth. Regular price $1.50 per doz. —90c JERRY CANS — Ideal for car owners, garages, farmers, etc. 4-gallon capacity. Complete with flexible steel spout. Reg. $12 for only

HEAVY DUTY, 15’ TOW CABLE

Consisting of: One 9-foot, 34” steel

towing cable and two 3- foot’ lengths of

34” chain complete with hooks and “D” clamps for farm, mine, and construc-

tion work. $25.00 value for $4.95

only $1.00.

STEEL TAPES — 6 ft. OUR PRICE

STEEL TOW CABLE — 107 long. Tested to 5,600 lbs. Complete with hooks $1.98

VACUUM AND FUEL PUMP TESTERS —Mfd. by ‘Stromberg’. Has a_ wide variety of uses. Including testing vacuum, sticky valves, weak valve springs, fuel pump compression test, loose valve stem guides, choked muffler, valve timing, etc. In black metal case with necessary rub- ber tubing and fittings. Reg. list price Ei E Clo, tee arene cae ASR es 13 SCE enamel $5.85

long. Reg.

12 oz. TARPAULINS

new waterproofed canvas

10 x 12 .... 127 x 14

with

$22.49 $31.98

Brand

@ We reserve the right t to limit quantities on any order. @ Thousands of other items to choose from. hardware, automotive equipment, fools, etc.

WHEN ORDERING, PLEASE NOTE!

Send cash in full with order, or send an estimated 25% and we will ship C.O.D. for bal- If you are at a point where there is no agent (flagstop), plégse be sure to allow suffi- cient nfoney for freight or express. Any unused balance will be refunded.

Address your Order to Dept. "FR".

RIBTOR SURPLUS SALES

ARMY BLANKETS

Brand new. Weight, $3 95

Sale Price... 69

Grey. 3 Ibs.

BALL PEIN HAMMERS — 4 oz. ....... 8 oz., $1; 1 pound, $1.29; 2 pounds ....... $1.75

HUNTING KNIVES—5”

high-grade steel

S. army. Complete with

eeps everything fresh.

New pliofilm, a x 1

blade. Made for U leather sheath .. FOOD BAGS — soppieely waterproof. 18”, Per dozen ...

TIN PITCHERS — 2 staat size. Each 49¢

DOOR MATS — Rubber door mats. Keep the mud out of your home or office. Heavy duty, size—24” x 36”, Link sections, oH wire hinged. Slightly used but in good

COMGIGOT secs eticcceenetinas io $1.75 DOUBLE-DECKER BUNK BEDS — @olidly made with strong angle iron.

Easily folded to take up less space when not in use. 57” high, 30” wide —.... $7.95 MATIRRAEES to fit bunk beds

new. Each - .

BENCHES — Folding — Solid wood, 6 long, 10” wide, 18” high, with wooden fold- ing legs. Selling everywhere at $2.95, Surplus Sale Price 95e

ELECTRIC DRILLS A Sturdy, well-built tool that should be in every workshop. Operates on, 110- or D.C. Complete with “Cul- trigger switch, 4” capa-

volt, A.C, ter- Hammer” city in steel or hardwood.

Surplus Sale Price. .....%... .

PROPELLORS — Real airplane propellors.

Makes wonderful’ souvenirs for home_ or office. High-grade hardwood. 7/ long $3.50 PULLEYS — Double Block Pulley. Made of galvanized cast iron, shell fitting eye and shackle. 2”. in diameter. Sheave for use with 14” rope or wire cable ...$1.00

HYDAULIC BRAKE FLUID—Well-known brand. Per quart

LIQUID WAX — “Tumbler”, an auto wax for all car finishes. Per tin of 16 fluid “oimces -<.2 pe Re eR ET 3 59c

PORTABLE GARAGE LIGHTS —. Well made. 110 volt. With 25 ft. rubber cord, $3.95 With 35 ft. rubber cord .... $4.49 With 50 ft. rubber cord .... $4.95 EMERGENCY CAR OR TRUCK EXTEN- SION LIGHTS — 6-volt with 25 ft. rubber cord oe aad $3.95 HYDRAULIC TIRE “SPREADERS _ “Bishman” fnake. Brand new... Reg. list price, $31.60. SURPLUS SALE Brice” $13.75 TIRE TOOLS — Cadmium plated, Ea. 39¢ BODY AND FENDER PLIERS ..........$1.25 BODY AND FENDER SPOONS .......$1.75 WELDING HOSE — 5/16”. Per foot, 25¢ DRIP TRAYS — Made of galvanized iron. 224 x 27", S003 24". %.36" ... ..5¢

CAR AND TRUCK JACKS HYDRAULIC — Brand new. All steel, precision engineered for vertical or hor- izontal use. Made by American Tube Co,

5-ton — Regular $25 $13.50

OUR PRICE 144-ton — Regular $1 OUR PRICE HYDRAULIC BUMPER JACKS

“Liftmaster” pure everywhere at ek Our price TEER GERD

Valued

6.50

type.

Write for lists of surplus airplane wheels, trailers, fire-fighting equipment,

CALGARY, ALBERTA

Page 24—-FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948

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How To Interest Youth

In Careers On The Farm

HY are so many farmers finding

it difficult to keep their sons on the farm? Perhaps this condition is not quite so severe on targe, well- mechanized farms, but it is on small farms with little or those without me- chanization.

One reason for this is the large farmer is able to buy or rent land for his sons and provide them with first- class working equipment. And equip- ping the farm witb electricity to pro- vide city conveniences makes farm operations easier and more profitable.

But if few of these fortunate lads fail to become interested in the farm, the situation on small farms is entire- ly different. The small farm is not in possession of first-class equipment. The small farm income is uncertain at times. The young lads feel -that city life is more desirable. They imagine that the pay is more sure and on the line each and every week. AS a re- sult the small farmer must take on all the farm tasks by himself while his sons drift to the city. ;

Therefore the writer intends to out- line a rather simple solution, with the hope in mind that many of the smaller farmers reading this article will give it a trial.

The following. suggestions should work wonders on the smaller farms in keeping young men on these farms, enjoying themselves at making a rather profitable living out of a busi- ness of their own. Mr. Farmer, has it ever occurred to you that although you enjoy farm life under the condi- tions of which your farm is operated, that your son wouldn’t give a hoot to such a way of making a living? Therefore, if you want your son to re- main:on the farm where he can be of some. help to you, you should try to encourage him to try to develop a profitable business of his own.

The time to prepare for this is when your son is still attending public school. Those sons that have grown up and desire the excitements the world has to offer, need money to spend and they will definitely go some place where they think they can get it. But the ambition of younger sons can be directed toward the farm as a livelihood. | :

The best way. to start is with books, books on other occupations that can be carried out.on the farm such as books

on trapping;.fur farming of every de- |

domestic rabbits, These

scription, angoras, bees, poultry, cattle, hogs, etc.

~ books should be of the very best—ob-

tainable, as it is the high-priced books that deal with a subject in full detail in every respect.

Fur farm supply stores in every part of Canada can supply fur-farming literature as well as monthly fur- farming magazines. Farmers should have a number of subscriptions to keep up with latest developments. Books alone may run out of style con- sidering the continued advancement of all occupations. Literature on poul- try, bees, sheep, cattle, hogs, garden- ing and many others can be obtained free of charge from the provincial de- partment of agriculture.

The main idea is to keep a good stock of these books of the latest de- scription at all times. As your son grows older he will become interested in one of these occupations and the first thing Mr. Farmer will hear from his son is:

“Hey, dads you know what—

I think I’m going to start .. .”____ right then and there you will be real- izing’ your fondest hopes...From the great variety of books your son will

By C. E. WALDNER, Vanguard, Sask.

have the opportunity to choose which business he thinks he will like and can make a success of. For that reason it would be advisable not to interfere too much with his ways of planning as he may. become discouraged. Al- ways remember what may appeal to a father may not interest a son. Let him make his own mistakes.

Here} for example, is what can hap- pen! I left home as soon as I left public school to work until the age of 20, when I returned to the farm to raise mink. I have made a success of building up my ranch from 3 to 160 mink since 1945. And mink, by the way, are far from being known to “multiply like rabbits.” I am very contented with my business, and find mink a very interesting business. I have also helped a great deal towards building up the farm, had it not been for the mink, this farm is the last place I would be today. But had there been a library ocntaining a good, up-to-date mink book when I left pub- lic school I would already have made a fortune out of the mink. Thus with- out that library five years were lost, and I sorely regret it more than I can put into words.

Then there is the case of some friends, who blindly, without full knowledge, invested in certain lines (none of which mentioned above) while attending high school. Later they became interested in Angoras, but by that time were seeking employ- ment to make a go of it, they are now working on low-wage basis. Had a

Don't Miss ! ! The Full Page of Chena Verse

Page 21

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948—Page 25

library been available when they first began to make investments, they would no doubt own a large, profit- able Angora business by now.

A third example is of a lad leaving the farm for the west coast, finally

‘ended up raising Angoras which he

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Page 26—-FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, B.C. ROUNDUP

Booming Berry Market Produces

December, 1948

New B.C. Co-operative Union

Despite loss of Britinsh market,

apples are moving out. Water

levels of Okanagan Lake is cause of concern and muskrat which damage dykes now open game for farmers.

By A. J. DALRYMPLE

NE of the fastest growing co-opera- tives in the West is the Pacific Co-operative Union, a berry organiza- tion. There were 240 members before the war, and latest figures show about 2,300 members. They operate five re- ceiving, processing and distributing plants in the Fraser Valley, with main offices in Mission City.

Chief reasons for the rapid. growth include: heavy demand for fruit at home and abroad during the war, and the great influx of urban and subur- ban population into B.C. in recent years. Many prairie farmers have sold out big farms-on the plains with the idea of making money on small acreages on the coast.

The co-operative ships fresh fruit, frozen product, fruit in solution known as SO2, in casks; and also manufac- tures jam. They have a number of marketing problems; one is to produce berries that will stand the long haul to the prairies and arrive in fine, firm condition.

They are also establishing markets for processed berries abroad. This year they ‘have sold to U.S.A. and South Africa, and they are trying to sell to Australia.

When 26 officials of the federal and provincial departments of agriculture, B.C. department of health and welfare and other organizations met in Kelow- na they passed a resolution calling for the addition of iodine to all salt des- tined for human and animal consump- tion in Canada.

The action was taken after Miss R. M. Y. Love, consultant on nutrition, stated: “Vitamin and mineral defi- eiencies occur in people’s diets far more extensively than commonly be- lieved. Surveys reveal deficiencies in Calcium, iron, and vitamins B, C and A.’ She stressed the necessity of iodine in salt.

Other resolutions asked for: forti- fication with vitamin C tomato juice on basis of its ascorbic acid content as well as on its color and solids con- tent; an investigation into the fluorine eontent of Okanagan drinking water and Okanagan fruit.

The Apple Market

Despite the loss of the British mar- ket through the dollar shortage, Okan- agan apples are moving. Shipments have gone to 26 states of the American union; about 50,000 boxes were des- tined for South Africa. Small ship- ments went to Brazil.

Sales on the prairies are said to be fair; those in Eastern Canada are spasmodic since they are affected by the marketing of local crops.

Okanagan apple crop this year is es- timated as down 20 to 25 ‘per cent. Total marketings are expected to be about 5,625,000 boxes.

Farmers and city dwellers of the Okanagan are worrying over water levels. This is true of their neighbors in Washington state. The water re- sourcés branch of the U.S.A. geolo-

gical survey warns of floods next spring. It is estimated this year’s flood

caused more than $100,000,000 damage in the Pacific Northwest of the U.S.A., with between 40 and 45 deaths. Extraordinary conditions in the Ykanagan have prevented the lowering ‘f the lake to a satisfactory level, and

‘

residents are still feeling the effects of the high waters.

Lands Minister E. T. Kenney says: “Everything possible is being done to lower the level of Okanagan Lake, but this cannot be accomplished too rapidly because of the capacity of the outlet.

“Any faster reduction would result in destruction of lands below Pentic- ton and endanger the main water sup- ply of the south Okanagan. Work on Creston dykes, where greatest losses in the interior were suffered, is pro- gressing favorably.”

Total of 840 cases of flood sufferers have been investigated; work has been completed on 384 cases.

Muskrat Menace

Muskrats burrowing in the dykes weakened the structures prior to the floods. An amendment has been made to B.C. game regulations which per- mits farmers to kill these animals by any means, and so rid the dykes of them. Previously trapping was the only means by which they might be taken.

One problem of farmers in the Fraser Valley has been obtaining agri- cultural lime. This resulted. in the formation of a company known as Clinton Lime Holdings Ltd., two miles from the village of Clinton.

It is said that the lime deposit is 98.9 per cent pure and there are an estimated 2,500,000 tons to work on. It lies on both sides of the Pacific Great Eastern Railread. In fact the rails in one place are laid on 80 feet of it.

A screening plant has been con- structed. Officials say that the opera- tion will be simple and economical: Bulldozers simply push the limestone down the side of a hill to the plant.

From there it is moved into a pul- veriser. It goes over a screen and then may be separated into any one “of four aluminum-lined bins.

It is said that this limestone, being so pure, may be used as the base for 60 other products besides agricultural lime. These include chick grit, rock- wool and other building materials.

Canada's Good Eggs

Addressing poultrymen in New Westminster, G. R. Wilson, senior Do- minion poultry inspector for B.C., re- cently returned from World’s Poultry Congress, said: “Tests in Liverpool showed Canadian storage eggs equal in quality to fresh eggs from Northern Treland.

“It is now up to you to see that you sell to Britain. As far as quality is concerned you have nobody to beat.”

Inspection and blood-testing of poul- try flocks in B.C. has been under way for some weeks, but the total is about 50 per cent less than last year at this time.

It would appear that there may be a shortage of hatching eggs for 1949 sea- son unless more applications for test- ing are received by officials. _University of B.C. and government

agencies are working night and day to’

raise standards and productivity in this branch of the industry. A number of lecturers on scientific poultry-rais- ing are appearing at village meetings this fall,

Agricultural production of B.C. for 1948 will run into $130,000,000, accord- ing to estimates made by provincial department of agriculture. This is a

slight reduction from 1947. Floods

contributed to the losses.

Value of the apple crop has been put at $12,964,000, as compared with slightly more than $14,000,000 last year. Value of all fruit crops was placed at $24,500,000. In 1947 the fruit crop was valued at $25,703,000.

The fourth annual B.C. Live Animal Fur Exposition held in Exhibition

Garden, Vancouver, Noy, 14-15-16 at- tracted a number of exhibitors from the prairies and from the Pacific northwest states.

There were 538 animals in the show, a slight increase in numbers over last year. With the exception of a few marten and fisher from Hudson’s Bay Company farm, all the exhibits were mink.

Fine Showing By The West

At Royal Winte

ORONTO: — They may not have swept everything before them, but western exhibitors at the Royal Win- ter Fair carried away a lot of prizes. Here are only some of the prize win- ners who emerged at the top from very tough competition: E

Saskatchewan and Alberta men gained world grain championships. John Allsop of Red Deer, became the Wheat King; Louis Robbins of Laura, Sask., took the barley cvrown; Sam Horton of White Fox, Sask., the al- falfa crown, and R. Wennerstrom of Camrose, Alta., the rye title. A note- worthy feature of these victories was that all the winners are practical farmers.

Two Neudorf, Sask., men, a father and son team, took the top flax awards. Louis Wendell, Jr., won the champion- ship, while his father gained the re- serve award.

The championship

in. white oats

went to an Alberta farmer, John Boul,

ton of Abee, while the reserve cham- pionship was won by Victor Watson, a registered seed grower from Airdrie.

Watson’s entry had previously won first in its class with a sample of Victory oats.

Larain oats won the world’s title for Mr. Boulton, while the barley championship went to L. Robbins of Laura, Sask., with an exhibit of Han- chen. 7

The Alberta winners in the various seed and grain events follow:

Oats, white — 1, John Boulton, Abee, Alta. (Laurin); 2, Emmett G. Mohler, Camrose (Victory).

Alsike — 1, Thomas Torlett, Clair- mont. ;

Sweet Clover — 1, L. A. Anderson,

r Fair

Miscellaneous Grasses — 1, V. Wat- son, Airdrie (Creeping Red Fescue); 2, L. A. Chatengy, Red Deer (C.R.F.).

Oats, white early 1, Norbert Frederick, Busby (Larain); 2, T. E. Brown, Cassils (Larain); 3, P. Yawo- shin, Eckville (Larain).

In the livestock field an Alberta Percheron mare owned by Hardy Sal- ter of Calgary made history. Never beaten in the showring, Starlight Kon- carness won her 20th grand cham- pionship.

E. F, Nead of Olds won the Hereford grand championship, and D. R. Bu- chanan of Clive was first in the class for Aberdeen-Angus.

H. Ready of Desford, Man., took the Shorthorn steer title.

Grand:<championship in the summer bull, yearling division, Herefords, went to Warren Smith of Olds, Alta.

First and second in the junior bull “ealf class were won by A. W. Craw- ford-Frost of Nanton.

In the Shorthorn division, the La- combe experimental farm won the senior championship.

T. G. Hamilton, of Innisfail, Alta., placed first in the aged cow and first and second in the junior bull calves class.

Miss Gloria Klaver of Calgary won the reserve championship with ‘her Palomino mare, Golden’ Princess. Palomino entries at the show broke all previous records.

Alberta won the championship and reserve in butter, but Manitoba emerg- ed with the most prizes — 49. Mani- toba won 48 per cent of all the butter prizes awarded.

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Page 28—FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, December, 1948

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Farm Mechanics Courses In Sask. and Manitoba

ANITOBA’S first extensica course

opened at Brandon on November 29, and a second will begin after the New Year. Saskatchewan has an- nounced the details of courses which begin on January 11 and run through until February 19.

The Saskatchewan diesel engine and gasoline engine course begins on Janu- ary llth and concludes February’ 5. The blacksmithing and welding course starts February 7. The fee for the first is $15 and for the second $10.

The first Manitoba course divided into farm motors week and farm me- chanics week. They covered subjects ranging from engine construction and valve grinding to farm electrification and sewage disposal.

Manitoba charges a flat fee of $20 which includes tuition and board and room, : i

Inquiries about the courses should be adressed to the Extension Depart- ment, University of Agriculture, Win- nipeg. ‘

| Sask. Allots

Land to Vets

EGINA — Some 21 sections of

crown land in the Carrot River district have been allocated to veter- ans for settlement on an individual basis, it was announced by Hon. J. H. Sturdy, minister in charge of rehabili- tation.

“Returned men settling in the area.as individual farmers will receive exactly the same assistance granted those settling on co-operative farms,” the minister emphasized. “This in- cludes allocation of 320 acres per veteran,” he said. “As in the case of the co-operative farms in the area the land will be held on a 33-year renew- able lease, with the option to purchase at the end of 10 years.”

New C.N.R. Trophy For Winter - Fair

EPORONTO — The opening of the Royal Agricultural Winter Fair was marked by the presentation by R. C. Vaughan, chairman and president, Canadian National Railways, of the new C.N.R. challenge trophy for the world’s championship in wheat. The trophy, which is for-annual competi- tion, was received by J. A. Northey, president of the fair on behalf of the directors. :

In making the presentation, Mr. Vaughan stressed the value of wheat and agricultural products to our na- tional economy and pointed out that wheat has assumed a new vital role in the world’s war recovery program. He _ said that the National System felt pri- vileged to participate in any effort to improve and stimulate wheat produc- tion throughout the Dominion.

x eneneenermerns Pome = eel ane emare

Manitoba Pool Earnings

ANITOBA Pool Hlevators showed

a net surplus of $1,171,906 for the business year ending July 31, 1948, after deducting depreciation and in- terest on capital, but before provision for income tax. Regarding the capital debt of $2,100,000 to the province of Manitoba, this has now been reduced to $29,434.

The annual meeting of Manitoba Pool Blevators was held last- week in Winnipeg. It was revealed that total active membership in the Pool associa- tions was 32,126. Grain handlings in the 1947-48 crop year totalled 30,092 721 bushels. :

Your October issue came in a few days ago, and the front page pictures of “Farming Through the Ages” has amused and interested me very much, as they recall my boyhood and youth- ful days when I had a part in all these threshing processes, except the horse tread mill, although I remember hav- ing seen one in operation.

My clearest recollection of the tread mill was in looking for the old dog to operate the “dog churn”. He was al- ways missing the day the churning was to be done.

The “flail” and the tramping out of the grain on the barn floor were quite familiar scenes in the old historic County of Simcoe, Ont.

The “horse power’ and separator marked an important advance. About my last experience with that was at Tom Walker’s barn threshing when all hands except Mr. Richard Bolton, the Methodist church “class leader” and I were the only ones at the “bee” who remained sober following Lachie Mce- Donald’s supply of whiskey, which led to the horses on tHe horse power be- ing driven to trot, and the resulting break down of the separator.

Mr. Bolton, by the way, was the grandfather of Mrs. Wm. L. O’Donnell of Elbow Park.

Your many interesting articles in the. “Review” are quite instructive, and I trust your circulation is keeping up, and that you may continue to carry cn the good work begun by the founder of the “Review.” J.-CiB.

Calgary, Alta.

Controlling

Rat Nuisance To the. Kditor:—

I understand rats are getting to be numerous on western farms, and the farmers have not learned how to deal with them. I think the same plan I used successfully for destroying mice when they got so numerous when I was usirg oat bundles for horse feed will do the trick and the cost is very small.

I used poisoned wheat and prepared it by dissolving the strychnine in hot water, adding salt to help them to eat it and used tomato cans to hold the wheat with one side of the top cut out and turned down so the can could be filled half full and laid on its side so the mice could hide in it while they ate what they wanted. I placed these cans in the bottom of mangers. under the feed boxes where the horses or cows could not roll them about to spill the wheat and endanger them and where chickens could not get at them and I had no further trouble with mice.

Larger cans would be, needed for rats to get inside but I am sure it would eliminate the rats as fast as they arrived on the farms and. with very little expense to the farmer.

“ W. D. Trego.

Calgary, Alta.

A Plea For Highway Courtesy

To the Editor:

Re the FarM AND RANCH REVIEW I can say frankly, I have read it so long that it’s become a household necessity.

Since I am a bachelor and this is Leap Year, I don’t just like to tell you how many years in case you should publish my letter. However, I’ll say I have read many papers, both~in U.S.A. and Canada, but must admit the Farm anp RANCH REviEW is the biggest — little — paper I have ever seen... and the most for the money.

To make sure I don’t miss a-copy in case of a slump, I have my subscrip- tion -paid for till 1957.

FARM AND RANCH REVIEW, Decemper, 1948—Page 29

*LETTERS T0 THE EDITORe

Now, to be fair and honest, I might not agree on everything, but it comes out frank on everything, and writes in such language that everyone can un- derstand. Now, for a subject to write on, I’d suggest some articles on motor transport regulation to try to stop some of the accidents and make it more comfortable for other people, es- pecially the people who still have to drive the horse.

The general populace don’t seem to know that a horse-drawn vehicle can flag a motor vehicle to stop if one needs to to avoid accidents,

Also they don’t seem to know that a horse can. get frightened and lunge out in front of the motor vehicle and maybe kill a horse and ram the pole through the radiator. My observation

last night.”

‘Our Forests ? |

is that if you give a motor vehicle the whole road (not all people) they seem to think that they have it coming to them, and have the right to ram the accelerator down to the floor and plas-

ter mud and gravel all over the horse- >=

drawn vehicle. There are still a lot of people who ean’t afford cars; children who can

go errands, and old stiffs like myself |

who are getting too old to drive cars, who need to drive horses, but it’s getting more hazardous and uncom-) fortable for the horse-driver the more |

high grades we get, as so many motor} vehicle drivers don’t have any “con- | sideration for the fact that horses | might lunge out in front of cars and | especially trucks and trailer with cattle and loose chains flopping. Emil Lorentson. Bindloss, Alta.

Waste of

To the Editor:—

I hope you will excuse my writing | to you and taking up your time, but although only a “townee”, I enjoy} reading your paper very much and | pass it along when finished! My rea- son for writing to you at present was | to ask if you, through your paper, | could not put in a word or two against | wholesale holocaust of young fir trees | every Christmas time; this ruthless | slaughter of millions of young trees from seven years or so up to 15 or more, cannot go on for ever! There are literally thousands that are never

sold, and all this wicked waste for

EoRe ai cae AWW — EI

ANN

Ny \

PO\\\\\

LM, Bae }

‘The shining symbol — the first Christmas star — envisioned for the Three Wise Men who beheld it as the promise of an era of everlasting peace on earth

and goodwill to men.

That dream, with all the blessings which it foretold, has not yet been fully realized; yet throughout more than nineteen centuries of the Christian era it has remained

the hope of millions of the earth's people.

Today, as never before, it is the condition of survival

for our civilization and our homes.

That the message of the first Christmas star — Peace on Earth and Goodwill to Men—may govern the acts of statesmen and nations and all. human thinking may

well remain our hope and prayer for the coming year. °

a |

> ae LAD,

YOUR LOCAL U.G.G. ELEVATOR AGENT

one brief day! Surely it is not above the intellect of a people who can in- vent an atom bomb! to invent some sort of an artificial tree that can be used over and over again! : Are we going to have another ex- ample of a ruined country side, be- cause of the greed of comparatively a

_few people? pss

I am enclosing two cuttings which may interest you as you have had ar- ticles on similar topics. :

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Vancouver, B.C,

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