वि = हि * ~~ 7 क ^ s | क a ' ` +, 4 . ५ 7 | क 7 1 [1 » ’ ’ शै ह, त ^ च = J ध 7 न्‌ । . 4 ह ५ ५ . ¥» , 7 व ह चै i > 4 # # * ee च ॥ + ¥ . e - ४ क क - r ~ ५ 7 J 7 : ~ 7 नि > : वि > ॥ ५ » छ । ‘ = 1 1 4 , 4 ् . त + A # ध 7 7 * , ॥ 7 ज # = a 4. f na ~ ह ( * ॥ @ § =~ » . 2 = f 7 uF 4 +, ५ . ae nf) के : A 1 ( ‘ % . “ on ३ १ oy 7 न » ~ e = * Oy a * कि + )' ~ ‰ सू 8 - ss ~ १ = ¢ 7 ~ >.> ४ wv # R's J । : + ~ # ७ 7 ~ #, . + Se AS - | त चि = _ “ ° च ‘et ॐ fas ~ + < र 4 ° ध 7 ॥ >& ~ र . ए वि च + ky 4 7 rr Fe ५ i % > , = ति - 2 . Sy 1 ५ = . 7 - ‘. च ‘ we + ४ oh - > : 7 भ 7 > ति # = ~ e ५ , ॐ j नि >? o # - 4 a 7 . ’ wn ति [ ध > BIBLIOTHECA INDICA; COLLECTION OF ORIENTAL WORKS PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATRONAGE OF THE Hon. Court of Wirectors of the Last Envia Company, 4ND THE SUPERINTENDENCE OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Epitep sy Dr. E. Roer. Vou. X. श्रोविग्रनाथकविराजविरवितं साहित्यदपणं नाम अनङ्कारशाखरं 1 THE SAHITYA-DARPANA MIRROR OF COMPOSITION, TREATISE ON LITERARY CRITICISM ; BY VISWANATHA KAVIRAJA. THE TEXT REVISED FROM THE EDITION OF THE COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, By Dr. E. ROER. TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH, BY AU JAMES ए. BALLANTYNE, LL. D. | CALCUTTA : PRINTED BY J. THOMAS, BAPTIST MISSION PRESS. 1851. ५.५, 19 ग न स ^ BIBLIOTH REGLA | NACE "571९ CORRECTIONS. Or THE TEXT: ¥ पं ॥ | w é १९ नं श जं टः € te Wt मं € । 4 Re न ९९ न te Qe ९ तज wa fantasy नं १९ मृरूषाठः याथ नाद्‌ पिमाऽभिथा ॥ १९९ ९४५ तात्‌कत्म्यं तात्‌कको १९ © BAT gage Re ९ भरति wy प्रति ““ wrsf Re १९९ मापिभविष्- नं ४४ मलपाठः चित्यारम्ब बन. = मानाऽप्यत्यन्ना ZUIts: 1 re ९९ नं ४४ wiafcafata | Or THE TRANSLATION : + 9, +, 14, instead of Agneya read Agneya. » 8, + 1, instead of SivA read Siva. » 19, + 34, tnstead of Kérya read Kavya. ADVERTISEMENT. Some account of the work here offered to his notice may be not unacceptable to the reader. Among the Sanskrit texts printed at Calcutta under the authority of the General Committee of Public Instruction, there are two works the titles of which are given in English as fol- lows :— “ Kdvya Prakds'a; 8 treatise on Poetry and Rhetoric by Mamata Acoargya. (1829).” ^ Sdhitya Darpana ; a treatise on Rhetorical Composition by Vis'waNATHA Kavirasa. (1828).” The Kavya Prakds'a—the “ Illustration of Poetry,’’—con- sists of a number of metrical rules (kdrikd) interspersed with comments and illustrative examples. The rules are founded on the Aphorisms of VAmana, who owed his knowledge of the subject to the divine sage Buarata. The Séhitya Darpana— the “ Mirror of Composition’’—also has memorial verses us its text; and the rules are frequently illustrated by the same examples as those employed in the earlier work. Both works are held in high esteem; but that of Vis’'wanatHa—the more recent and the more copious of the two—is generally admitted as the standard of taste among the learned Hindus. Of the etymology of the term Sdhitya two explanations are offered. According to the one, it is dcrived from hifa ‘ benefit’ and saha ‘with,’ because a knowledge of it is beneficial in all departments of literature. The other, with less appearance of iv Advertisement. reason, explains it as denoting the sum total of the various sections of which the system itself is made up. The term Rhetoric, as employed to denote the subject of a treatise of this description, is liable—according to our view of the division and denomination of the sciences—to an objection the converse of that to which we hold the term Logic liable when employed to denote the all-embracing sphere of the Nyaya philosophy. In the Sahitya we have but a part and the least important part of what, according to Anistotle,* belongs to Rhetoric. In order to attain its specific end of convincing or persuading—between which we agree with Mr. Smart in thinking that there is more of a distinction than a differencet —Rhetoric does not hesitate to avail itself of the graces of language which gratify the taste; but in the Sdhitya, “ taste” (rasa) is all in all. The difference between the political history of India and that of Greece or Rome so obviously suggests the reason why eloquence, in the two cases, proposed to itself ends thus different, that it would be idle to do more than allude to it in passing. The Sdhitya Darpana is divided into ten sections—of lengths varying. from eight or nine pages to eighty or ninety, The first section declares the nature of poetry. The second treats of the various powers of a word. The third treats of taste. The fourth treats of the divisions of poetry. The fifth discusses more fully one of the powers of a word adverted to in section second. The sixth takes particular cognizance of the division of poetry into ‘that which is to be seen,’ and ‘that * The main consideration being that of Argaments—ra 3 4AAa xpocOjKar—* but the rest mere out-work.”’ Rhet. B. 7 ९. 1. ¶ ^“ That common situation in life, Video meliora proboque, deteriora sequor, proves indeed that there are degrees of conviction which yield to persuasion, as there are other degrees which no persuasion can subdue: yet perhaps we shall hereafter be able to show that such junctures do but exhibit one set of motives outweighing another, and that the application of the term persuasion to the one set, and of conviction to the other, is in many cases arbitrary, rather than dictated by a correspondent difference in the things.’’ Sematalogy—p. 175. Advertisement. v which is to be heard.’ The seventh treats of blemishes. ‘The eighth treats of style. The ninth treats of the varieties of composition resulting from the blending of styles, and the predominance of one or other of them. The tenth and last treats of embellishment. To the subject of this tenth section the Kuvalaydnanda of Aryayya piksuita, with which the stu- dent usually commences, confines itself. According to established custom the Sdhitya Darpana opens with an invocation. The author then proceeds to say that as his work is ancillary to poetry, its fruits can be no other than those which poetry bestows. These are de- clared to consist in the attainment of the four great objects of human desire—viz. Merit, Wealth, Enjoyment, and Salva- tion—which, “by means of poetry alone, can be obtained pleasantly even by persons of slender capacity.” Salvation, it is to be remembered, or liberation from the liability to being born again, is the reward held out to its followers by each of the various systems of Hindi doctrine. Even the Grammarians claim for their own art (—more than was claimed for the kindred Grammarye of the Dark Ages—) the power of leading the soul to bliss;* and it is scarcely to be wondered at that the poets should contend that the goal might be gained, as surely as by any of the more rugged routes, and much more pleasantly, by the “primrose path” of Poesy. Poetry is to conduce to this by setting before its votary such examples for imitation as that of Rama, and for avoidance as that of R4vana, and so training him up to virtue. After showing how all the four great objects sought after by the wise have been at various times obtained through conversancy with poetry, our author gravely disposes of the objection that the possession of the Vedas renders the study of poetry with such * According to the Grammarians—‘‘ A single word, perfectly understood, and properly employed, is, alike in heaven and on earth, the Kdmadhuk'’—the marvel- lous cow from which you may ‘milk out whatever you desire’’—including, of course, final emancipation if you wish it. vi Advertisement. views superfluous, by asking where is the wisdom of seeking to remove by means of bitter drugs an ailment that can be cured with sugar-candy. Having established the importance of Poetry, he proceeds to determine what it is that poetry consists in; and this he de- cides 18 ‘ Flavour’ (rasa).* Between this and the VedAntic con- ception of the Deity, he does his best (in his third section) to make out a parallel, which the reader will be the more likely to understand, if he have some previous acquaintance with Vedantic speculations. It is worth noticing that the notion of reckoning metre among the circumstances that constitute poetry is not even hinted at by our critic. The fact that the learned of India are accustomed to put into verse almost all their driest treatises— on law, physic, divinity, &c.—affords a ready enough explana- tion why the accident of metre should not be mistaken by them for the essence of poetry. Their test of poetry, (under which title, as we shall see, they reckon “poetry in prose”—gadya kdvya), coincides pretty closely with that specified by Whately as the test of “good poetry,’ when he says (Rhet. p. 344,) —‘‘The true test is easily applied: that which to competent judges affords the appropriate pleasure of Poetry, is good poetry, whether it answer any other purpose or not: that which does not afford this pleasure, however instructive it may be, is not good Poetry, though it may be a valuable work.” The Arch- bishop goes on to say, “ Notwithstanding all that has been ad- vanced by some French critics, to prove that a work, not in metre, may be a Poem, (which doctrine was partly derived from a misinterpretation of a passage in Aristotle’s Poetics,) universal opinion has always given a contrary decision. Any composition in verse, (and none that is not,) is always called, whether good or bad, a Poem, by all who have no favourite hypothesis to maintain.” The pandits furnish ap- parently an exception to the universality of this dictum, for if * Vakyam rasdimakang kévyam—see p. 10. Adcertisement. Vil you wish to astonish a pandit, you have only to ask him grave- ly whether, for example, that terse metrical composition, the Nydya compendium entitled the Bhdshd-parichchheda is a poem. If, in holding it to be as far removed as anything well can be from poetry, he goes on a “ favourite hypothesis,” it is because the notion of an opposite hypothesis probably never occurred to him. In the 2d chapter (on the various powers of a word) the explanation of some of the terms is rather curious. ‘“‘ Let that ‘Indication’ (says the author) be ‘ Superimponent’ which makes one think of the identity with something else of an object not swallowed (by that with which it is identified, but expressed along with it). That ‘Indication’ is held to be ‘ Introsuscep- tive’ which makes one think of the identity with something else of an object swallowed—not expressed but recognised as it were within that with which it is identified.” For ex- ample—“ The horse—the white—gallops:” here “the horse” and “the white” mean just one and the same thing, and both terms are exhibited; but the same sense would be equally well understood (by a jockey, for example, to whom the horse was notoriously “the white”—or “the dun”—or “ the chesnut”—) if the sentence were briefly ‘The white gal- lope.” Here the “white” has swallowed the “horse,” and the case is one of “ Indication inclusive introsusceptive founded on Notoriety” (riughdvupdddna-lakshand sddhyavasdnd.) This classification of phraseology may serve to illustrate a passage in the “ Poetics” of Aristotle, which Mr. Theodore Buckley (of Christ Church) concurs with Dr. Ritter in condemning as spurious. The passage occurs in the 21st chapter, where, in speaking of metaphors, Aristotle, as rendered by Mr. Buckley, says ^ And sometimes the proper term is added to the relative terms.”? We incline to regard the calumniated passage as genuine. Let us see. Aristotle goes on to remark “TI say, for instance, a cup has a similar relation to Bacchus that a shield has to Mars. Hence, a shield may be called the cup of Mars, viii Advertisement. and a cup the shield of Bacchus.” Now, it seems to us that if the following proportion—viz. Cup: Bacchus:: shield: Mars were not present to the mind of the hearer, then (to use Mr. Buckley’s words—on a kindred passage in the 11th chapter 3d Book of the Rhetoric—) “ with a view to guard the metaphor from any incidental harshness or obscurity” the proper term may be advantageously added—making what our author calls a case of the ^“ Superimponent”’ (sdropd.) Thus, had Aristotle followed up his remark by a special example, we should have read “The cup—the shield of Bacchus’—‘“ The shield—the cup of Mars.” According to the Hindu phraseology, when we omit the proper term and say “ The cup of Mars,” then, (through Indication Introsusceptive) the cup has swallowed the shield— which latter, nevertheless, 1s discerned within the other by the eye of the intelligent. From the chapters of the Sdhttya Darpana which treat of Dramatic Poetry, many interesting extracts have been given by Professor प्र, प्र, Wilson in the Introduction to his “Select Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus.” J. R. B. Benares College, 5th January, 1851. PREFACE. THE present edition of the Sahitya Darpana has been prepared from a copy of the first edition of the same with the corrections and emendations of the Pandits of the Sanskrit College in Calcutta, and of a MS. in the Library of the Asiatic Society (No. 156 of the Sanskrit Catalogue) containing the text, and also the commentary by Ram- charana. The rendering of the Pracrit and the explanation of obscure passages in the original are taken from that commentary. I have added to this edition a list of the authors and works, mentioned in the text, with a reference to the passage, where their names first occur, and also an index of the technical terms, which, it is hoped, will be found useful in a work like the Sahitya, abounding as it does with the definitions of the school. a = ~ ~ ^ = =” 0 5 ^ क = ५८ Rl el Digitized by Google e3 Stantsuintioth & MOXCHEN THE MIRROR OF COMPOSITION. SALUTATION TO GANES‘A! Cuaprern 1.—The Declaration of the Nature of Poetry. Ar the beginning of his book, desiring the unobstructed completion of what he wishes to begin, he [i. e., the author—commenting on his own metrical treatise—] makes his address to the Goddess of Speech, because in the province of Eloquence it is she who is the constituted authority. Text. Invocation. 1.—May that Goddess of Language, whose radiance is fair as the autumnal moon, having removed the overspreading dark~ ness, render all things clear in my mind ! CoMMENTARY. a. As this book is ancillary to Poetry, by the fruits of Poetry only can it be fruitful :—therefore he states what are the fruits of Poetry :— Text. । 2.—Since the attainment of the fruits consisting of The subject de- : elared by impli- the class of four [i. e., the four great objects of human desire—viz., Merit, Wealth, Enjoyment, and Libera- tion|—by means of Poetry simply, is possible even in the case of those of slender capacity, therefore its nature shall be now set forth. CoMMENTARY. a. [The allegation in the text is borne out by facts]—for it is notorious that the fruits of the “class of four” Aave been attained by means of the counsels, as to doing and forbearing to do [respectively] what ought to be done and what ought not to be done, deduced from Poetry—(to the effect] that ^^ ०06 ought to do as Rama and the like, B 2 The Mirror of Composition. not as Révana and the like.”” And it has been said—“ Addiction to good Poetry produces sagacity in regard to Merit, Wealth, Enjoyment, and Liberation, and [it produces also] fame and favour.” Further— [to explain these assertions severally ]—the attainment of Merit through Poetry [may take place] by means of the laudation of the lotus-feet of the divine Naéréyana. That this is the case is notorious, from such statements of the Vedas as this one, viz. ;—* A single word, properly employed, and perfectly understood, is, in heaven and on earth, the Kdmadhuk—([the cow from which you may ‘milk out whatever you desire.’]”? And [as for] the attainment of Wealth—(that this may take place by means of Poetry] is established by the evidence of the senses [for we see men make money by it] :—and the attainment of Enjoyment (is possible] just by means of Wealth. And [finally—by means of Poetry] the attainment of Liberation (may take place) through the scrutinizing of the fruits [—at best but transitory—] of Merit arising from it (—i. e., arising from Poetry, as above explained— and to be relinquished on being found to fall short of Liberation—] or [Liberation may be attained] through the possession of conversancy with statements conducive to Liberation [—such as are to be met with in sacred poems like the Bhagavad Gitd). The praise of 5. [And justly may this pursuit be commended Poetry. above others,} for, from the Scriptures and the Insti- tutes of Science, by reason of their insipidity [or dryness,] the attain- ment of the ‘class of four’ (§. 2.) takes place painfully, even in the case of men of ripe understanding; whilst, simply from Poetry, again, by reason of its producing a fund of the highest delight, the attainment takes place pleasantly, even in the case of the very tender-minded. An objection e. ‘But thea—(some one may here object]—since answered. there are the Scriptures and the Institutes of Science, why should men of mature minds take any pains about poems f”’—this too is not proper to be said [in the way of objection—for, truly,] when a disease, curable by bitter drugs, happens to be curable by candied sugar,—in the case of what man, having that disease, would the employment of candied sugar not be most proper ? व, Further—the excellence of Poetry is declared also in the Agneya Purdna—thus—‘'In this world to attain to be a man is hard, and there very hard to attain is knowledge; to attain to be a poet there is The Mirror of Composition. $ bard, and very hard to attain there is [poetic} power.”” And again— “ Poetry is the instrument [in the attainment] of the ‘ class of three’ [—viz., Merit, Wealth, and Enjoyment,—see §. 2]”. And in the Vishau Purdaa [it is declared)—‘ And the utterances of Poetry, one and all, and all songs,—these are portions of Vishnu, the great-souled, who wears a form [composed] of sound.” e. [By the word] “therefore” [ the text—see §. 2—is meant} “for that reason’’—(and by the word] “its”’—*of Poetry.’”? The nature thereof—[or what it is that Poetry consists ef ]—is to be set forth:—and by this [i. e., by the statement, in the text, that the natare of Poetry is about to be set forth,] has the subject [of the treatise—viz., Poetry—] been [by implication, and hence all the more ingeniously, | propounded The definition ^ Im regard, then, to the question—“ of what— Peg Be the Jeaving everything else apart—does Poetry consist ?” objected to. a certain person [viz., the author of the Kdvya Pra- kés!a)—says—“ This [—i. e., Poetry—] consists of words and लढा ings faultless, with Style [see Chapter 8th]—and, farther, [even though] undecorated.”” This requires some consideration—as thus :—if the agreement be this that the nature of Poetry belongs to that only which is faultless, then (look at the following speech of Révana, in Bhavab- hati’s drama of the Viéra-charitra.|— ‘For this indeed is an utter contempt of me that there are foes [of mine at all], and amongst these this axchoret, too! He, too, even here [in my own island of Ceylon] slaughters the demen-race! Ha! Doth Révana live? Fie, fie, [my son—thou] conqueror of Indra! what [avail is there} from Kumbhakarpa awakened [untimeously from his six months’ slumber—zgigantic ally though he be]—or what from these (my own score of brawny) arms that in vain swelled with (the pride of carrying off | the spoils of the poor villages of Heaven ?” — First objection [If faultlessness, I say, were essential to Poetry, to the definition. then] the nature of Poetry would not belong to these verses, by reason of their being tainted with the fault termed “ non- discrimination of the predicate’’—(see Chapter 7th:—for the ex- pression “in vain” is faultily mixed up in a descriptive epithet ap- plied to the subject—the ‘‘ arms’”—whilst the speaker really intended to my “how vain are now these arms that then did swell’’}. On B 2 4 The Mirror of Composition. the other hand he [the author of the Kévya Prakds'a] admits that the easence of the highest Poetry is Suggestion [which—see Chapter 2nd —the example above-quoted presents in abundance—for the speaker does not really entertain any doubt of his being himself “ alive,” whilst his making a question of it suggests in a lively manner his astonishment ;—nor is he speaking of a literal ‘anchoret’? when he contemptuously indicates by that term the hero Réma who had been dwelling in banishment in the forest ;} hence the definition has the fault of ‘‘ not extending’’ (to cases which it unquestionably ought to include]. Acompromise = ‘‘ But then [some one may say] a certain por- rejected: tion is faulty here [i. e., in the example under §. 2, J.\ but not, again, also the whole ;’’—[now] if [we were to apply the definition with this qualification] then [see what would happen]—in what portion there is a fault, tbat [portion] urges that the case is one of not-poetry ; in what [portion] there is Suggestion, that [portion] urges that the case is one of the highest poetry ; hence, being dragged in two opposite directions by its two portions, it would be neither one thing nor another—poetry nor not-poetry. hk. Nor do such faults as unmelodiousness (see Chapter 7th] mar only a certain portion of a poem, but quite the whole (if any part of it]—that is to say—when there is no damage to the Flavour [see Chapter 3rd,] it is not admitted even that these are faults; else there could be no distribution [such as the recognised and unquestioned one —see Chapter 7th—of faults] under the heads of “the invariably a fault” and ‘the not invariably a fault ;’’—as it is said by the author of [the work called] the Dhwani—‘ And the faults, such as unmelodi- ousness, which have been exhibited, are not 80 invariably: they have been instanced as what must be invariably shunned when the sentiment of Love is the sole essence of what is poetically figured (or suggest- 60]. Moreover, were it thus—(i. e., were it the case, as your view of the matter seems to imply, that a fault is always a fault,} then the nature of poetry would have very few objects [of which it could be predicated }—or [probably] would find place nowhere, from the exceed- ing unlikelihood of faultlessness in every respect. Asecondcom- 7% ^ But then [some one else may say] the ne- Promise rejected. ative particle is employed [in the definition §. 2, f. The Mirror of Composition. 5 not absolutely, but] in the sense of ‘a (४८८१९. = If it were so, then, as {on this interpretation] the statement would be this—that ‘ Poetry consists of words and meanings a little faulty,” (this absurdity would follow, that} the name of Poetry would not belong to what [words and meanings] are {absolutely} faultless. _ Seeond obj jec- Jj. Granting the possibility (that Poetry may con- dares inthe def. sist, as alleged in §. 2, %., of words and meanings] nition. when “a little faulty”’—if, [I say, it be 80,] still this is not to be mentioned in the definition of Poetry; just as, in the definition of such a thing as a jewel, one omits such a circumstance as its being perforated by insects—(that circumstance not tending to constitute anything a jewel, though it may not cause it to cease to be regarded as such,|:—for such circumstances as its perforation by insects are not able [I grant you] to repel a jewel’s claim to the name of jewel, but (the effect thereof 18] only to render applicable to the case the degrees of comparison. In like manner, here, such faults as unmelo- diousness (render applicable such terms as “‘ superior” and “‘inferior’’ | in the case of Poetry: And it has been said [by the-author of the षषम] ‘‘ The nature of Poetry is held to reside even in faulty {compositions} where taste &c. are distinctly recognised, in like man- ner as (the character of a jewel, or the like, is held to belong to] such a thing as a jewel perforated by insects.” A third objec- k. Moreover [in the definition under § 2. ^] the ४०० application of the distinction [conveyed in the expres- sion | ^“ with Style” to words and meanings is inappropriate—[as is prov- ed] by the fact of its having been declared by him [the author of the Kdvya Prakds'a} himself, that the Styles are properties of the Flavour (or sentiment] alone [and hence not of words or their meanings], by means of such [unmistakable expressions employed by him] as this— viz., “ which [Styles] are properties of the Flavour [or sentiment), just as heroism and the like are [properties] of the soul.”’ Acompromise ९, . If [some one should yet argue, saying,] ‘‘ This न apt ted oe [employment of terms objected to in § 2. k.] ४ appro- rejected priate, because there is here a metaphor (the expression “words and meanings” standing for the Flavour}, since these [viz., the words and meanings] are what reveal the Flavour (or sentiment] ;’— even that way it [the definition] would be unfitting. To explain :— 6 The Mirror of Composition. these ° words and meanings,”’ which he chooees to regard as constita- ting Poetry, there either is Flavour or there is not. If there is not, then neither is there the possession of any property thereof—since the pro- perties of anything [—and there is no dispute that Style is a property of the Flavour—] conform ([—as regards the being present or absent—] to the presence or absence of that [whereof they are the properties]. If {on the other hand] there ts—then why did he not state that distinc- tion thus—‘ [words and meanings} possessing Flavour’ —since other- wise there is an unfitness in [predicating}] the possession of the pro- pertics thereof? If (in reply to this, you contend} ‘“ That is under. stood [—for, by predicating the presence of properties, one of course predicates the presence of the subject of the properties—},’’ then [I repeat that] the proper course was to say ‘“‘[words and meanings] with Flavour’ and not “with Style ;” for no one, when he has to say “ The regions possess living beings,”’ says ‘“‘ The regions possess those that possess heroism and the like’—([although the possessors of heroism and the like are of course no other than living beings}. Asecondcom. * ^ But then [some one, in defence of the defini- Promise in re- tion in the Kdvya Prakds'a, may further contend,} In gard to the third objection reject- saying ‘words and meanings with Style,’ the aim was श to state this—that in Poetry there are to be employed those words and meanings which develope [some one of the three varieties of | Style’—if [any one does urge this—then I say} No {[—this defence will not avail—] for, in the case of Poetry, the pre- sence even of words and meanings which develope Style, is a cause of ita elevation only [—§ 5.], but not the cause of its essence—([and we are not enquiring what Aeightens Poetry, but what te Poetry} ;—for it has been said [by the author of the Dhweni, whose authority the author of the Kévya Prakds'a never questions |—“ words and meanings are (merely] the body of Poetry, and Flavour and the like its soul [or essence }.”” १. The Styles [or qualities of Elegance, Energy, and Perspicuity,— see Ch. 8th—in respeet of Poetry, as mentioned in § 2. X.] are like he- roism and the like [in regard to men :—and 80, to carry out the parallel between what is signified by the terms that will be made use of in this treatise and the corresponding things relating to men, it is to be un- derstood that] Faults [see Ch. 7th] are like one-eyedness and the like ; The Mirror of Composition. 7 Modes [see Ch. 9th] are like the particular dispositions of the mem- bers (of the body]; Ornaments [see Ch. 10th] are like bracelets, ear- A 4th objec. Tings, and the like. Hence that also which he says ac {[—see the definition of Poetry quoted under § 2.61 viz., “and, again, (even though] undecorated’’—I reject—for [—to state his meaning without ellipsis—} he means to say ‘‘ Everywhere, when ornamented—and sometimes even when no ornament appears— {faultless} words and meanings constitute Poetry’”—([and, I say, I must reject this} because here, too, (as well as in the case referred to under § 2. m.] embellished words and meanings, as regards Poetry, serve only to hewghten it Another defi- 9 For this reason I reject also the position of the nition rejected. anthor of the Vakrokti-jtvita, viz., that “ Equivoque is the life of Poetry,” because equivoque is of the nature of ornament— [and hence not the body even—much less the soul or essence). p- And as for what he (the author of the Kévya Prakds’ a} instances {as exemplifying his assertion that there may be Poetry] ‘‘ sometimes when there is no obvious ornament’’—(viz., these verses, | ‘ For there is that very husband who gained me as a girl, and those same April nights, and the odours of the full-blown jasmine, and the bold breezes [wafting perfume] from the Naucleas,—and I too am the same :—but still my heart longs for the sportive doings, in the shape of toyings, under the ratan-trees on the banks of the Reva :”’>— —this requires some consideration—for here [where we were told that there was no obvious ornament] it is plain that there is that du- biously mixed ornament [to be described in Ch. 10th] which has its root either in the description of an effect without a cause [—the lady describing herself, not as regretting, but, .as longing for what she had already possessed—-whereas possession annihilates Jonging|—or in a cause without an effect ([—the lady having sufficient reason for १०६ longing—while she yet speaks of herself as doing so*]. * It is but fair to mention that, in the Kdvya Pradipa, a commentary on the work containing the definition which our author persecutes so perseveringly, it is remonstrated that if there be no other ornament in these verses than that which it required so much ingenuity to detect, then it was not so very great a mistake after all to instance the verses as being without ‘‘ obvious ornament,’’ 8 The Mirror of Composition. Other similar 9% For the same reasons I reject such definitions as definitions ob- [that involved in the following verse of the R4jé Bhoja acorn: in his Saraswati Kanthdbharaxa,—viz.,| ‘‘ The poet, making Poetry—i. e., what is faultless and possesses Style, embellished with ornaments, and having Flavour—wins fame and favour.’’ A definition ”: ‘And as for what the author of the Dhkwani says admitted with a —that ^^ the soul of Poetry is Suggestion” —what does 9 = he thereby mean? Is it Suggestion in its three-fold aspect—(1) as regards the action, (2) as regards embellishments, and (3) as regards the Flavour and the like,—that is the soul of Poetry ? Or is it only that which takes the shape of Flavour? Not the first— for then it [—i. €.» the definition of Poetry—] would improperly extend to such things as enigmas (—where more, no doubt, is suggest- ed than is uttered]. But if the second [is what he means to assert— then] we say ^° Agreed.” Obdjectionsto 5. ‘‘But then [some one may object, to the defi- the proviso re- nition with our proviso,|—if Suggestion be the soul foe of Poetry only when it is in the shape of Flavour and the like—then, in such cases as (the following—viz., ] «**My respected {mother-in-law} lies here; and here I myself. While it is day, observe this; and do not—O traveller, since you get blind at night [like other people afflicted with night-blindness]—lie down upon my couch [mistaking it for your own)’ ’”’— {[—in such eases as this—the objector may ask—] ‘‘as there is the suggestion of actions only [—the speaker here intending to suggest the traveller’s doing the reverse of what she saye—] how (on such terms] can you apply the name of Poetry to ¢his 7” If [any one asks this]—-we say that here also [—whilst we admit that there ts Poetry—we admit it] only because there 18 a semblance of Flavour [—and the semblances of Flavour, as we shall have occasion to declare further on—see § 3. ©, —are admitted to constitute Poetry ;—and there is here the semblance of the Flavour of Love—a sentiment real only where legitimate—] for otherwise [—i. €.» if we admitted the foregoing to be Poetry without shewing that it had any reference to Flavour] then there would [by parity of reasoning] be Poetry in the proposition ^^ Devadatta goes to the village’”—from its being understood that there is [here also) some- thing suggested—in the shape, viz., of his being attended [as a gentle- The Mirror of Composition. 9 man usaally is} by his followers. If [you say] “Be it so” [—that the expression °< Devadatta goes to the village” ts Poetry, on the strength of the unqualified definition given by the author of the Dkwani—then I say} No,—for I will allow the name of Poetry to that only which hes Flavour. Concurrent ४, For the aim of Poetry is, by means of giving a testimonies cit- sugar-plum (in the shape] of the enjoyment of Flavour, ed, + ९ $ —in the case of princes and the like, averse to the Scrip- tures and the Institutes of Science, with very tender minds, and proper to be taught,—to inculcate the practising of what ought to be done and the forbearing from what ought not to be done,—[and this it aims at effecting by inculcating] thus—‘‘One ought to act like Réma and not like Rdvana’’—as has been declared even by the an- cients. And so too it is stated in the Agneya Purdna—viz.,— In this [Poetry] which is rendered first-rate by skill in words, Flavour alone is the 0/2." Also by the author of the Vyakét-viveka it is said —‘*(As to the fact] that the soul of Poetry—(meaning by the soul that in respect of which everything else is something subordinate} —is Plavour and the like—no one has any difference of गाणा. 8o also the author of the Dhwani says—as for instance,—“ For not merely by narrating—‘ Thus it fell out’—is the soul of Poetry compassed ;—for that (—viz., the mere narration of events] can be effected even through Histories* and the like [such as the Mahdbhérata—which histories, though in verse, are not held to be poems].” Objections ४, ^ But (some one may object—if Flavour is the essence of Poetry—] then some flavourless (—e. g., simply narrative—] verses in the composition will not be Poetry (—and thus the difficulty will recur—see § 2. g.—as to whether the compo- sition, as a whole, is poetry or not-poetry ; ]’’—if (any one argues thus, then I say] No—for, as we allow that words, themselves tasteless, have a flavour when included in tasteful verses, 80 [do we hold that] those (verses which may, in themselves, be insipid] have a flavour through the flavour of the composition itself [in which they- are embodied]. And as for the customary application of the term Poetry to those [separate copies of verses] even that are without Flavour, in * So Aristotle—Poetics, Ch. IX.—says, ‘‘the history of Herodotus might be written in verse, and yet be no less a history with metre than without metre,’’ &o. ९ 10 The Mirror of Composition. consideration of the presence of such letters [—see Ch. 8th—] as give rise to [some of the varieties of | Style, and the absence of faults, and the presence of ornaments—that is merely a secondary (not a strictly technical] application of the term, {which has come into use} from the [superficial] resemblance (of such verses] to poetical compositions which do possess Flavour (and which alone are Poetry in the strict application of the term). Other defni- ८, 4४ as for what Vdmana says [in his Aphor- tions objected isms}—that “The soul of Poetry is the Mode’ [—or me Diction—see Ch. 9th]—it is not so:—for a Mode is a species of disposition—and disposition consists in the arrangement of parts—and the soul is something different from that. And as for what has been said by the author of the Dhwani—that ‘A Sense commended by the intelligent—, whicb, it has been settled, is the soul of Poetry,—of this [i.e., of such Senses] two kinds are men- tioned, named [respectively] the express (or literal] and the under- stood [otherwise than literally]”—(the allegation, I say,] here—that the soul [of Poetry] can consist of an express Sense—is to be rejected, by reason of its contrariety to his own declaration [quoted under § 2. r.J—viz., that ^ The soul of Poetry is suggestion” [—see § 10]. w. Then what, after all, ४ Poetry? To this it is The author’s own definition replied (as follows] :— of Poetry. Text 3. Poetry is a Sentence the soul whereof is Flavour. CoMMENTARY. a. We shall declare [in Ch. 3rd] what it is that Flavour consists of. Flavour alone [—the text declares—] is the soul (of Poetry]— essentially the cause of its life—since it is not admitted that, without this, anything zs Poetry. 6. [The Sanskrit word for Flavour—viz.,] the word rasa, by regular derivation, (from the verb ras ^" ६0 taste or Pehl re. relish,’?) signifies ‘what is tasted, or relished.” In न the this [1. €.» under the term raga] are included the in- complete Flavours, and the semblances, &c. thereof [—which will be treated of in Ch. 3rd). Among these, then, [we The first de- may have} Flavour (complete as well as real] as [ex- cour proper. emplified in the following verses—viz., ] The Mirror of Composition. 11 ५८ Perceiving that the house was empty, having arisen very gently from her couch, and having for a long time gazed upon the face of her husband counterfeiting sleep, having confidently kissed him,—then seeing his cheek quiver, the girl, with face downcast through modesty, was long kissed by her laughing lover.” For in this example there is the Flavour [or Sentiment] called (to distinguish it from the love of separated lovers] "^ love in union.” The second ¢- Incomplete Flavour [is exhibited] for example oer ies ee (in the following verses] of the great minister, manager ing its fall de- of the questions of peace and war, Réghavdnanda :— प **To the limit [only] of whose [lowest] scales [when incarnate as the Fish} the ocean reached; on whose [६०10186] back [rested] the globe of the world ; on whose [boar’s] tusk the earth {was upheld] ; on whose {man-lion] claws the lord of the sons of Diti [expired] ; in whose footstep [as the dwarf Véamana) both worlds [found their measure as he traversed each at one step]; at whose rage [as Pa- rusaréma] the bands of the Kshattras (melted away] ; on whose arrow [98 Réma] the ten-faced [Ravana met his death); in whose hand [as Krishna} Pralambésura [expired] ; in whose contemplation (as Buddha] the universe [melted into its proper nothingness] ; on whose sword the race of the evil-doers [will perish when the tenth incarnation shall take place] ; to Him, whoe’er he be, all hail!” In this example [the Flavour of ] love—its object being the Deity— is an incomplete Flavour [—seeing that the Deity is no fit object, for instance, of those tendernesses, &c., which belong to the Sentiment of Love proper—avy more than a son, against whom one may feel angry for a moment, is a fit object of those hostile attacks in which Anger proper naturally vents itself, and the description of which conduces to reproduce, in Poetry, the Sentiment itself in its completeness. } wis thea Ac: d. The semblance of Flavour [is exhibited] for ex- gree, or the ample [in the following verses]— =< pte « Accompanied, in one flower-bell, by his loved mate, fally developed the honey-bee drank [nectar] ; and the black deer, with न his horn, scratched the doe, who, at the touch, bent down her eyelids.” For since, in this example, the Flavour of “love in union” (—§ 3. 6.] is located in the lower animals, there is a semblance of that Flavour © 2 12 The Mirror of Composition. {which is regarded as reel when it occurs in mandind] ; And so of others [—for, having exemplified the three-fold variety of -poetic emotion in the case of one of the passions, it is unnecessary to exemplify it in all.) ग ae: e. Then, again,—in Poetry, of what nature are fined general. faults [—which we do not consent—see § 2. f.—to j regard as destructive of Poetry|{ To this it is replied (in the following half of a line which completes the half-line No. 3.]— Text. 4. Faults are depressers thereof. ComMMENTARY. a. Unmelodiousness, incompleteness in the sense, &c., [operate depreciatingly on Poetry] through the words and meanings—as one- eyedness and lameness (operate depreciatingly on man) through the body ; and [70 the second place} such [faults] as the mentioning of things calculated to excite emotion [—see Ch. 3rd—] by their own names (bluntly, instead of suggestively,—these being faults} which depreciate the Flavour which is the soul of Poetry (not mediately, like the former class of faults, but} directly, as idiocy [depreciates directly the soul of man—both of these classes}, are called [in the text] the depressers of Poetry. Special examples of these [various faults] we shall mention (in their proper place—viz., in Ch. 7th] Style, & 6. Of what nature are the Styles, &c., [which were "नकी general- alluded to under § 2. f.)? To this it is replied— Text. 6. Styles (—Ch. 6th—] ornaments (—Ch. 10th—], and Modes (—Ch. 9th—], are called the causes of its elevation. ComMENTARY. a. Styles (or qualities—as already remarked under § 2. £4.) are (in regard to Poetry) as heroism, &c., (in regard to the soul of man}. Ornaments are (to the language of Poetry] as bracelets, earrings, &c., (to the human figure}. Modes, throngh [their application to} words and meanings, are a kind of arrangement of parts (leading to different varieties of Poetry), as, through the body, (man, by different muscular arrangements, may have the symmetry of a Hercules or that of an Apollo.) Elevating {as they do} the Flavour simply which is the soul The Mirror of Composition. 13 of Poetry, these are (not incorrectly] called the heighteners of Poetry [for this rises, of course, with the Flavour, of which it consists). 6. Although the Styles here (—spoken of in the text—) are the pro- perties of the sentiment, (—and how—it might be asked—can they be heighteners of it when they are nothing separate from itself ?—] yet the word ‘Style’ is employed here, by synecdoche, for "^ the words and meanings which develope Style ;” and hence what is declared 18 this— that words which develope Style are heighteners of the Sentiment, as was said before [—see § 2.m.]. Special examples of these (—i. e., ef ornaments, &c.,—) we shall mention [in the proper place}. € 8० much for the “ Declaration of the Nature of Poetry’’—the first chapter of the ‘Mirror of Composition,” the work of the illus- trious Viswanétha Kavirdja, that bee of the lotus-feet of the divine Nérfyana, the pilot of the ocean of composition, the best of guides on the road of (ingeniously poetic] Suggestion, the jewel-mine of the poet’s finest utterances, the lover of that nymph (embodied in) the Eighteen Dialects [employed in dramatic composition—see Ch. 6th—] minister of the peace and war department. CHAPTER II. Toe DecLaRATION oF THE NaruneE oF a SENTENCE. (Having declared—§ 3—that Poetry is a kind of Sentence, and the meaning of the term Sentence being as yet undefined,] he declares what a Sentence consists of. Texr. A. ‘Sentence 6. Let a Sentence mean a collection of words pos- क sessing Compatibility, Expectancy, and Proximity. ComMMENTARY. a. Compatibiity means the absence of absurdity in the mutual association of the things [signified by the words]. If the nature of a sentence belonged to a collection of words even in the absence of this {compatibility of the things signified), then (such a collection of words as} ^“ He irrigates with fire’’ would be a sentence (—which it is not here held to be ;—fire—and everything but water—being incompatible with irrigation). 14 The Mirror of Composition. ७. Expectancy (—‘‘ the looking out for’ some other word in con- struction—)]) means the absence of the completion of a sense ; and this [absence of a complete sense] consists in the listener’s desire (on hear- ing the word] to know {something which the other words in the col- lection will inform him of—if the collection of words ६ a sentence}. If the nature of a sentence belonged even to that [collection of non- inter-dependent words) where this expectancy is a wanting—then such [a collection of words} as ‘‘ cow, horse, man, elephant” would be a sentence. c. Proximity means the absence of an interruption in the appre- hension (of what is said}. If there could be the case of a sentence even when there is an interruption in the apprehension, then there would be a coalescence (—into one sentence— } of the word ‘ Deva- datta,”’ pronounced just now, with the word “goes” pronounced the day after. d. Since expectancy (§ 6. 5.) and compatibility (§ 6. a.) are properties, the one of the soul, and the other, of things ;—it is by a figure of speech that they are here (—i. e., in the text § 6.) taken as properties of a collection of words. Text. 7, A-collection of Sentences is a Great Sentence. ComMMENTARY. a. Only if this (Great Sentence too) possess (the requisites men- tioned in § 6—of ] compatibility, expectancy, and proximity. TExtT. 8. Thus is a Sentence held to be of two kinds. CoMMENTARY. a. ‘Thus’’—that is to say, inasmuch as it may be a Sentence (see § 6] and inasmuch as it may be a Great Sentence (see § 7.) 6. And [if a justification of this employment of terms be required] it is said [by Bhartrihari in his Vdkyapadtya) ^ Of Sentences, com- pleted as regards the conveying of their own meaning, when put to- gether, there becomes further, through their being viewed under the relation of parts and whole, the nature of a single Sentence.” c. [To give examples] of these (two kinds of Sentences), there is the Sentence simple—as [in the verses given at length under § 3. 6. The Mirror of Composition. 15 —viz.—] ^“ Perceiving that the house was empty, &€.” The Great Sentence is such (a collection of sentences) as the Rémdyana (of Va4l- miki), the Makdbhdrata (of Vyésa}, and the Raghuvans'a {of Ké4li- désa].* d. It has been stated [in § 6] that a collection of words is a Sen- tence. (But the question remains) then what is the criterion of a word? Therefore he says :— Text. Definition of | 8. A word means letters (so combined as to be] the term word. suited for use, not in logical connection (one part with another—] conveying a meaning, and only one. CoMMENTARY. a. As (—for example—] “jar” [is a word]. 6. By (the expression employed in the definition] suited for use” the crude form (in which a vocable appears in the Grammar before receiving its inflection) is excluded {from being regarded as a word }. e. By (the expression employed in the definition] “not in logical connection” [the exclusion is effected) both of Sentences and Great Sentences (which—§ 8—consist of letters, and are suited for use, —but which, as their parts are connected in sense, are not to be denominated ““words’’}. d. By (the expression employed in the definition) ^^ only one” (the exclusion is effected] of sentences containing a plurality of words inter-dependent (—see § 6. 5.—yet not excluded by the limitation under § 8. ¢., which refers only to words in logical connection, with- out ellipsis; while, by the present exclusion, a collection of words not in logical connection but yet, when the ellipses are supplied, inter-de- pendent, 18 debarred from being regarded as a ‘‘ word’’). e. By (the expression employed in the definition) “conveying a meaning,’ (the exclusion is effected) of (such unmeaning combinations of letters as) kachatatapa (—which is an unmeaning combination of the first letters of the five classes of consonants). * Compare Aristotle—Poetics, Ch. xx.—*"‘ But a sentence is one in a two-fold reepect ; for it is either that which signifies one thing, or that which becomes one from many by conjunction. Thus the Iliad, indeed, is one by conjunction.” 16 The Mirror of Composition. J. By “letters” [in § 8) it is not intended to speak of a plurality, (—for a word may consist of a single letter). g. In that (—i.e., ina ^“ Word’— what meaning may reside, is next to be considered). Text. 9. The meaning (that may belong to a word) is held to be three- fold—viz., Express, Indicated, and Suggested. ComMMENTARY. a. The mature of these [three Meanings] he next The three pow- ers of aword— States :— Denotation, In- Text. 0 10. The Express meaning (vdchya) is that con- veyed to the understanding by the (word’s} Denota- tion (abhidhd) ;—the [Meaning) Indicated (lakshya) is held [to be conveyed] by the (word’s] Indication (/akshand) ; the [meaning Sug- gested (vyangya) is held to be conveyed) by the (word’s) Suggestion (vyanjand). Let these be the three powers of a word. CoMMENTARY. a. ‘These’ (—i. e., the three powers] Denotation and the others. D ; Text. enotation the leading powerof 11. Among these [three powers of a word) the + primary one is Denotation, for it is this that conveys to the understanding the meaning which belongs to the word by con- vention [which primarily made it a word at all). Se ComMMENTARY. ventional force a. (How one learns the conventional meaning of 14 is words may be illustrated ४0०5 :-] On the old man’s saying—when giving directions to the middle-aged man—‘ bring the cow,’’—the child, having observed him (the man to whom the order was given by his senior) employing himself in bringing the cow, determines, first that ^ ४16 meaning of this sentence was the fetching of a body possessing a dewlap, &c.”’ and afterwards, through the insertion and omission [of the portions of the sentence ‘“‘bring the cow” which he as yet understands only in the lump) in such {other sentences heard by the child] as ‘fasten the cow’— ** tring the horse’—he ascertains the convention that the word “ cow” The Mirror of Composition. 17 shall mean “‘the thing with a dewlap, &c.,” and the word “bring”’ shall mean “ fetching.” 6. And [this—§ 10. a.—is not the only process by which the conventional meaning of a word may come to be known—for] sometimes (the meaning of a word may be gathered) from the utter- ance of familiarly known words along with it—as in this example— viz. ^ [0 the bosom of the expanded lotus the honey-maker drinks honey” —[where the hearer, knowing that bees drink the jutces of the lotus, infers that it is the bee that is here called the honey-maker, and that the juice of the lotus, extracted by the bee, is called honey). . ८, Sometimes (the conventional meaning of a word:is learned) from the instruction of one worthy (of confidence])—as {when such a one declares} ‘‘ This” (—pointing—suppose—to the animal—) ‘is what is denoted by the word horse.” d. And it is that power of a word which conveys to the under- standing the conventional meaning without the tntermediacy of any other power of the word that is called here (—in the text § 11—} Denotation Pour-fold Di- Text. vision of words + । a sa teapace’. Of 12. A convention [whereby the express meaning of what they de- a word is settled] 18 accepted [by men among them- mre selves} in regard to Kinds, Qualities,. Things, and Actions.* | cs CoMMENTARY. Kieds. a. [By] a “Kind” (—or geous—is meant] the nature of a cow and the like [which resides} in the [particular] body (called) cow and the like—(and in virtue of which the thing is a cow or the like] त ४. [By] “ Quality” (is meant) a settled habit of a thing which is a cause of making a distinction (between one thing and other things of the same genus) :—for [the qualities) white, and the like, difference such a thing as a cow from its congeners —such as a black cow. | c. Names of ‘ Things” are those that denote a a single individual—es Hari (—the name of the god * These four.are the Categories of the Hindu grammarian. D 18 The Mirror of Composition. शप], Hara [—the name of the god Siva], Dittha, Davittha, (and other proper names]. d. ‘Actions’ are habits of a thing (not settled, as qualities are—see § 12. 6.]—but in course of accom- plishment—such as ^^ cooking’”’ [—which is the habit of a thing whilst in progress towards being ready for eating] :—for, what is denoted by such a word as ‘ cooking” is the collection of proceedings, from first to last, such as the putting on (the pot with the rice to boil] and ulti- mately taking it off (the fire} again. e. For only in respect of these (four—§ 12.—) distinguishing characters of all individual cases (that call for the employment of words] is a convention made, and not in regard to individual cases themselves—lest there should befal the fault of endlessness [in the fabrication of words}, or of vagueness [inasmuch as—to use the illus- tration of the Kdvya Prad{pa—if, in assigning to such and such indi- viduals the name of “cow,” we made no convention as to the generic character of the individuals, then water-jars would lay claim to the name as fairly as any cows not specified individually]. J. Now “Indication” (—the second power of a word—see § 10 —is explained]. Actions. Text. Indication 13. Where the principal meaning [of a word —see § what power ofa 11—] is incompatible (with the rest of the sentence more: —see § 6. a.—] this power of Indication is commu- nicated (to the word], whereby another meaning (than the express one —yet] in connection therewith, becomes apprehended, either through Notoriety [of the employment of the word in some particular second- ary sense) or through a Motive (—discernible in the connotation—for using the word rather than some other word which would have merely denoted the thing expressly}. CoMMENTARY. ८, The power by which, in such [an expression] as ^, The impetu- ous Kalinga,” a word, such as ^" Kalinga,” incompatible [with the epithet ‘‘impetuous’”—if taken]in its own sense—such as that of a particular country (on the Coromandel coast], causes one to think of [not the country, for instance, that the word denotes, but] the men, for instance, connected therewith ;—and [—to give a second example— The Mirror of Composition. 19 the power] by which, in such [an expression] as ‘A herd-station on the Ganges,”’ a word, such as “the Ganges,” incompatible with the matter in question [—here, viz., the actual site of the station of herds- men—J] inasmuch as the thing that it denotes is in the shape, for instance, of a mass of water [on the surface of which the herdsmen could not have built the huts of which the herd-station consists], causes one to think of something connected with itself by the relation of proximity or the like—such as the river’s bank,—éhis power of a word—communicated to it [ § 13]—other than the power which (—to use the language of some—] belongs to it naturally, or which is not {[—to use the language of others—] that given to it by God—([this second power it is that] is called Indication. Two sources 6. In the former [of the two examples under § 13. : 1 tele a.} the reason [why the word denoting the region of Notoriety, and Kalinga has the power of indicating the inhabitants of १० that region] is ‘‘ Notoriety” [see § 13.],—the fact, simply, of its being familiarly known [that the name of the region ts employed to signify its inhabitants]. In the latter of the examples, the * Motive” [—see § 13.—for using the word ‘‘ Ganges” when we really mean ‘‘ Sank of the Ganges’’} consists in this, that it causes one to think of the extreme of coolness and purity [pertaining to the Ganges itself] which would not have been thought of from the exposition of (the same matter in the shape of the expression] ^ A herd-station on the bank of the Ganges.” Why the ९" If a word were, without a reason, to indicate sources of the whatsoever has any relation (to that which the word power of Indi- व cation require denotes], then there would be an excessive influx (of to be specified. ali sorts of associated ideas—everything in the world being related in some way or other to everything else—], hence [in the text—§ 13—] it is stated that this [power of Indication] arises “either through Notoriety or through a Motive” [—the ordinary relations furnishing which latter are specified under § 17. ९.1]. Alleged = in- d. But some [(—among whom is the author of the stances of Indi- Kérya Prakds'a—}] instance the expression ‘‘ Expert in cation rejected. business” as an example of [the power of Indication, arising—see § 13—from] “ Notoriety.” What they mean to say is this —that the primary meaning (of the word kusala ‘‘expert’’ |—that, D2 20 The Mirror of Composition. viz., of ‘‘a gatherer of sacrificial grass’’—from the etymology kusam 04८४ ^“ who gets sacrificial grass’’—being incompatible with the matter in question [—viz., ‘‘ business’’}, causes one to think of the sense of ‘*expert” which is connected (with the primary sense of ‘“‘ the gatherer of sacrificial grass’) through the relation of a similarity of character in respect of the being a person of discrimination [—which the gatherer of sacrificial grass must be, elee he could not tell one kind of grass from another}. Others do not accept this [view of the matter], for {according to the view which these prefer) the primary meaning of the word kus/ala] is simply that of ‘expert’ —notwithstanding that the sense of “gatherer of sacrificial grass’ might be gathered from the etymology :—for, the reason for the (technically recognised] ety- mology of words is one thing [—viz., the convenience of the Gram- marians, who must find an etymology, however far-fetched, for every word that is not a radical—), and the reason for the employment (of a word] is another [—viz., the fact of the word’s having, by convention, such a denotation as the speaker happens to have occasion for]. Ifthe primary meaning [of every word] were that which is to be gathered from the etymology, then in the example “The cow sleeps’ also there would be “° Indication’’—because [when speaking of the animal] even at the time of its sleeping [and therefore lying still], one makes use of the word go “ cow,” which word go is formed by the affix do put after the root gam ‘to move’’—according to [the direction of Pénini—viz. ] ‘‘gamerdoh”’ [i. e., ‘‘let the affix do come after the root gam, and the word go ‘a cow’ will be the result’’]. Indicationdi. ¢- He next states the distinctions of this [power of vided into in- Jndication]. clusive and in- dicative. Text. 14. The primary meaning’s hinting something else Premera (which is required in addition] for the establishment of a logical connection among the things [and not a mere grammatical connection among the words] in the sentence—let this, when [the primary meaning] itself also is taken in, be called therefore inclusive Indication (upddéna-lakshana). CoMMENTARY. a. Inclusive Indication, where [the source of the power—tee § 13. The Mirror of Composition. 21 b.—is] Notoriety ;(is exemplified in such sentences] as “The White gallops ;’’—and where [the source 18] a Motive—in such as ‘‘ The Lances enter.”’ For, in these two cases, by ^ white” and “ lances,’’ and the like, which, from their being things inanimate, cannot alone have a logical connection, as agents, with the actions “ galloping” and ‘“entermg,”’ with a view to the establishing of this [logical connection among the things expressed in each sentence], ‘‘ horses,” ‘‘ men,”’ and the like, connected with themselves [1. e., with ^^ white” and ‘‘lances’’ | are hinted [—so that we understand ^ The white horse gallops,” “‘ The Indication ine कष्टाः with lances enter’”]. In the former [of the two clusive—twofold cases exemplified], as there was no Motive [for speak- — ० ing, for instance, of the horse 88 white—which term hints nothing beyond the whiteness,—the source of the Indicatory power in the expression 28] Notoriety (—the horse being necessarily well known as ‘‘the white” by the person to whom the remark was intelligibly addressed]. In the latter [of the two cases exemplified], the Motive [for speaking, for instance, of ‘‘lances’’ instead of ‘‘men with lances”] was [४0 direct attention to], for in- stance, the extreme denseness of the (phalanx of] lances. And in these cases the primary sense also (§ 13.) is taken in [—for the white- neas accompanied the horse in its gallop, and the lances accompanied the men who entered with them]. But in [simply] indicative Indica- tion there is implication only of something else (—to the exclusion of that which indicates]. Such is the distinction between the two (kinds of Indication] ; and it is this [first kind] that is spoken of as “ the use of a word without abandonment of its sense.” Text. Indication in- 15. The abandonment of self, with a view to the dicative defined. establishment of the logical connection of something else with something in the sentence—this, since it is the cause of an indication {and of nothing more] is indicative Indication [or Indica- tion simply ]—(lakshana-lakshand). CoMMENTARY. a. For instance—‘ The impetuous Kalinga,” and ‘A herd-station on the Ganges’’ [—see § 13. a.—are examples of Indication simply ]— for, in these two [examples], the two words ^ Kalinga” and ‘ Ganges” give themselves up (—sacrificing their own sense—of a region and 8 22 The Mirror of Composition. river—| for the purpose of establishing, in logical connection with the things in the sentence, ‘a man” and ‘“‘a bank ;” or [we may have in- dicative Indication in such a case] as [the following—addressed to one who had injured the speaker—viz., } ° Much benefit have you done :—how is it to be expressed? Bene- volence alone has been exhibited by you, Sir. Acting thus ever, O friend, may you be happy therefore for a hundred years.” Here, in order to establish, in logical connection with the other matters in the sentence, ^ injuries,” &c. [which are what are really meant to be spoken of —], the words ^ benefit’’ and the like give themselves up [and stand, ironically, for injuries and not for benefits at all]. In this example, there is an incompatibility in the primary meaning [of the words ^^ kindness,”’ “happy,” &c. ;] since it speaks of blessings &c. for an tnjurer. The relation [between what is here in- dicatory and what it indicates] is that of conxtrariety [—the mode of Irony—], and the result is [this that] the excess of injury [is under- stood to be complained of and imprecated]). It is this [kind of Indi- cation] that is spoken of as ‘the use of a word with abandonment of its sense.” Text. 16. These, further, are severally twofold, through वि नी Superimposition (dropa) and Introsusception (adhya- fold Indication yasdéna) into the Super- imponent and CoMMENTARY. क Introsuscep- a. ^“ These’—i. e., the aforesaid four kinds of In- i dication—(see § 13, 5. and ९]. Trext. 17. Let that [Indication] be Superimponent which makes one think of the identity with something else of an object not swallowed [by that with which it is identified, but expressed along with it}. That [Indication] is held to be Introsusceptive (which makes one think of the identity with something else] of an object swallowed [—not ex- pressed, but recognised as it were inside of that with which it is iden- tified}. COMMENTARY. a. (Thus, then, first, we may have] Superimponent Inclusive Indi- cation [§ 14] the source [of the power—§ 14. a.—] being Notoriety : The Mirror of Composition. 23 —as (in the following example]|—‘ The horse—the white—gallops.”’ For here the horse, the possessor of the quality ‘‘white,’—in the shape [of the unsuppressed term ‘‘horse’’—and hence] of something “not swallowed” [§ 17},--18 thought of as identical with the colour ‘white’ which iuheres in it :—([that is to say—‘ the horse” and “ the white” are understood to mean here just one and the same thing]. b. ([Secondly, we may have Superimponent Iaclusive Indication—§ 17. a.—] the source (of the power—§ 14. a.—] being a Motive :—as [in the following example ]—‘‘ These—the lances—enter.’’ Since the pronoun denotes the men bearing lances (—who—see § 14. a.—are denoted also by the word “lances” }—there is here a case of the Su- perim ponent. e. [Thirdly we may have] Superimponent Indicative Indication, [¶ 17. a.], the source being Notoriety [§ 13. 5.], as (in the example} “The Kalinga—the man—fights.”’ Here [it may be remarked that] the relation (which is notorious—see § 13. ¢.—] between the ‘“‘ man” and (the region of ] “^ Kalinga” is that of location and located. ढ. (Fourthly, we may have Superimponent Indicative Indication] the source [§ 14. a.) being a Motive—as [in the example] “ Longevity —butter.” Here “butter,”’ the cause of “longevity,”’ is thought of as identical with the “longevity’’ related to it through the relation of eause and effect. The Motive [for speaking of butter as ^^ longevity’’] is the fact [which it is desired to call attention to] of its causing lon- gtvity differently from anything else [—no other article of Hindu diet being so nutritious—], and invariably [—butter, as a prolonger of life, being reckoned infallible}. e. Or (of this fourth case—§ 17. d.—to take other examples illus- trating the most ordinary relations, besides that of cause and effect, by which this employment of language is prompted—] as—when a man belonging to the king is going—([one may say] ‘‘The king—this one—goes.” Here the relation is that called the relation of owner and owned. Or as—when [there is meant] only the foremost portion (of the arm from the elbow—all of which, in Sanskrit, is called “ the hand ;”"—one may say] ‘“‘The hand—this—([from the wrist down- wards}.”” Here the relation is that called the relation of whole and part. [Or] when it is even a Brdhman [that one is speaking of; one may say} ‘“‘The carpenter—he’’—[while, strictly speaking, it is im- 24 The Mirror of Composition possible that a man of the Brdhman tribe, though workiug in wood, should be a man of the carpenter tribe]. Here the relation is that of the doing the work of so and so. [07] when sacrificial posts [to which the victims are tied] for Iudra [are spoken of—one may say} ‘‘ These Indras.” Here the relation is that of being for the sake of so and so. And so in other cases also. J. The Introsusceptive [Indication] which makes one apprehend the identity with something else of the “object swallowed’’ [§ 17], on the other hand, [—the examples from § 17. a. downwards having il- lustrated the case of objects “ not swallowed’ |—of this, in its four varieties, the preceding examples [may serve as exemplifications, if you expunge the term denoting the ^" object swallowed,’ —thus reducing the examples to the following form—viz., ‘“‘ The White gallops” —* The Lances enter’—‘ The Kalinga fights”’—and—dutier being meant by it—* Longevity”—as when we say ‘ He eats longevity,” meaning «^ He eats butter, which will make him long-lived’ }. Text. Farther sub- 18. All these, when the relation is other than that division ofeight- of Jikeness, are [called] Pure (suddha) ; but when [they fold Indication into the Pureand arise} from likeness, they are reckoned Qualificatory the Qualificatory. (८११2). By this they are divided into sixteen ComMMENTARY. a. ‘*These’—i. e., the aforesaid eight kinds of Indication. ‘ Re- lations other than that of likeness’’ are the relation of cause and effect, &c. [see § 17. ¢.]. b. Of the Pure [varieties] among these, the preceding examples (from § 13. a. to 17. ¢ inclusive are exemplifications | c. Superimponent Inclusive Indication Qualificatory, when (the source of the power see § 17. a.—is} Notoriety, [is exhibited in such an example] as ‘‘ These oils—pleasant in the cold weather, [when, rubbed on the body, they keep out the cold].”” Here the word “ oil,” taking along with it [—whence the Indication—see § 14—is < लप sive’—] its primary meaning, which is in the shape of the unctuous matter expressed from sesamum seeds (—the Sanskrit name of this fluid—viz., tasla—being derived from the name of its most usual source—viz., ८६८2 ‘the seeds of the sesamum,” as the English word ‘‘oil” is derived from the Latin name of the olive tree,] is applied The Mirror of Composition. 25 {notoriously} to other.unctuous fluids also, such as that expressed from mustard seed, [which fluids are like it. It may be remarked that the Indication in this example is termed Superimponent because of the presence of the pronoun “‘ these ;’’—=see § 17. 4.) द. [This form of Indication—the Superimponent Inclusive Quali- ficatory—] when (the source of the power is] a Motive [is exemplified in such sentences] as ‘“‘These—the princes—go’’—[employed,—as such a sentence often is,) when persons 206 princes, but (६६८ thereto, are going. €, Introsasceptive Inclusive Indication Qualificatory, when [the source of the power 18] Notoriety, [may be exemplified by the example under § 18. c., omitting the pronoun—] thus—‘ Oils—pleasant in the cold season” : and when [the source of the power is] a Motive, [by the example under § 18. d., with the like omission]—thus—“ The princes go.” J. [Then again we have] Superimponent Indicative Indication Qualificatory, when [the source of the power is] Notoriety :—as ^ The king—the lord of Gauda—clears away the paltry foes” [—where the lord of Gauda, though harassing his foes, yet retains the name of fing, which in Sanscrit is held—rdjan from the causal form of the verb ranj —to signify ‘‘an engager of men’s affections’—because the lord of Ganda is still, in other respects, like those to whom the name is ap- plicable in the full extent of its connotation] :—and when [the source of the power is} a Motive—([in such an example] as ^^ That cow—the man of the Panjéb.”’ $, (Further, we have] Introsusceptive Indicative Indication Quali- ficatory—when (the source of the power is} Notoriety :—as “ The king clears away the paltry foes ;”—and when [the source of the power is] a Motive:—as ‘That cow talks’’—([these two examples differing from those under § 18. /. in the suppression, or introsusception, of a term]. Misconceptions 4. In this case (—that of “ That cow—the man of disposed of. the Panjib”—§ 18. /.— instead of admitting, as they ought, that the man is indicated by the word ^. cow’—] some say “The qualities which belong to a cow, such as senselessness and sluggishness, are indicated + and these serve as causes why the word ‘cow denotes the thing [properly called] ‘man of the Panjab.’ ”’ E 26 The Mirror of Composition. This is not right—because the word ‘cow’ cannot denote the thing {properly called] ‘‘man of the Panjab,” in respect of which no con- vention was entered into (—it being only through convention—see § 11—that a word can primarily denote anything]; and because it {denotatively] makes one think only of the (dewlapped and long-tailed] thing meant by the word “‘cow,”’ since the power of denotation is exhausted therein, and there is no resuscitation of that power thus ex- hausted [—or functus officio in making one think of the genus ‘‘ cow” —see § 12]. Others again, (partially correcting the statement above quoted, say,) ‘‘ The thing [properly called] ‘man of the Panjab’ is not denoted by the word ‘cow,’ but only the qualities belonging to the thing, the ‘man of the Panjab,’ are indicated as being of the same kind as the qualities belonging to the thing which (the word ° cow’] itself denotes.” This [second view] also others [and we ourselves} do not accept. To explain :—In this [expression under discussion], is the sense of “‘man of the Panjdb,”’ understood from the word “cow,” or is it not? On the former [of these alternatives—is this sense under- stood] merely from the word ‘cow’ [employed denotatively], or, through the inseparableness (of qualities from that in which they inhere —is it, J ask, understood] from the qualities (of sluggishness, &c.] indi- cated (by the word ^ cow’’}? Not the first, [of this subordinate pair of alternatives, can be accepted}, because this word (‘‘cow’’] is not as- signed by convention to the thing [properly called) ‘‘ man of the Panjab ;’’ nor the second, because there is no room for a sense gathered from inseparableness (—such, €. g., as that of a quality in respect of that whereof it is inseparably the quality—] when there 18 a concord- ance between the words [—as we see there is in the example—the two words being in apposition—in the same case—as denoting the same thing], for a word’s expectancy (—when looking out for another to agree with it—see § 6. 6.—) is fulfilled only by a word (—and not by a sense connoted in a word and such as, if expressly declared, would appear under the form of a word in a different case—e. g.—“‘a man of bovine stupidity”}. Nor is the second (alternative, of the first pair, admissible]—for, if the sense of ‘man of the Panjab,” is not understood from the word “cow,” then the agreement in case, of this and of the word ‘man of the Panjdb,”’ [which the example ex- hibits], would be improper [—it being only words signifying the same The Mirror of Composition: 27 thing that agree in case]. Hence here the word “ cow” having no logical connection in its primary character (i. e., as a denotative term— see $ 11—] with the word ^ man of the Panjab,” indicates the thing {properly called] ^ man of the Panjéb” through the relation [see § 13. e.] of community of properties [between the cow and the man]—such as ignorance. The Motive (§ 13., in which the power of Indication here takes its rise] is the causing one to think of the excess of ignorance and the like in the man of the Panjéb. Whytheterms *_ And this [kind of Indication—§ 18. ¢. द. e. f. Pure and Quali- g.—] is called Qualificatory because of the association न aremade of & quality (—the thing indicated being understood, in this case, to have the qualities of that by the name of which it is metaphorically indicated] ; but the former [kind of Indica- tion—§ 18. 5.—] is pure from admixture of metaphor. For Metaphor ` consists in the simply coveriag up the apprehension of the difference between two things absolutely distinct, by means of [a reference to] the greatness of the amount of their likeness :—~as that of “ fire,’’ and “a boy” [so hot-tempered that we call him a perfect fire]. But in न white” and ^“ cloth,”’ there is no apprehension of difference at all (—that which is really ^ cloth” being that which at the same time is really ^ white” and is not merely metaphorically called ‘ white’—whilst that which is really a ^. boy” is not really “fire,” but only like it, and hence me- taphorically called 1६.] Hence in such cases [88 that where “ cloth” is called ^“ white’’} the Indication is quite pure [—§ 18]. Farther sub - Text. division of one eightfoldbranch == 19, Let Indications for a purpose be twofold, in cording to the respect of the Abstruseness or the Obviousness of what Abstraseness or = $ suggested. CoMMENTARY. a. Where [the source of the power of Indication—§ 13 8, 15] a Mo- tive, Indication of eight sorts has been exhibited (—§ 18]. These, having become severally twofold in respect of the Abstruseness and the Obviousness of what, in the shape of the Motive, is suggested, are six- teen. Of these [—the abstruse and the obvious—] the “ Abstruse’’ is E2 28 The Mirror of Composition. that which is to be understood only by the force of an intellect matured by the study of the sense of Poetry—as (is exemplified in the passage given under § 15. a., viz.,] ‘‘ Much benefit have you done, &e.’” The ‘¢ Obvious” is that which, through its extreme clearness, is intelligible to every body—as [is the purport of the following—viz.,) ‘‘ It is the intoxication of youth alone that teaches the blandishments of enamour- ed maidens.” Here, by the word “teaches,” the sense of “‘ brings out ioto manifestation,’ is indicated ; and the emphatic character of the manifestation [—i. €. how perfectly the intoxication does bring out the blandishments—] is apprehended as clearly as if the thing had been stated expressly [instead of being txdicated by the word ^ teaches’ |. Text. Further subdi- 20. These also are twofold, through the fact that vision of the six- frui : ; teenfold branch of the fruit [—viz., the excessivencas suggested—see § ee १ 14. a.,) pertains bed the thing (indicated), or pertains what is suggested. to a quality (not inherent in the thing). CoMMENTARY. a. ‘*These’—i. €.) the sixteen kinds of Indication just mentioned [—under § 19. a.]. These, having severally become doubled through the fruit’s pertaining to the thing or to the quality, give thirty two kinds. He exemplifies [the two kinds] in succession :— ‘There are the clouds, in which the cranes disport, and with whose smooth dark loveliness the sky is overspread:—there are the dewy winds, and the melodious joyful screams of [peacocks] friends of the clouds. Be all these as they list. I, very firmly stout of heart, am Réma. I endure all (hard though it be to bear those vernal sights and sounds with patience, which enhance the joy of lovers when united}. But how will she be now—Videha’s daughter? Alas—my goddess—O do thou be patient.” In this (speech of Rama, from the Vira Charitra, of Bhavabhiti, } Réma being indicated [by the expression ^“ [ am Réma’’ which is insignificant taken literally), in the shape of a person extremely patient of affliction, and (this indicated R&ma) being the possessor of the quality (of patience—suggested, under the circumstances, by the em- phatic and indicating employment of the proper name—which proper name otherwize, being simply denotative, would connote nothing—], the The Mirror of Composition. ` 29 frait—the exceedingness [of the patience]—pertains to Aim (the thing indicated). । €, [Again] in this [second example राढ. ] ‘a herd-station on the Ganges” (—see § 13. a.], where the dank, Sc. are indicated, the fruit, the exrceedingness, pertains to the character consisting of coolness purity, &c., (and xo¢ to the daxk—the thing indicated—which—see $ 13. 5.—is not regarded as the locus of these qualities). Text. 21. Thus then are the varieties of Indication held by the intelli- gent to be forty. CoMMENTARY. a. [That is to say] there are eight where [the source of the power 18] Notoriety [§ 18], and thirty two where (the source of the power is a Motive in the shape of some] fruit (§ 20. ८.1 ; hence the varie- ties of Indication [—so far as we have yet seen—] are forty. More- over— Text. Final subdic 22. ese also are severally twofold accordingly as vision of forty- it [—the power of Indication—) resides ina Word or oun: ae in a Sentence. its instrument is ComMMENTARY. me og, These” —i. e., these [kinds of Indication] just mentioned (under § 21]. Among these [we have an example of Indication distinguished] by the fact of its residing in a Word [in such a case} as ^° A herd-station on the Ganges [—see § 13. a.}; and [of Indication distinguished by the fact of its residing in a Sentence (—and not in any separate word thereof—in such a case] as “Much benefit have you done, &c.”—(see § 15. a]. 6. Thus 18 Indication of eighty different kinds. e. Now “Suggestion” [—the third power of a word—see § 10—is explained]. | Text. Suggestion 23. When Denotation, &c., repose (after having what power ofa done their duty], that function, of a word or its sense &c., by which a farther meaning is caused to be thought of, is what we call Suggestion (voyanjand). ॐ ` The Mirror of Composition. ComMMENTARY. a. [It is a maxim that) when the causers of the understanding of « word take rest (after a single exertion], there is (as regards anything further in the case of that one employment of the word] an annibila- tion of their agency. When, in accordance with this maxim, the three functions called Denotation [§ 111 Indication [§ 13] and Drift [—or purport of the sentence as a whole—which may be found treated of in the Kdvya Prakds'a—] disappear, after having caused each its own ap- propriate thing to be thought of, that function of a word, or of a sense, or of a radical, or of an affix, &c., through which another meaning is caused to be thought of,—([that function] which takes the various names of ‘‘ suggesting,” “ hinting,” ‘‘ conveying,” ‘‘ acquainting,”’ and the like, 18 what we call [the power of ] Suggestion. 6. In this [power of Suggestion, two varieties are comprised—for : } TEXT. Suggestion two- 24. Founded on its Denotation, or (founded on] fold, founded ; dicati if = = (म icons ० 168 [power of ) Indication, a word’s (power of ] Sug on Indication. gestion is twofold. CoMMENTARY. a. He describes that which is founded on Denotation [as follows]. Text. Of Suggestion 25. That [power of] Suggestion which is the न on Deno- cause why something else is understood from a word which, though having [possibly] more meanings than one, has been restricted to a single meaning by conjunction or the like, is (that power of Suggestion which is spoken of—in § 24—as being] founded on Denotation. CoMMENTARY. a. By the expression “ and the like’? (—in the phrase °" restricted to a single meaning by Conjunction or the like’—] is meant Disjunc- tion, &c.—for, (to expand the “ &c.,’’} it is said [by Bhartrihari in his How the Deno. दद्व Pradtpa] “Conjunction, and disjunction, tation of ambiga- companionship, hostility, a motive, the circumstances ग is re- of the case, a characteristic, the juxtaposition of ano- ther word, power, congruity, place, time, gender, ae- cent, &c., are causes of one’s recollecting a special sense [of some word] when the sense of the word is not (of itself} definite.” Thus [—to The Mirror of Composition. 31 exemplify the defining power of each of these causes in their order—} in the example “ Hari with his conch-shell and discus,”’ the word Hari denotes Vishnu alone [—and not a “lion” ora ^ monkey” or any other of the meanings of the Sanscrit word hari}]—because of the ‘conjunction’ of the conch-shell and the discus; and in the example ‘Hari without his conch-shell and discus” [it denotes] him alone too (—+eeing that the ‘ Disjunction’ would be nnmeaningly declared in re- spect of what—e. g., a lion—had never been conjoined with a charac. teristic conch-shell or the like]. In the example ^ Bhima and Arjuna,” the Arjuna is the son of Prithé [—he, and not the thousand-armed de- mon of the same name slain by Parasurdma—as told in the Mahdbhdrata —being the ‘ comrade’ of Bhima). In the example ‘‘ Karna and Arjuna” the Karna is the son of the Sun-god (—famed for his ‘ hostility’ to Arjuna—and not any one else of the persons named Karna]. In the example ‘I salute Sthénu’”’ the word sthdnu means the god Siva [—and not a ** post’”’—as there 18 no ‘motive’ for saluting a post). In the example ‘‘ My lord knows all,” the word ‘lord’ means ^^ you, Sir,” {[—and not the Deity—the ‘circumstances of the case’ being under- stood to be these, that the words are addressed to a king or some other great man]. In the example “the angry one on whose banner is the alligator,” the God of Love is meant [—and not the Ocean, which also has an alligator for a heraldic device, but of which anger is held to be no ‘ characteristic’|. In the example ‘ The God, the foe of Pura,” Siva is meant (—as we gather from the ‘ jurtaposition’ of the word « God” —for, otherwise, the term purdri might have stood as well for the “foe of the city” as for the ‘‘foe of the demon एप], In the example ‘‘ The cuckoo intoxicated with the Spring,” the word madhu [it is obvious] means the ‘ Spring” [—the Spring-time being the only thing, among those denoted by the word, that has ‘ power’ to intoxicate the cuckoo—and not “‘ nectar’’ or ‘ distilled spirits’? which it does not meddle with.] In the example ^" May the meeting with your beloved preserve you,” the word mukha means “encountering” or ‘‘ coming face to face’’ (—because there is no ‘congruity’ between the desired result and ‘‘a face” or any other sense of the word mukha]. In the example ‘“‘The moon shines in the sky,” (we are certified, by the ‘place’ that] the word chandra means the “ moon,” and not “gold” or “ camphor,” &c.]. In the example ‘The fire at night,” (we know, 32 The Mirror of Composition. from the ‘ time,’ that] the word chitrabhdus here means a “ 976 ` [and not the “sun’]. In the example ‘‘ The wheel glows,” [we know that] the word rathanga means a ‘“‘ wheel’’ (and not a “ruddy goose’’] from its having the termination of the neuter ‘gender.’ As ‘ accent’ mo- difies the sense in the Vedas only, and not in Poetry, no example of its occurrence is here given. The rejection | 6, And some, not able to endure this assertion,—in pecan ges § 25. a.—that Accent operates for the removal of am- atricters of De- biguities not in poetry, but only in the Veda—which notation justifi- $ ed ०६१२०४६ objec- 9386ा 107 was made before me by the author of the tors. Kévya Prakés'a,—say ‘‘ Accent also, in the shape of change of voice and the like, is really, in Poetry, the cause of the understanding in a particular sense (something that would otherwise be ambiguous]— : and again, according to the showing in the lectures of the holy sage [Bharata], ‘It, (—viz., accent—], in the shape of the acute, &c., is really the cause of one’s understanding (to be intended] some one particular Flavour—as, for example, the Erotic [—when, in the absence of accent, the Flavour intended might have been doubtful]’ —hence, in the case of this also [—i. €,» in the case of Accent, as well as the other defining agencies exemplified under § 25. a.—] some ex- emplification is proper :’’—[but, to these objections, I reply] this is not (right]. The accentuations, whether as changes of voice, &c., or as [the three varieties of accent called] the Acute, &c., cause one to un- derstand one particular sense consisting in that only which is suggested ; and not, assuredly, (does accentuation acquaint us with] any distinc- tion in the shape of the restricting to a single sense some word with more senses than one—which [see § 25. a.—and not anything re- apecting the matter suggested,] is the present subject of discussion. A c. Moreover—if there were to be directed the re- ccent to be ree. : : avoided in the stricting, on every occasion, to a single sense, by the क force of an appropriate accentuation, even of ६00० mean- ings of ambiguous words left undetermined [further than this] through the absence of fixation by the circumstances of the case or the like [—see § 25. a.—] then, in such a case, we should not find recognised [that Ornament, among those treated of in Ch. 10th— called] paronomasia :—but it is not so, [—for we do find this ornament recognised, by all the authorities, in cases where there would be no The Mirror of Composition. 33 place for it if the duplicity of meaning were banished by accentuation] ; and therefore has it been said that “ when the exhibition of paronomasia is the business in hand, then, in the paths of Poetry, aecentuation 18 not esteemed (but is to be carefully avoided) ;’—and this is a maxim (of common sense—seeing that the accentuation would defeat the end in view]. But enough of this [idly censorious] glancing [—on the part of these objectors—see § 25. 6.—] at the declaratious of the ve- nerable [author of the Kévya Prakds'a, to whom—though constrained to find fault with him occasionally myself—I am indebted for so much of the materials of my work, that I may call him justly the) bestower of my livelihood. d. By the “ &c.” [in the extract from Bhartrihari given under § 25. a., is meant), in such a case as (that of one’s saying] ‘A female with breasts just so big,” (the making one aware] by gestures of the hand, &c., [—the fingers being just so far opened as to mark the size intended—] that the breasts, or the like, resemble the unexpanded lotus ; and so in other cases. e. When (a word is] thus restricted, in respect of its Denotation, to a single meaning, that power which is the cause of one’s thinking of another sense of the word is (the power termed, in § 25,] Suggestion founded on Denotation. [This occurs] for example [in the following verses] of my father (—literally, of the feet of my father—] the great minister, the lover of the nymph (consisting) of the fourteen dialects, the ehief of great poets, the venerable Chandra S’ekhara, minister of peace and war, [—the verses being these—viz., | “Whose body is embraced by Durgdé, overwhelming by his radiance the God of Love, on whom (as a crest-ornament) has arisen a digit of the moon, venerable, surrounded everywhere by his snakes, whose eyes are made of the chief of stars, who has a solid affection for the most majestic of mountains [—the Himdlaya—], having mounted on a cow (—the emblem of the earth—], with his body adorned with ashes,— resplendent is this beloved of Umé.”’ Here, from the ^^ circumstances of the case’’—(see § 25. a.—the minister intending to describe, not the god 81758 who reduced the god of Love to ashes by a glance of his eye, and who is decorated with cobra da capellos, but his own king who is lovelier than Cupid, and who is surrounded by his minteters—and so on through the weary string of F 34 The Mirror of Composition. puns—] the sense of the terms [in the expression] “ beloved of Uma” being restricted, in respect of the Denotation, to that (not of the god- dess Um, or Gaurf, and her husband, but) of the queen named Umé and her husband king Bhdnoudeva, [it follows that] the sense of the ** beloved of the goddess Gauri,”’ (—i. €. the god S‘iva—] is under- stood (—to the glorification of king Bh&énudeva by the comparison—] only through Suggestion. And so of other cases. J. He (next) describes that [power of Suggestion) which is found- ed on Indication {§ 24]. Text. Suggestion found- 26. But that Motive for the sake of which (the ed on Indication. == कणकश of} Indication is subservient, let that [power] whereby that [Motive] is caused to be thought of be [called] Suggestion founded on Indication. CoMMENTARY. a. When, in such (an expression] as ‘ A herd-station on the Ganges” [—see § 13. a.—], the power of Denotation has desisted {[—see § 23. a.] after causing one to think of such an object as a mass of water (which the word ^ Ganges,” denotes], and the [thereto sub- sequent] power of Indication has desisted after causing one to think of such an object as the bank,—(then] that (power) by which such a thing as the excess of coolness and purity (—the ‘ Motive’ for employ- ing the particular form of expression—see § 13. ®. } is caused to be thought of, is (the power called] ‘ Suggestion founded on Indication.’ 8. Having thus deseribed (—in § 25 and 26—] Suggestion per- taining to words [—see § 23], he describes Suggestion pertaining to the things (signified by the words}. Text. Suggestionfound- 27. That arises from the Sense [of words] which sia 0 causes one to think of something else through the speciality of the Speaker, or the Addressed, or the Sentence, or the Proximity of another, or the Drift, or the Occasion, or the Plaee, or Time, or Emphasis, or Gesture, or the like. ComMMENTARY. a. [In saying ^ That arises, &c.”] the word “ Suggestion’’ is (to be supplied] in construction (—the text, without ellipsis, being ‘‘ That (power of ) Suggestion arises, &c.}’’ The Mirror of Composition. 35 6. Among these [various specialities, there may be an example} where there is some speciality in respect of the Speaker, the Sentence, the Drift, the Occasion, the Place, and the Time—as [is the case in} my own [lines here following—viz., | “The season is the Spring-time—and he of the flowery bow (the god of Love] now rages—: gently flow the breezes that bear away with them the languor of love ;—this pleasure-garden too is beautiful with its arbours of the cane :—my husband is far away :—tell me— what ts to be done to-day ?” Here—it is in respect of [not any particular words here employed, but in respect of ] the Place [(—so suitable under all the circumstances, for an assignation—] that some one hints to her confidante [—likely to guess the ° Drift’ of this ‘Speaker’—] ‘‘let my unavowed lover be sent speedily.” e. Where the speciality is in respect of the person addressed [—§ 27—we may have such an example) as [the following, viz.,] ‘The border of thy breasts has lost the whole of the sandal-wood {with the cooling unguent of which they bad been anointed :]—the colour of thy lip has been rubbed out :—thine eyes are quite devoid of collyriam :—this thy slender body has every hair erect :—O falsely speaking go-between !—heedless of the access of pain to [me] thy friend, thou wentest hence te bathe in the lake—not [88 I had sent thee] to that wretch.” Here, by Indication of the contrary [(—see § 15. a.]—‘‘ Thou hast gone near him’ is indicated ; and, through the speciality of the mes- senger ‘addressed’ (—she being not a messenger simply, but one re- garded as ^" falsely speaking’’—] it is understood to be suggested [—on the ground of this sense —see § 27—] that ‘‘ (Thou wentest] to dally with that [wretch].” d. Where the speciality is in respect of the Proximity of another (-¶ 27—we may have such an example] as [the following—viz. } - “That crane stands unmoved and undisturbed on the leaf of the lotus—like a conch-shell placed on a tray of pure emerald.” Here, from the immobility of the crane its security (is inferred], and, from that, the fact that the place is devoid of people ; and thus [i. e., by directing attention to the fact,) itis said (not expressly but suggestively) by some one to her unavowed lover by her side (—for else, the remark F 2 36 The Mirror of Composition. on the solitariness of the spot, would not have given rise to the same suggestion }—‘‘ This [—where the wary crane stands fearing no intrusion —]is the place for an assignation.”” Here the Motive [—for the remark —or, in other words, the thing sought to be suggested—] is that spe- ciality (—of fitness, namely, for an assignation—] of a thing [anteced- ently] suggested—this (thing antecedently suggested] consisting in the fact that the place is devoid of people :—({so that here we have Sug- gestion founded on Suggestion}. Emphasis— e. ‘It 18 an alteration of the sound in the throat what. that is called, by the learned, Emphasis (kdki.)’’ The varieties of Emphasis, which is of the kinds mentioned (by writers concerned with the question, and not to be dwelt on here], are to be recognised from [accompanying] Gestures and the like (—§ 27.]. (To take an example] where the speciality consists in this, [we may have such a couplet} as (the following :—viz.). ‘In submission to his preceptor, alas, he is prepared to depart to a far country. In the Spring-time, joyous with its bee-swarms and its cuckoos,—he wont come back—eh, friend of mine ?”’ Here (she says) ‘he wont come back’’—but, by the (slily appro- priate] Emphasis, [(—accompanied perhaps by a slight toss of the head —], it is suggested that “he assuredly will come back.” J. Where the speciality consists in Gesture (chesh¢é) [we may have such an example] as (the following—viz. ] ‘¢ Perceiving that her lover had his mind [anxious] about the time of assignation, the quick-witted dame closed the lotus-flower with which she was playing—whilst her laughing eye conveyed to it the import.” Here, by the gesture of closing the lotus, &. it is suggested by some woman that ^ The twilight [—when the lotus-flowers close their petals—] is the time of assignation.” $ Inthe same way [as in the cases above exemplified) the case is to be understood when there is a Speciality in respect of the Speaker and the rest (enumerated in § 27] taken either separately or any way combined. Text. Division of Sug- 28. Through the threefold division of Meanings, gestion according this [power of Suggestion] is held to be, in respect to the threefold division of Mean- of each (of the above-mentioned varieties—] three- ings. fold. The Mirror of Composition. 37 ComMENTARY. ; a. By reason that Meanings have a threefold nature, through their being Express or Indicated or Suggested (—see § 9—], all the just- mentioned powers of Suggestion are threefold. Among these—there is [—for instance] the power of Suggestion belonging to an Express meaning—as {(—1in the example under § 27. 6.|—‘ The season is the Spring-time, &c.,” (the words of which are all to be understood liter- ally) :—([2ndly there is that] belonging to an Indicated meaning—as [in the example under § 27. ९.] ^“ The border of thy breasts has lost the whole of the sandal-wood, &c.’’ [—where the words indicate the reverse of what is said, and the Suggestion originates in this indicated meaning] :—(and 3rdly there is that] belonging to a Suggested mean- ing—as (in the example under § 27. d.—] That “ crane stands unmov- ed, &c.,’’ [where the Suggestion of its being a suitable place of assigna- tion arises out of the suggested secludedness of the spot}. 6. But Suggestiveness pertaining [see § 23. a.] to the radical part of a word or to an affix will be treated at length (in the latter portion of chap. 4th]. €, (Some one might object that we were told, at § 3., that Poetry is a Sentence, and further, at § 6., that a Sentence consists of Words ; bat, on the other hand, we are told, at § 2. r., that Poetry consists in Suggestion, and further, at § 23, that Suggestion, may come from the sense and not from the words—so that we are left in perplexity as to which does constitute Poetry—the words or the sense. To remove this perplexity the author declares, as follows :—] Text. The matual ree 29. (106 meaning conveyed by a word suggests, lstion of Words and so also does a word applied in another sense क (—than that which it then ९०८०, but might else- rate of Poe- where denote—see the example under § 25. ९.1. When । the one suggests, then the other is its coadjutor. ComMENTARY. a. Because a word, when it suggests, has an eye to another mean- ing [without which it would fail of suggesting]; and so too a meaning, [when it suggests, has an eye] to the word (—without which the mean- ing would vanish] :—hence, when the one suggests, the co-operation of the other must needs be admitted. 38 The Mirror of Composition. Text. 1 30. Through the being distinguished by the three Word according to accidents of Denotation, &c. (§ 10.) a Word also is te + of held (—as the Meaning thereof is—] to be of three kinds—Expressive, Indicative, and Suggestive. ComMENTARY. a. When it has the accident of (the power of ] Denotation, the word is (simply) Expressive (odchaka) :—when it has the accident of Indication, it is Indicative (lakshaka) : when it has the accident of Suggestion, it is Suggestive (vyanjyaka). 8, Moreover [—the senses conveyed by separate words, in virtue of their exerting one or other of these three functions, being supposed decided—a difference of opinion presents itself in regard to how words act ix concert. On this the author proceeds to remark]. Texr. he: quel 31. Some say that there is a function (of the whether the power Sentence] called Purport (¢étparyya) [which function ee ieee consists] in making one apprehend the connection ~ व १ to among the meanings of the words. Others say that ` the sense (alleged to come) from the Purport is (nothing else than] the sense (that comes) from that (Sentence itself ], and the Sentence [itself] is what makes one apprehend that [sense]. ComMENTARY. a. Because of the surcease of the power of Denotation (—§ 23. 6.—] when the meanings of the several words had been conveyed, there is a function, called Purport, declaratory of the connection among the mean- ings of the words, in the shape of the sense of the sentence ;—such is the opinion of those who (—like the followers of the Ny&ya—] say that a connection takes place among the [separate meanings] denoted [by the separate words in the sentence]. The opinion (on the other hand] of those who say that significance belongs [१०४ to the words separately—but—] to the connected (words in the shape of a sentence}, is this, that the sense (alleged to ४९] conveyed by the Purport [of the sentence] is just the sense of that [sentence itself ] ; aud the declarer of that [sense of the sentence] is just the sentence itself. &. So much for the 2nd chapter of the Sdhitya Darpana, entitled the ‘ Declaration of the nature of a Sentence.” The Mirror of Composition. 39 CHAPTER III. (Tax DECLARATION OF THE ‘FLAvouRS, THE ‘Moons,’ &c.] Now what is this Flavour (—rasa—see § 3. ९.] ? To this it is replied :- Text. Flavour define ३2. Love or the like, brought out into manifestness {not by the direct mention thereof but] by,an Excitant, an Ensuant or an Accessory, (and being] the permanent mood [or main sentiment in any composition—see § 203—], attains to the rank of a Flavour (in the opinion] of the intelligent. CoMMENTARY. a. [What] the “Excitants, &c.” [are] will be mentioned [under § 61—160—and 166.] ४. And the ‘ Spontaneous’ [indications of strong feeling—see § 164—] are not mentioned separately (in the text—although some per- suns may imagine that they ought to have been—) because they really are Ensuants, (—and these are mentioned in the text). e. (When he speaks of the Flavour as something) ‘‘ brought ont into manifestness,” (he means to say, that,] Flavour is this [something] made manifest in a different eharacter to which it is changed—just as curd or the like (consists of milk or the like presented under a change of character]; but [he does} not [mean to say] that something previ- ously completed (and previously so extant] is [in this case] revealed, as a [previously extant] jar is [revealed unchanged] by a lamp. This is stated by the author of the Loekana, [—the ^" Eye,’’ scilicet of cri- ticism—when he says] ‘“‘ The expression ‘ The Flavours are perceived’ is employed just as the expression ‘ He is cooking the boiled rice’ is em- ployed—(neither expression, however convenient, being strictly correct, inasmuch as the matter operated upon in the one case is not ‘ boiled rice’ but only becomes such through being cooked; and the matter operated upon in the other case is १0८ ‘ Flavour’ but only becomes such through being perceived.]’’ e. And in this [text § 32], although merely through our taking the word ^ Love, &c.’’ the fact of its being a = ^ permanent’’ mood is also [implied] there [—* love, &c.’”’—see 203—being just what constitute 40 The Mirror of Composition. these permanent moods or main sentiments in a composition—] yet the word ^^ permanent” is taken in again (not tautologically, but in reliance on the maxim “‘exceptio probat regulam,”*] with a view to the declaring that these are १०८ [necessarily] main or permanent conditions where there are other Flavours. And heoce Laughter, Anger, &c. are only transitory (and incidental] when there is [as the Flavour or Senti- ment of the composition] the Erotic, the Heroic, or the like :—as it is said “Only when in the position of the Flavour [of any given com- position] does a ‘mood’ (bhdva) attain to being a main or permanent one.” d. The manner of the fruition thereof [i. ९. of Flavour] shall now be told—which will involve a declaration of its nature. Text. How Flavour 33. This Flavour [arising] from the exaltation of is apprehended. [that leading element, of the three, held to constitute Nature, that is termed] ‘ Purity,’ indivisible, self-manifested, made up of joy and thought (in their identity], free from the contact of aught else perceived, akin [as a uterine brother] to the [ecstatic contempla- ४०४] perception of God, the life whereof is hyper-physical wonder, is enjoyed, by those competent, in inseparableness [of the Flavour from the fruition thereof ],—like the form of the Deity [which ta—according to the Veddénta—itself the joy with which it is recognised by the liberated 80४]. | CoMMENTARY. a. (Asit is said) “A mind untouched by Foulness and Darkness (—two out of the three that, according to the Sdnkhya Philosophy, constitute Nature—see ‘Lecture on the 7attwa-samdsa,”’ No. 49, and Prof. Wilson’s Sdakhya Kériké, p. 52—) is here called Purity (sattwa) :""—so a certain internal character, of this just-mentioned de- scription, which leads one to a turning away of the face from extrane- ous things cognizable, is [what we speak of in the text as} ‘ Purity.’ Its “exaltation” (spoken of in the text] is its manifestation when it has risen above [the two other constituents of Nature, viz.,] Foulness and Darkness [as above-mentioned]. And the cause hereof (—1. €. of this mental character—] is the ‘study of such like supermundane matters of Poetry (as may be mentioned here or elsewhere}. * See Whately’s Logic—B. ii. Ch. v. § 6. The Mirror of Composttion. 41 ९. [By calling it] “indivisible” [he means to say that) this [Fla- vour—thongh consisting, in some sort,—see $ 52—of a number of ele- ments—] is one thing only—consisting of the wonder that arises from the display of the ^ Excitants, &c.” [that give rise to Emotion—see § 61], and of (the Emotions themselves—such as] Love, &c. The cause of this [—i. €.» of its indivisibility] we shall tell (—further on —see § 60.] ९. Itis ‘‘self-manifested,”’ &c., [the text informs us—and this it is} in the way that we shall mention [at § 60]. d. {In the epithet applied to Flavour—viz.—] chinmaya, the affix mayat [—see Pénini V. 4. 21.—) gives the sense of “ consisting of” [—Flavour being made up of thought.”’] €. ^ Wonder” is akind of expanding of the mind. Another term with the same import is “Surprise.” And the proof of this [—that The opinion the life of Flavour is ‘ Wonder’—] is the dictum of my (नः all poetic reat great grandfather, the most venerable io the as- vour is reda- . + cible to ‘ Won- sembly of the intelligent, the chief of learned poets, one the illustrious Naréyana. Dharmmadatta mentions that (dictum of my great great grandfather's, when he says] :— ‘“‘In Flavour, even in every case, Wonder is felt as its essence. Since Wonder is its essence, [it fullows that] Flavour, even in every case, is (that Sentiment or Flavour, called) the ‘Surprising :’—hence the learn- ed N4r4yana has declared that Flavour, is just [that Sentiment or Flavour called} ‘the Surprising’ [and no other].” ¢ [By] ‘those competent” (he here particularly refers to} the ancient men of virtue, [in respect of whom the statement of the text is trae} since it has been declared.—“‘ The virtuous apprehend the ex- panse of Flavour, as the ecstatic contemplator (discerns God in beatific vision }.”’ Indifference of 9” 1 are told that) “The gustation [of Fla- ebject and opera- vour] is the arising of joy in the soul from the con- ig क व tact of matters of Poetry”’ :—now, on this showing, it is [plainly] declared that Flavour is nothing distinct from the gustation thereof ;—but still, [though admitting this] we [find it convenient to) employ such expressions as ‘‘ Flavour is tasted,’’ either admitting (for convenience] a fictitious distinction [between the tasting and the flavour tasted], or employing the verb reflectively G 42 The Mirror of Composition. [—see the Laghu Kaumudi, p. 313.) The same thing is stated (by another authority, who says,] “ Since its essence consists in its being tasted,* Flavour is nothing other [in respect of its b0dy—if it can be said to have one—] than the body [consisting] of [its) manifestation.” And so in similar places elsewhere such applications [of the term Fla- your as denoting something distinct from its perception—see § 51. 4.—) are to be understood tropically. ० kh. “But then” {some one—fancying that he is jection to thisno giving utterance to an objection—may say] ^“ by all ene this you assert that Flavour (—in which Poetry con- sists—see § 3.] is not an object of knowledge [but a mode of know- ledge] ; and since Suggestion is a mode of knowledge [the result of which also—see § 2. +. and 59—is declared to be alone Poetry—] it turns out that these two are one. And yet (hear what the author of the Vyaktiviveka says—viz.—] ‘ What we mean by a Suggester [or mani- fester—vyanjaka—] 18 a cause, through the knowledge due to itself, of the knowledge of some other extant thing,—as a lamp [lis, in rela- tion toa jar or the like]. And if it be otherwise [—i. e¢., if you do not grant that Suggestion is the manifester of Flavour already extant] then what difference is there between this [manifester of something not previously extant] and 8 maker? (which all deny, it to be—Flavour not being a product—see § 52]. According to this showing, [as op- posed to your view of the identity of the manifestation and the thing manifested], there is really a distinction between the Suggested and the Suggester, as between a jar and alamp,—and 80 how can Flavour [which you identify with the act of manifestation or Suggestion] be the thing Suggested 7?”—If, (0 friendly objector, you say all this,] you say rightly. And therefore have they declared that this, the making [of Flavour] called Gustation, is a certain operation quite peculiar [and distinct] from the [ordinary] kinds of ‘ making’ and ‘ manifesting ;’ and therefore [does the author of the Vyaktiviveka say) ^^ Tasting, _Relishing, and Wondering, are quite peculiar names.” And there- fore, by myself and others who take it to be established as the only {explanation of the phenomena in question] that there is a function * Compare Berkeley’s expressions with respect to ideas—‘‘ the existence of an idea consists in its being perceived’’—; and again with respect to things,—‘ their esse is percipi.’’ Principles of Human Knowledge, Chs. 2 and 3. The Mirror of Composition. 43 [—viz., ‘ Suggestion’—denied by the Grammarians and by the Nai- yayikas—] distinct from Denotation, &c., (therefore, I repeat, by myself and those who think with me] it is stated that the Flavours, &८ consist of [what we choose, for convenience, to regard sometimes as an olyect of knowledge, and which we then call) the [meaning] ‘ Suggest- ed’ (vyangya) ४ But again [—adverting to the assertion of the text that Flavour is made up of joy—some one may object—‘ Then, since the ° Pathe- tic’ [§ 228] and such like Flavours are made up of pain, they cannot be Flavours at all.” To this it is replied (as follows] Text. Things pein- 34. Of the fact that, even in such a Flavour as the falin reality are < Pathetic,’ &c. [in reality] pleasure only is produced— in poetry sources pleasare only. the consciousness of the intelligent is the only proof. ComMENTARY a. By the “&c.” (he means such other Flavours as] the ‘ Dis- gusting,’ the ‘ Terrible,’ &c. [see § 234 and 233]. 6. Still [—though the authority cited in the text ought to suffico— १९६] in order to close the mouths of the unintelligent, the opposite side of the argument (—see Aphorisms of the Ny&ya, 39. a.—] is men- tioned, [and disposed of, as follows] Texr 35. Moreover, if in these [§ 34] there were pain, then no one would turn a look towards them [—which, however, people do—] ComMENTARY. a. For no one, possessed of understanding, engages [—knowingly, and without some ulterior view—] in paining himself ; and [yet] we see that every one enters with engrossing interest into the ‘ Pathetic,’ &c. 6. As another illustration of the unfitness [of the objection], he remarks [as follows). Text. 36. [If it were] 8० [(—see § 35—] then such [compositions] as the Réméyaxa would be causes of pain [—instead of giving delight to every man of taste]. ComMMENTARY. @. For since (—according to the supposed objection—see § 33. i.] the ‘ Pathetic’ is a cause of pain, we should find cause of pain even in © 2 44 The Mirror of Composition. such (heart-delighting compositions] as the Rdmdyasa the leading Sentiment of which is the ‘ Pathetic.’ 6. But how then, (some one may ask], can pleasure arise from causes of pain? To this he replies (as follows]. Text. 37. Grant that mundane sorrow, joy, &c. be produced from what things, so far as they belong to the world, happen to be causes of sor- row, joy, &c.—yet what harm is there if we say that pleasure is pro- duced even from ali these, when, through their being consigned to [the transcendental world of } Poetry, they have attained to being hyper-physical Excitants ? CoMMENTARY. a. For, what things indeed, such as (the banished] Réma’s residing in the forest, are called causes of pain in the world (—or in their ac- tual occurrence—], those very things, when consigned to Poetry and to dramatic representation, in consequence of their assuming the func- tion of ° hyper-physical excitation,’ [§ 44. 5.], having left off being de- noted by the term causes, possess the right to be denoted by the term hyper-physical excitants (vibhdva) ;—and, from these, only pleasure is produced—as from bites [and scratches] and the like in toying. And hence it is only in the [actual] world that the rule holds that from wordly causes of sorrow, joy, &c., worldly sorrow, joy, &c. [respective- ly] arise; whilst in (the transcendental world of] Poetry, on the other hand, pleasure alone arises from all the exciting agencies, &c.—and, according to this determination of the state of the case, there is no fault [in the text under consideration]. त, 6. (But if the poetic representation of sufferings that in poetry any- produces only pleasure, ] how then are tear-sheddings, cae &c. produced by the seeing or hearing, in a poem or in a dramatic performance, the [sad] adventures of Harischandra [in the Mahdbhérata} and the like? To this it is replied {as follows). Text. 38. In like manner tear-sheddings, &c. [§ 37. ९.] are held to come from the mind’s being melted [—not pained—]. The Mirror of Composition. 45 CoMMENTARY. Why poetry a. How then does this perception of Flavour from Ta delight Poetry not take place in the case of all? To this he replies (as follows]. TExt. 39. Gustation does not take place then [—i.e., at the time of a dramatic representation or the like—] without the Imagination of Love, &c. [—i. €. without the capacity of conceiving whatever passion is in- tended to be depicted]. CoMMENTARY. a. And Imagination [or cultivated intellectual Susceptibility] (v4- sand) both now developed and not neutralized by past demerit [—liter- ally ^ present’’ and “‘ ancient” —] is the cause of the gustation of Fla- vour. If the former of these were not [necessary], then this (power of relishing poetry} would belong even to Brahmans learned in the Vedas, and to students of the old Logic, &c. [—who, however, do not read poetry, and cannot therefore acquire a sensibility in regard to it— this sensibility requiring to be matured by cultivation—see § 19. a.] ; and if the second were not [necessary], then it would not happen [—as, however, it does happen—] that even some of the most eager [students of Poetry] are seen not to have a [right) perception of Flavour [—which is explicable, in the case ef these commendable strugglers, only on the supposition that demerit incurred in some anterior state of existence frustrates their efforts]. 6. And it is said by Dharmmadatta—‘“ Those present [at a drama- tie representation} who have Imagination, may relish the Flavour (of the composition represented] ; but those devoid of Imagination are, in the theatre, like the wood-work, the walls, and the stones.”’ Sympathy arises € But—from those causes which excite love, &c., from the specta- in Réma, &c.,—such as (his beloved] Sité; &c., how tor’s identifying | : himself with the 18 it that love, &c., is excited in the spectator? To प this it is replied [as follows]. Text. 40. The Excitants, &c. [§ 61] have an operation called the making common (—through sympathy—], by force of which the person com- petent [to appreciate Poetry—see § 39—] makes himeelf out to be not a distinct person from him [—the hero—] whose jumping across the 46 The Mirror of Composition sea [—as Hanumén does in the Rémdyaza, |—&c. [are the matters re- presented]. ComMMENTABY. a. But [some one may ask—objecting to the possibility of one’s imagining himself the possesser of superhuman power—] how can 8 man imagine [himself to poesess] the vigour to jump across the sea, &c. ? To this it is replied [as follows). TExt. Sympathy not 41. The idea [arising in the mind] even of [mere] क, (^ = men, of [possessing] such valour, &c., as [is required] hero to the spec- in jumping across the sea, &c., is not censurable (as “oe an impossibility—such idea resulting] from the con- ceit of community [with the hero of the poem]. ComMENTARY. a. Love, &c., also [—as well as heroism—] are felt through this community [of the spectator with the hero]—hence he remarks [88 follows}. Text 42. Through community (or sympathy], in like manner, Love, &c., felt. CoMMENTARY. a. {For] if Love, &c., were recognised (by each spectator) as being located in one’s self, then the spectators would experience shame, tremor, &c., [and all the appropriate moods of mind and body which, in fact, they do experience—] but if [the feelings represented on the stage were recognised by them] as located in another [—e. g., in the hero re- garded as quite distinct from themselves]—then there would be insi- pidity [or an absence of all Flavour). 8. Moreover [not only are the emotions common to both, but] the Excitants, &c., [of emotion], in the first place, [—the Flavour eventually resulting being, logically and analytically if not chronologically and really, subsequent to the exciting agencies—] are recognised as being common [to the hero with the spectator rightly recognising them)]—on which he remarks [as follows] Text. 43. At (the time of ] the gustation thereof [i. e., of Flavour], there is no distribution of the Excitants, &c., [of emotion—such as could put The Mirror of Composition 47 it into the head of a spectator to say] ‘‘ this is the other’s [i. €. the hero’s}—that is not the other’s—this is mine—that is not mine.” ComMMENTARY. es. But still—how have these Excitants, &c., a character thus ez- traordinary 7? To this it is replied [as follows]. Text. 44. (In the eyes} of those who admit that the functions called Ex- citation, &c. are hyper-physical [—see § 33—], their extraordinariness is their beauty not their blame. CoMMENTARY. a. By the “ &c.” (he means) Accommodation [§ 44. ¢.] and Acces- soriness [§ 44. d.]. 8. Here [§ 44.] ‘ Excitation’ (or alterant action] (vibkdvana) means the producing the requisite arrangement for the germination* (or springing up] of the gustation of some particular kind [of emotion] sach—e. g.—as Love (—see § 61. 4.] e. ‘Accommodation’ [of the plastic mind or body to this alterant agency] (anubhdévana) means the perception of such Love, &c., [as is spoken of in the preceding paragraph] in the shape of Flavour, &c., , (—meaning by the “&c.” an ‘incomplete’ Flavour—see § 3. ¢.], im- mediately thereafter—[i. e. immediately after the arrangement specifi- ed in § 44. 8.]. व. ^ Accessoriness’ (sanchérana) means the promoting [and serving by concomitance to heighten] this [Flavour] that has become such [as just described in § 44. c.] e. But then—[some one may ask]—if the Excitants, &c., in the order of their enumeration, are (—as they seem to have been just de- scribed to be, respectively, nothing other than] Causes, Effects, and Concurrent causes—how are all the three [spoken of—at § 32—as if they were all] Causes of the apprehending of Flavour? To this it is replied (—as follows, that such is simply the fact.] Text. 45. For, though in the ordinary course of life the Excitants, &c., ($ 61] are in the shape of Causes, Hffects, and Concurrent causes, yet * Compare Taylor's expression—" the uodeveloped initiatives of good things to come :’’—see ° Saturday Evening,’ p. 6. 48° The Mirror of Composition. they are held to be Causes alone in respect of the apprehending of Flavour. ComMMENTARY. a. But how then, in the gustation of Flavour, do these [three] seem to be one? To this it is replied [as follows). Text. 46. First each reason [—in order that the state How Flavour : is single, though of the case may be clearly understood—] is mentioned rate yin क separately as being perceived ; and [then we say) let composition of all this commingled—the Excitants and the rest— + constitute, like the [composite] flavour of sherbet, the Flavour tasted by the intelligent. CoMMENTARY. a. As, from the commingling of sugar, pepper, &c., a certain un- precedented relish is produced in the shape of the flavour of the sherbet; 80 is it here also, from the commingling of the Excitants, &c.—such is the meaning (of the text § 46]. 8. But then [some one may ask}—if Flavour is produced only from Excitants, Ensuants, and Accessories commingled, how can it be found (—as you will not deny that it is—] where there exists but one (of the three], or two? To this it is replied (as follows]. Text. What might 47. If there be present, out of (the three—viz.,] the ee pe Excitants and the others, two or [even] one, then there eal is suppl: is no fault, for there is instantaneously a supplying of ciation of Ideas. the others [by the Association of Ideas]. CoMMENTARY. a. And this supplying (—of what is awanting may occur] in virtue of the [suggestive character of the] matter in hand, or of something else. For example—([take the following verses]. ८ A face, long-eyed, fair as the autumnal moon ; arms sloping at the shoulders ; and a bosom compact, with close high breasts; sides—as if polished ; span-measured waist; loins joined with handsome hips ; feet with the toes upturned; and her whole person disposed just like the utter unconstraint of a [blithe] dancer’s mind.” Here, whilst Agnimitra, in love with Mélavik&, describes only Exci- tants [of the emotion of Love] in the shape of (the various beauties The Mirror of Composition. 49 of ] Malaviké, there is, through the mere fitness of things, a [mental] supplying of ‘ Accessories’ such as the longing [of the lover describing his mistress}, and of Ensuants,—such as the [rapturous] rolling of the eyes. And thus in regard to the supplying of others [of the three, when not all are conveyed in the poet’s words,] an inference is to be made {by the intelligent reader, for himself—it being unnecessary to mul- tiply examples. | 6. To those who [—not holding the correct view laid down in § 43—] say that the Flavour is located in the one represented (—i. ® in the hero—], he says [as follows] Text. The locus of 48. The taking cognizance of Love, &c. as belong- the Flavour not ing [entirely] to the person represented, would not be- srl hero—and come Flavour—for this (Love, &c. so far forth as be- longing entirely to Aim] was limited (to the hero him- self], and was mundane [—whereas Flavour—see § 33—is hyperphy- sical—], and it [the Love, &c. of the Hero] is separated by a long in- terval, (—the hero having possibly died a thousand years ago—whereas the spectator belongs to the time present—whatever that may be—and Flavour—see § 54—is irrespective of Time. ] ComMMENTARY. a. For, the perception of Love or the like, in R&ma or the like, produced by the sight of (his beloved] Sfta or the like, was limited (to the single lover, and does not belong to a whole theatrical audience] ; and it pertained to the [every-day] world ; and it is separated by a long interval from the witnessing, &c., of the play or the poem (in which the incident is described]. Hence, how should ¢é attain [§ 32] to the state of being a Flavour—seeing that Flavour is characterized by its being devoid of this triad of characters—(being not limited to one— not mundane but hyperphysical—and not of the past but irrespective of Time —] ? 6. He rejects also [the notion of | its being located in the repre- senter {of the hero—i. €, of its being in the actor :—remarking as follows). Text. 2 ध्र 49. {६ 18 not the player [—poor hungry wretch—] vour thehistrio- that is the taster of the Flavour—exhibiting (as he 50 The Mirror of Composition. nic representer does] the appearance [—i. e. performing the part—] of म Rédma, or the like, merely as he has been taught, or as he has learned by practice. CoMMENTARY. a. Moreover (—to meet an obvious objection—he adds]. Text. Theactor,so 50. By his realizing to himself (—if he does so—} far forth as be the import of the poetry (—which he more probably is a man of th jndiff । : teste, ranksasa repeats with indifference if not with weariness—) he spectator. too ranks as a spectator. CoMMENTARY. a. (That is to say}—if, on the other hand, through his realizing the import of the poetry, be enacts the character of Rama as if [he felt it to be) his own, then he [—the actor—] too is reckoned among the audience [—and whatever we may remark of them, applies so far to him]. Text. Flevour not 2!- This (Flavour) is not something that may be an objective en- made known—for the perception of it is inseparable from a its very existence. ComMMENTARY. a. For, ‘what may be made known’ (770४2), as a yar for in- stance [—by the light thrown upon it by a lamp or the like—}, that, even whilst existing, is sometimes not perceived ; but not so this [गन vour}, for, apart from perception, it does not exist—[§ 33. 4.]. Text. Flavour not a 52. Since this (Flavour] has its essence (or is not product. itself except] in necessary connection with the aggre- gate of Excitants, &c., (on which it depends, } therefore it is not an effect {or product]. ComMENTARY. a. If Flavour were an effect (—or product—like ordinary mundane things—] then it would be one having for its cause [inasmuch as it could have no other cause—] the knowledge [i. e. the perception] of the Excitants, &c.; and therefore, at the time of the perception of Flavour, the Excitants, &c., would not be perceived—for we do not see {that there occurs] simultaneously the perception of a cause and the perception of the effect of that [cause] :—for [—to give an illustration The Mirror of Composition. 51 of our meaning—) the perception of the touch of the sandalwood- unguent, and the perception of the pleasure produced thereby, cannot take place simultaneously [however rapidly the one may succeed the other—] ; and (on the other hand], the perception of the Excitants, &c. is not [—in the mundane and ordinary sense of the word—] the cause of the perception of Flavour, since this [Flavour] exists (as we have said} in necessary connection with the aggregate of the Excitants, &c. [and is therefore perceived simultaneously with them ;—and as these are therefore not to be spoken of as its cause, i¢ is not to be called their effect] :—such is the purport [of the text]. Text. Plavoue indes 53. Nor is it eternal—being non-existent previous 1 to its perception. fature. CoMMENTARY. a. For (—as remarked at § 51. a.] at the time when it is not per- ceived, it does not even exist ; and verily it does not belong to a thing that is eternal to be incapable of existing at a time when it is not perceived. Text. 54. Nor is it [Flavour] moreover, something that will be [—con- tinuing perdurably, apart from the perception of it, after having once come into existence—] because it consists in (nothing else than) its own manifestation in the shape of positively apparent joy [felt then and there ;—and yet] neither is it, moreover, of the present,—for it is of a nature distinct alike from an ‘effect’ [§ 52] and from ‘what can be made known’ [§ 51—to one or other of which heads everything merely mundane and of time present can be referred—while—like the Deity— this ‘Flavour’ is irrespective of Time]. Since its object (—or what . furnishes the occasion of its manifestation—] is the experiencing of the Excitants, &c. [§ 61), and also since it is apprehended by the intelli- gent in the shape of pre-eminent delight, clearly its conveyer is not wished to be [—i.e. cannot be allowed to be—] ‘unconditioned’ (nirvikalpaka) knowledge [—the mere knowledge that ‘this is some- thing’| ; (and yet] in like manner neither it is perceived as ^ condition- ed’ (savikalpaka), because of the absence of adaptability in it to (being described by] any combination of terms [—as will be explained in the commentary here following). H 2 52 The Mirror of Composition. ComMENTARY. a. (Isay that the object apprehended, when ‘ Flavour’ ts appre- hended, is not ‘conditioned’ knowledge, | because whatever [cognitions } are received through ‘conditioned’* knowledge are adaptable to some employment of language, [—i. e. an account can be given of them in separate and intelligible terms—} but not so is ^ Flavour’ [—which, being every way indivisible,—see § 60—cannot be analyzed and then defined in terms of the analysis. } Text. No. 55. And it [‘Flavour’] is not something imperceptible, for it is something manifested (see $ 30] ; and [yet] its manifestation is not [ per se] perceptible, because the possibility [of its being apprehended } is [dependent] on sound [—i. e. on the words that constitute the poetry —). ComMENTARY. a. “Do tell then” (—the reader will be ready to exclaim—) ‘¢ what like és the real nature (—the ¢atéwa or ‘ quiddity’—) of this strangely characterised sort of thing such as was never seen or heard of (before)? To this it is replied. Text. तः No. 56. Therefore [1. €, since ‘ Flavour’ does not gether hyper- fall under any division in these exhaustive classifications aca of mundane knowledge—] truly it is to be regarded by the intelligent as Ayperphysical (alaukika). ComMMENTARY. a. Then again what is the evidence that this (‘Flavour’) is an entity? To this he replies. ग The terms sirvikalpaka and savikalpaka are explained in the Tarka Sangraha as follow :—‘' That [—viz. Perception—pratyakeha—] is of two sorts—nirvikai- paka and savikalpeka, That knowledge which does not involve the [knowledge of the] species or sort, is sirvikalpaka [i. 6. ‘without an alternative’—] as [the knowledge that] ‘This is something.’ That knowledge which does include specifi- cation (or the reference of the object to one of the categorics—see § 12—] is savi- kalpaka (—i. e. ‘ with an alternative’—for the object might possibly be correctly referrible to a different subdivision of the category—] as [the knowledge that] ‘ This is [the man called] Dittha,’ ‘ This is a bréhmay,’ ‘ This is black,’ [not red, or yellow].”” The Mirror of Composition. 53 Text. Proof that No. 57. The evidence of this (—i. e. of Flavour’s ध प being an entity—] is considered by the learned to be vour at all. just the Gustation thereof (—which exists—see § 33. g-—] in inseparableness from (the ‘ Flavour’] itself. CoMMENTARY. a. ‘Gustation’ means tasting ;—and that is of the kind described [by the author of the Dhwani] as follows :—‘‘ ‘Tasting’ is the arising of soul-joy from contact with the meaning of Poetry.” 6. But then [some one may object]—if ‘ Flavour’ is not a product [—as it is denied to be—here implicitly—and explicitly at § 52—] then how is it characterised, by the great saint [Bharata], as follows— viz.—* The production of Flavour takes place from the union of the Excitants, the Ensuants, and the Accessories?” To this it is replied. TExtT. No. 58. By reason of the production of its Gustation [—which, in the sense to be explained in the Commentary, may be said to take place—] the production of this [‘ Flavour’—which—see § 52—is not a prodact,} is (spoken of ] ¢ropically. CoMMENTARY. a. Although the Gustation (of ‘ Flavour’) also is not [really] a pro- duct, seeing that it is nothing distinct from the Flavour [itself—which is no product—}, yet its being a product is spoken of tropically—for it is 8 product, in a secondary sense of the word, in respect of its occa- sionalness (—seeing that every man does not experience it, nor any man at all times}. Text. No. 59. Its not being the “^ Express, &c.” (but only the ‘Sug- gested” —see § 2. ».—] I shall declare in the exposition of ‘ Sugges- tion’ [in chap. 5th]. CoMMENTARY. a. ‘Its”—i. €, Flavour’s. By the ^“ &c.” is meant its not being the ‘Indicated, &c.’ [see § 9]. 6. But then [some one may object]—if ‘ Flavour’ consists of ‘ Love and the rest’? [—meaning by ‘the rest” the appropriate concomitants of each emotion—] commingled [—as declared at § 46—) how [are we to understand) its (self-)manifestation [see § 33} and its indivisibi- lity [§ 33]? To this it is replied. 54 The Mirror of Composition. Text. Flavour, being No. 60. Since ‘ Flavour’ [exists] only from its knowledge, isself- being identical with the knowledge of [the emotious ^ and concomitants, such as) Love, &c.—hence is estab- lished its self-manifestation [—knowledge being, itself, light—), and its indivisibleness. ComMMENTARY. a. If Love, &c.’ were something distinct from the body of light [or knowledge}, then only could its self-manifestation not be establish- ed; but the case is not so,—for its identity therewith is admitted (by all the authorities], as it is declared (by the author of the Dkwani]— thus—“ Although, by reason of its being nothing other than the ‘ Fla- vour,’ the ‘ Gustation’ (of Flavour] is not a product [§ 52], still, being assumed to be a product in respect of its occasionalness [§ 58. a.}, it is moreover treated as divisible into Love [and the various poetic emo- tions] &c., [these being supposed to subsist] in the shape of modifica- tions (—as curd is a modification of milk—] of that increate Imagina- tion which is identical therewith (i. e. with increate Flavour.]’’ :—and [° Flavour,’ I repeat, is held to be identical with Knowledge as he elsewhere declares] thus—‘ And on assenting to the identity of Joy, &c. (with ‘ Gustation’ and ‘ Flavour’), having reposed upon our couch of established doctrine, mayest thou enjoy the slumber of delight for a thousand years of the gods !’’—and [88 he again declares) thus—“ It [Flavour] is undivided from its enjoyer, being made an object of cogni- tion identical with the Love [or other emotion], &c., of the possessor of Imagination.” 8. On (the shoulders of } those who do not admit the fact that Knowledge is self-manifesting—the rod must be let fall by the Vedén- tists [who more especially cherish the tenet disallowed by these}. ८. The ‘indivisibleness’ thereof (i.e. of Flavour—is to be inferred } just from its identity (with the knowledge of the emotions, &c.)—for Love [and the other emotions], &c., in the first place being recognised severally, attain to being ‘Flavour’ only as they appear when having all become one. This is declared [by the author of the Dhzwani] as follows—‘ The Excitants, the Ensuants, the Involuntary [indications of emotion], and the Accessories, being recognised first dividedly, attain to indivisibility :’—and [again—as he remarks in prose—] The Mirror of Composition. 55 “ But in strict reality this (Flavour) is to be apprehended only as something indivisible, like the nature of the Deity as set forth in (the theological system of ] the Vedanta.”’ d. Now what are those ‘ Excitants,’ ‘ Ensuants’ and ‘ Accessories’ [§ 32] ? With reference to this [question], he tells us what is an ‘ Exci- tant’ (as follows]. Text. What is meant No. 61. What things in the [every-day] world by an‘ Excitant.’ cause one to think of Love or any other [of the emo- tions}, in Poetry and the Drama are called ^ Excitants’ (vibhdva). CoMMENTARY. a. For, what things,—e. g. Sité (the beloved of R&éma), &c. are, in the [actual] world, causes of one’s thinking of the Love, or the Laughter, or any other (emotion) belonging to R4ma or any one else,—. these same, when consigned to Poetry or the Drama, are called vibhdva (—the term being derived from the causal form of the verb bhé ‘to become’ preceded by the particle vi implying ‘ difference’ or ‘al- teration’—] for, by these [—which we may call ‘Excitants’ or ‘ Alterants’—] the [mental or bodily] states (९4९८), such as Love or other [emotion], of the spectators are altered (vibhdvyante), i. ९, are made suitable for the manifestation [§ 32] of the first sprout of ‘Gustation’ [—see § 44, 5.—which sprout requires, for its full । development, the artistic treatment which will be detailed in due order.] This is declared by Bhartrihari [0 the Vdkyapadtya] as follows :—‘‘ He (the intelligent reader or spectator] thinks of [the tyrant] Kansa, and the like, energising as if they were presented to his senses, when these [personages] have become objects of his understand- ing in the shapes bestowed upon them by (the poet’s) words.” 6. He [०९६] mentions the two varieties thereof [—i. ९. of the ^ Excitants’}. Text. Division of the No. 62. The two divisions thereof (—i. e. of the Excitants into the Excitants—see § 61—) are those called the substan- Substantial and the Enhancer. tial (dlambana) and the enhancer (uddipana). ComMENTARY. «. [The meaning of the text is) plain. Among these (he pro- ceeds to explain the former of the two varieties]. 56 The Mirror of Composition. Text. ‘The Substan- No. 63. The substantial (§ 62) is (such a material ee 0 and indispensable ingredient as] the hero, &c.—for dients of poetry. thereupon is the arising of Flavour [altogether] dependent. ComMENTARY. a. By the “ &c.” [is meant) the heroine, the rival [of the hero], &c. 6. Of what [Flavour] each of these Excitants is [the Excitant], will be mentioned in the exposition of the nature of each (Excitant]. c. Among these [Excitants, then,] there is the Hero [—whose generic description follows—]. Text. Definition of No. 64. Liberal, learned, of good family, graceful, e Hero. with the ardour of youth and beauty, clever, a general favourite, brilliant, ingenious, and well-bred,—such is the leading character. ComMMENTARY. a. This leading character, clever, swift in act, possessing such merits as a good disposition, good behaviour, &c., is the Hero (ndyaka). 6. He now mentions the divisions thereof (—i. €. of the genus Hero—]. Text. : No. 65. He ([—i. e. the Hero—] is first declared Fourfold divie up sion of the ge- to be of four kinds—viz. (1) ‘high-spirited, but tem- mies diets perate and firm’ (dhiroddétta) ; (2) ‘ firm and haughty’ (dhtruddhata) ; (3) ‘gay and thoughtless, yet firm’ (dhiralalita) ; and (4) ‘firm and mild’ (dhiraprasénta).* ComMMENTARY. a, [All this is) plain. 8. Among these, the ‘high-spirited, but temperate and firm’ (hero is of the following description]. * Firmness, though belonging to every kind of hero, is mentioned in the de- scription because its presence or absence occasions a subdivision of the Aeroines— (see § 102). The Merror of Composition. 57 Text. र) य ५ No. 66. Not given to boasting, placable, very perate and firm. profound, with great self-command, resolute, whose self-esteem is concealed, faithful to his engagements—{such is the hero who] is called ‘ high-spirited, but temperate and firm:’ [§ 65]. CoMMENTARY. a. ‘Not given to boasting’—i. €. not a practiser of self-praise. ‘With great self-command’—i. e. who is not of a nature to be over- powered by joy or sorrow, &c. ‘ Whose self-esteem 18 concealed’—i. €. whose [proper] pride is covered by decorum. ‘Faithful to his engage- ments’—i. €. who carries out what he has undertaken. ४, {Such is the first class of heroes—heroes such] as Rima, Yu- dhishthira, and the like. ८, Now the ‘firm and haughty’ [hero is of the following descrip- tion. } Text. The hero fr No. 67. Given to deceiving, hot, unsteady, hav- ead haughty. ing much egotism and arrogance, fond of praising himself—([such is the hero who] by the learned is called the ‘ firm and hanghty.” CoMMENTARY. a. [Such is the second class of herces—heroes such] as Bhimasena and the like. &. Now the ‘ gay and thoughtless, yet firm’ (hero is described]. Text. The hero gay No. 68. न from care, ever gentle, devoted to end thoughtless the arts—let this be the hero ‘gay and thoughtless, ar yet firm.’ CoMMENTARY. a. ० Arts’—i. ६, pantomimic action, &c. 6. (Such is the third class of heroes—heroes such] as king Vatsa in (the play called) the Ratndvals.* c. Now the ‘firm and mild’ (hero is described). * Translated in Wilson’s "ण Specimens of the Theatre of the Hindus.” x 58 The Mirror of Composition. Text. The hero frm No. 69. Possessing largely the generic good qua- and mild. lities (of a hero—see § 64—] a Bréhmay or the like—let this be the [hero] ‘ firm and mild.’ ComMENTARY. ८. (Such is the fourth class of heroes—heroes such) as Madhava in (the play of ] Mdlatiand Mddhava, &c.* 6. And he next states the subdivisions [of these four classes of heroes—§ 65—] according to their character as lorers. Text. Subdivision of No. 70. But [heroes are constituted] of sixteen the f 1 f 1. 15181 -- 1 त व एक kinds, by these [four divisions—see § 65—] which kinds. may have [severally] the character of (1) ‘ impartial,’ (2) ° saucy’ (3) ‘ faithful,’ and (4) ‘sly,’ (in matters of love}. ComMMENTARY. a. That is to say :—through the fact that these—viz. the ‘ high- spirited, but temperate and firm,’ &c., may be severally ° impartial,” ‘saucy, ‘faithful,’ or ‘sly’ (in the character of a lover—69. 5.),—a hero may be of sixteen descriptions. Text. The hero whose == ०. 71. But among these [various kind of heroes fondness isimpar- mentioned in § 70), that one is called the ‘ impartial’ tially distributed. Fs matters of love} who is equally attached to several women. CoMMENTARY. a. [That is to say] the ‘impartial’ hero is he whose affection towards two, three, four, or more women, is equal :—as [is the case with the hero in the following example]. «, ए. 69}. * The ‘ simplex munditiis’ of classical quoters. The Mirror of Composition. 87 ० Even in her joy, the taper-limbed girl repulsed her lover’s hand— not wishing to repulse it,—chid him amid the sweetest smiles, and wept ravishingly without a tear.”’ b. Next of the ‘ Mute involuntary expression of affection’ (moffd- yita). Text. ais No. 141. Her mind being attuned to his,—when ute involun- tary expression of her lover is, for instance, talking,—her scratching affection. her ear, or the like, they call a ‘ Mute involuntary expression of affection.’ a. Asan example (take the gestures of the woman from which the speaker of the following lines infers her love for his friend]. ०८ 0 fortunate man! when thou beginnest to speak, that woman has an inclination to scratch her ear, a yawn comes to her lotus mouth, and she stretches all her limbs.” 6. Next of the ‘ Affected repulse of a lover’s endearments’ (kuff{a- mita—§ 125). Text. Affected repulse No. 142. When he takes her hair, her bosom, of a lover's en- or her lip, &c.,—the prohibition ^^ Don’t’’—whether sa conveyed by the head or the hand,—through agita- tion, even when she is delighted, is what they call the ‘ Affected re- pulse of a lover’s endearments.’ CoMMENTARY. a. For example (the prohibition may be expressed by the hand as in the followiug instance). “When her lover bit her cherry-lip, that fac-simile of the likeness of a bud, an expression of pain was as it were uttered by the girl’s hand on which the bracelet shrilly rattled.” b. Next of ‘ Fluster’ (vibhrama—§ 125). Text. Flaster. No. 143. The application of ornaments, &c. to the wrong places, through hurry arising from delight or eagerness, on such occasions as the arrival of the beloved one, is what we mean by ^ Fluster.’ CoMMENTARY. a. (For example] :— 88 The Mirror of Composition. ‘Having heard her beloved approaching outside, she—not having yet completed her toilet-—applied to her forehead the black antimony [intended for her eyes], to her eyes the vermilion [intended for her lips}, and to her cheek the patch (which should have decorated the centre of the forehead].”’ 6. Next of ‘ Voluptuous gracefulness, (laltta—§ 125). Text. Voluptuous No. 144. Let the disposition of the limbs with gracefulness. elegant delicacy be called ‘ Voluptuous gracefulness.’ CoMMENTARY. a. As [18 exemplified in the demeanour of the heroine of the णि. lowing verses from the poem of Magha, canto vii. v. 18.]. ‘© She walked with a step languid through love, with her anklets sounding more heavily [than when in brisker movement}, with her lotus-like left foot gracefully dancing, while planting the other one not 80 coquettishly.”’ ९, Next of ‘ Arrogance’ (mada—§ 125). Text. Arrogance. No. 145. ‘Arrogance’ is a change produced by the pride of prosperity, youth, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example [we have Arrogance* rebuked in the following verses |. “ Exalt not thy conceit, though on thy cheek there shines, drawn by thy lover’s hand, a flower-bud [designed as an ornament]. Is no one else, thinkest thou, the recipient of such decorations ?—were it not that the trembling [of the lover’s hand] is an obstacle, [—while thy lover is so cool and collected that his hand never trembles even when sketching a flower-bud on thy cheek) 1 6. Next of ‘ Bashfulness’ (vikrita—§ 125). * Arrogance may seem an odd ornament of the heroine, yet it is a topic which can supply the poet with the means of embellishing a picture. The same remark applies to some others of the so-called ‘ ornaments.’ Besides, unreasoning hoydens are to be regarded with a degree of indulgence, and Bacon has remarked that Pride, which is laughable in a man, is graceful in a horse. The Mirror of Composition. 89 TEext. Bashfalness. No. 146. Through modesty, not to speak even when one ought to speak, is what we mean by ‘ Bashfulness.’ ComMMENTARY. a. For example :— ‘‘Being asked after her health, by me who had come from afar, she answered nothing; but her two eyes bathed in tears told all (that she had suffered in my absence and now felt at my return].”’ 6. Next of ‘ Pining’ (tapana—§ 125). Text. Pining. No. 147. ‘Pining’ is the conduct arising from the access of love in separation from the beloved one. CoMMENTARY. a. For example (take these verses] of mine. ‘She pours forth sighs, and rolls upon the ground ; she looks out upon your road, and long she weeps ; she flings hither and thither her weak tendrils of arms ;—moreover, O dear to her as life !—even in her dreams she longs to be re-united with you :—she wearies for sleep, but her hapless fate bestows it not.” 6. Next of ‘Silliness’ (maugdhkya—§ 125). TExt. Sillieess. No. 148. The asking, as if from ignorance, even of what she perfectly well knows, in the presence of her lover,—this is called ‘Silliness’ by those who know things rightly. CoMMENTARY. a. For example,—t(in the following verses, the heroine, knowing very well that pearls are obtained from the sea, asks, with touching simplicity ]— “ My lord, what trees are they, and in what village, and by whom planted, of which the seed-pearls of my bracelet are the fruit 2” 6. Next of ‘ Distractedness’ (vikshepa—§ 125). Text. Distractedness. No, 149. The half arranging one’s ornaments, the wildly gazing in every direction, and a partial blabbing of secrets, con- stitute ‘ Distractedness,’ [arising from some cause or other} when near a husband or a lover. N 90 The Mirror of Composition. CoMMENTARY. a. For example :— ‘Her hair is but half arranged, and in like manner she but partly forms the ornamental mark on her forehead ;—something of a secret she gives utterance to, and startledly the slender dame gazes in every direction.” b. Next of ‘Impetuous curiosity’ (Autéhala—§ 125). Text. 1 No. 150. Let the lively desire to behold a pleasant mpetuous : व curiosity. object be called ‘ Impetuous curiosity.’ CoMMENTARY. a. For example, [impetuous curiosity appears in the lively desire of the ladies to get a sight of the king entering the city with his bride, —as described in canto VII. of the Raghuvansa, the 7th verse of which here follows}. ^ One lady, withdrawing the foremost foot, which was supported by the female decorator [employed in tingeing it with lac-dye}, dripping as it was with the pigment, neglecting all gracefulness of gait, traced a path stained by the lac-dye up to the window [which she hurried to look out at].” b. Next of ‘ Giggling’ (hasita—§ 125). TEXT. Giggling. No. 151. But ‘Giggling’ is aimless laughter result- ing from the outbursting of youth. ComMMENTARY. a. For example :— «५ Since the slender-limbed one has again laughed without a reason, surely he of the flower-tipped arrows is establishing his rule within her.” b. Next of ‘ Trepidation’ (chakita—§ 125). TExtT. Trepidation. No. 152. ‘Trepidation,’ is agitation from fear, be- fore a lover, from whatever cause. ComMENTARY. a. As an example, (take a verse, canto VIII. ए, 24., from the passage in the poem of Magha descriptive of the sports of the bathers). The Mirror of Composition. 91 ‘Trembling, when struck on the thigh by the passing fish, the fair- limbed one fell into excess of agitation. The ladies are nervoas—O ex- ceedingly—even without a cause, in sports ;—how much more, then, when there ts a cause [—such as this bumping of a fish against one] !”” 6. Next of ‘ Sportiveness’ (keli—§ 125), TExt. Sportiveness. No. 153. Playing when walking about with one’s lover is called ‘ Sportiveness.’ CoMMENTARY. a. For example :— ‘“‘ Her lover, unsuccessful in removing from her eye, with his breath, the pollen of the flower (which had got into it], the bold and high- plump-breasted damsel pushed away with a knock of her bosom upon his.”? 5. Now, as regards the amatory demeanour of the artless and the unmarried [of the fair sex, we have to remark as follows). TEXT. Tis वत No. 154. When looked at, she exhibits bashful- of an enamoured 1९88, and never returns the look to his face: she looks न at her beloved either furtively or when he is walking about, or after he has passed. Even after having been many times asked, she usually answers her lover something in a stammering tone, slowly, and with face down-looking. She ever attentively hearkens to his words when elicited by others,—turning her eyes elsewhere ;—thus acts a girl when enamoured of her lord. CoMMENTARY. a. Now, as regards the amatory demeanour of all heroines [we have to remark as follows]. Text. क eee No. 155. She wishes her beloved to remain long of enamoured he- near her ; she goes not within the range of hig vision roines in general. unadorned. On one occasion, under the pretence of covering or fastening her hair, she will display plainly her armpit, her breasts, or her lotus navel. She gratifies the attendants of her beloved by words and other things ;—she places confidence in his friends and treats them with great respect. In the midst of her female friends she recites his praises; she bestows upon him all her wealth ; she sleeps N 2 92 The Mirror of Composition. when he sleeps, grieves in his grief and rejoices in his joy. Standmg in the line of his sight, from a distance she ever gazes on her beloved. She speaks to his attendants in his presence. On beholding any symp- tom of fondness in him, she laughs with delight. In like manner, she scratches her ear, loosens and ties up her hair, yawns, and stretches her limbs, or catches up a child and kisses it. She begins making the sectarial mark on the forehead of her female friend ;—she writes on the ground with the point of her toe, and looks up with a sidelong glanee. She bites her lip, and looks on the ground when she speaks to her be- loved, and quits not the spot where her lover is to be seen. She goes to his house on any sort of pretence of business. Anything given to her by her lover, having placed on her person, she long gazes at. She ever rejoices in his society, and in his absence she is miserable, and thin. Greatly does she admire his disposition, and she loves whatever is dear to him. She asks from him [as keepsakes] things of little value ; and when sleeping she turns not her back on him. In his presence ([—out of decorum and respect to him—] she never gives way to the blameless moods [of trembling, stammering, &c., mentioned under § 125). Kindly and blandly does the fond dame converse with him. Among these [points of demeanour here enumerated] the more bashful gestures belong to the young wife, those of which the modesty is of a medium description to the middle class of heroines (—see § 98—], and those where modesty has waned to heroines who are the wives of others, and dames maturely bold, and courtezans. ComMENTARY. a. Asamere hint of what is meant, take my [verses here follow- ing]. । ‘‘When looked at by me, this one, forsooth, but glances at me ap- proached,—and she displays her armpit adorned by fresh nail-scratches.” b. And 80 [of the other points of demeanour which it would be superfluous to exemplify). Text. Means available No. 156. By sending of letters, by soft looks to a lady f = ; : ealing 0 and gentle words, and by sending female messengers, tion. it is agreed [by the learned] that a woman may re- veal her sentiments. ` ‘The Mirror of Composition. 93 CoMMENTARY. a. Next, then, of female messengers. Text. What females No. 157. Female messengers may be a friend, an may serve as mes- actress, a slave-girl, a foster-sister, a neighbour, a i wandering ascetic, a workwoman, a female artist, &c. ; and likewise one’s self. ComMENTARY. | a. ए a ‘workwoman’ is meant a washer-woman or the like. By a ‘female artist’ is meant a woman who makes pictures, or the like. By the ‘ &c.” are meant female purveyors of betel-nut, perfumers, and the like. Among these, the ‘ friend,’ [acting as a messenger, may be recognised in the narrator of the heroine’s sad case in the verses, quot- ed under § 147, beginning) as follows :— **She utters, sighs,” &c. 6. Qne acting as messenger for one’s self may be recognised in the following lines of mine “O traveller,—thou seemest thirsty ;—why, then, goest thou else- where? Canst thou not refresh thyself with a little water (even here where thou art so heartily welcome] 7 ८. And these [§ 157] serve the hero also as messengers to the heroine. d. The author next mentions the qualifications of a female mes- senger. Text. The qualif No. 158. Her qualifications are skill in the tions of a female [lighter] arts, perseverance, fidelity, penetration, न good memory, sweetness, readiness to understand a joke, and fluency of speech. These women too [—as well as the he- roines mentioned under § 75—] are, in their own line, either of the first class, of the lowest, or of the intermediate order (of merit]. ComMMENTARY. a. ‘* These, —that is to say these female messengers. 8. Now, as for the ‘rival’ [mentioned under § 63 as one of the ‘substantial ingredients’ in poetry] :— Text. No. 159. The ‘rival’ (or opponent of the hero] is a presumptuous, dissipated, sinful person. 94 The Mirror of Composition. ComMENTARY. As is R&vana in respect of Rama. a. Now, [having fully explained the ‘ substantial’ division of the Excitants of poetic Flavour, we have to remark upon the second divi- sion of the two mentioned under § 62—viz.] the Excitants which en- hance [the Flavour which is more essentially dependent on the others]. Text. No. 160. The ‘ Enhancing Excitants’ (uddtpana-vibhdva) are those which enhance the Flavour. CoMMENTARY. a. And these (‘enhancing excitants’ are as follows} :— Text. The Excitants No. 161. The gestures, &c. of any principal cha- वव Pi racter [ § 63], and in like manner places and times, vour. &e. ComMMENTARY. a. By the ‘ &c.’ after ° gestures,’ are meant beauty, decorations, and the like. By the ‘ &.’ after ‘ times,’ are meant, the moon, sandal-wood ointment, the voice of the Cuculus Indicus, the hum of bees, and the like. Of these the moon (as enhancing the sentiment of the scene, may be exemplified] as in these lines of mine. °“ Resting his rays [—as if they were a hand—which the word kara also means in Sanskrit—) on the swelling bosom of the eastern hill from which the mantle of the co- vering of darkness had fallen off, the moon kisses the face of the eastern horizon which opened its eyes—viz. the lotuses [that expand when the moon rises]. 6. Of what Flavour each of these [§ 160] is the appropriately en- hancing excitant, will be mentioned when describing each [Flavour :— see § 209, &c.] ८. Now, (having given an account of the Excitants mentioned at § 32, we have next to speak of} the ‘ Ensuants’ (which also give rise to Flavour]. Text. An Enauant No. 162. That which, displaying an external con- pened: dition occasioned by its appropriate causes, in ordi- nary life ranks as an effect, is [reckoned], in Poetry and the Drama, an Ensuant (anubhdva). Fhe Mirror of Composition. 95 CoMMENTARY. a. That [gesture or the like] which, manifesting externally the love, &c. excited in the mind of Rama, or the like, by the appropriate eauses,—by Sit4, for example, as the principal cause, and the moon- light, for instance, as an enhancer of the sentiment,—is called, in or- dinary life, an effect (of love, or the like,]—this, in poetry and the drama, is, on the other hand, called an Ensuant [—because here it is of no importance what things are causes and effects as regards each other objectively, —the only consideration of importance being,—what things, whether causes or effects among themselves, serve as causes in respect of Flavour. See § 44. e. and 45.] 6. What, then, is this {* Ensuant’—which you thus define]? To this he replies as follows :— Text. TheEnsuants No. 163. They consist of those feminine graces enumerated. {comprised in the enumeration under § 125] which result from bodily movement, and those graces which result without bodily effort, and the involuntary [indications of strong feeling—§ 32. 6.], as well as other gestures [than the involuntary),—so far as these are in the shape thereof [—i. €. in the shape of effects which serve in poetry as causes, and are therefore termed enswants to distinguish them from effects simply]. CoMMENTARY. a. ‘Inthe shape thereof,’—i. €. in the shape of Ensuants. And in regard to these,—what Ensuant is conducive to each sentiment shall be stated when describing these (sentiments :—see § 209, &c.]. 8. Among these [Ensuants] the involuntary (sd¢twika) (indications of strong feeling) are defined as follows. Text. Involuntary evi- | No. 164. Those changes [in a human being] dences of feeling are called involuntary [—or honest and spontane- ous—] which arise from sincerity (sattwa). ComMMENTARY. a. Sincerity [—as we may here render the term which, in Indian philosophy, stands for the cause of all that is best and brightest in the phenomenal world—) is a certain inward disposition which [spontane- 96 The Mirror of Composition. ously] reveals the repose of one’s soul [where it does not interfere to modify the indication]. Text. No. 165. These [involuntary evidences of feeling) differ from the Ensuants in general [§ 163] only in their taking their rise in honest sincerity. ComMMENTARY. a. Asa stout bull [differs] from an ordinary specimen of the cow- kind,—such is the remainder (which requires to be supplied in order to complete the sense of the text]. ©. Now, which are these? To this he replies. Text. These specified. No. 166. Stupefaction (stambka), perspiration (sweda), and horripilation (romdncha), disturbance of speech (swara- bhanga), trembling (vepathu), change of colour (vaivarnya), tears (asru), and fainting (pralaya),—these eight are what are called the involuntary [evidences of strong emotion). ComMMENTARY. a. Among these— Text. And explained. No. 167. By Stupefaction is meant a prevention of motion, by fear, or joy, or pain, &c. Perspiration is an exudation from the body, caused by love, or warmth, or heat, &c. Horripilation is a change in regard to the hair of the body, caused by joy, or sur- prise, or fear, &c. What they call disturbance of speech, is stammer- ing, occasioned by intoxication, or joy, or pain, &c. Trembling, means a shaking of the body, arising from desire, aversion, fatigue, &c. Change of colour is an alteration in the colour caused by sorrow, or intoxication, or anger, &c. Tears are water flowing from the eye, ori- ginating in anger, or in grief, or in great joy. Fainting is the cessa- tion, through joy or grief, of motion and also [(—which distinguishes it from mere stupefaction—] of consciousness. CoMMENTARY. a. [These—or some of these—may be exemplified] as in the fol- lowing verses of mine. ‘* At the touch of her person—Ah—my eyes half close ;—my whole body becomes petrified, while every hair stands on end; my cheeks The Mirror of Composition. 97 are wet with perspiration; my mind, altogether withdrawn from all other objects, attains to great joy—even to absolute deity.” 6. So of the others (—enumerated in § 166]. €. Now of the ‘ Accessories’ [§ 32]. Text. Pe eee re No. 168. The ‘ Accessories’—(vyabhichéri) are in the production those that more especially [—which is the force of on herow the ४--] co-operatingly [—which is here the force of the abAi—] go along with,—whether immersed in or distinguish- able from,—the permanent agency ; and thirty-three are kinds thereof. ComMMENTARY. a. For, in regard to Love, or the like, while it remains the main sentiment, Self-disparagement (nirvveda), and other such things, are called ‘ Accessories,’ inasmuch as they tend in the same direction, whether obviously or covertly. ६. Well—which are these? To this he replies. Text. The Accessories No. 169. Self-disparagement, Flurry, Depres- specified. sion, Weariness, Intoxication, Stupefaction, Stern- ness, Distraction, Awaking, Dreaming, Dementedness, Arrogance, Death, Indolence, Impatience of opposition, Drowsiness, Dissembling, Longing, Derangement, Apprehension, Recollection, Resolve, Sickness, Alarm, Shame, Joy, Intolerance of another’s superiority, Despondency, Equanimity, Unsteadiness, Debility, Painful Reflection, and Debate. ComMMENTARY. a. Among these, ‘Self-disparagement’ (nirvveda—§ 169). Text. No. 170. Self-disparagement consists in a dis-esteeming of one- self in consequence of coming to understand the truth [—in regard to something previously mistaken], or in consequence of calamity, or of bitter jealousy,—this leading to depression [§ 172], painful reflection [$ 201], tears, sighs of expiration, changes of colour, and sighs of in- spiration. CoMMENTARY. a. Among these [varieties of self-disparagement] the self-disparage- ment resulting from discovering the truth [may be illustrated] as follows :— (sees | 959 Stanton. 4 2 @ वै $= rie 96 The Mirror of Composition. ०८ Fie upon me! This is a conch-shell with convolutions from left to right (—and therefore worth a mint of money, as ensuring prosperity to the house in which it remains,—] which I have pounded down (—think- ing it a mere ordinary shell with the convolutions the other way—] wishing to mend a chink that was left in an earthen jar by a grain of sand (which probably dropped out in the burning)}.” Text. Fiarry. No. 171. ‘Flurry’ (dvega—§ 169—) means disturb- ance. When it is occasioned by rain, it is [shown in the shape of } distress in the limbs ; when occasioned by some portentous phenomenon, [it shows itself] as petrifaction of the limbs ; when occasioned by fire, as perplexity about smoke, &c. ; when occasioned by the invasion, &c. of a [hostile] king, (flurry is manifested in] the getting ready one’s weapons and elephants, &c.; when occasioned by (wild or excited] elephants or the like, (it is shown in} paralysis, trembling, &c. ; whea occasioned by the wind, [it appears as} perplexity about dust, &c. ; when occasioned by something desirable, [it appears as} rejoicings ; and when occasioned by something undesirable, as grievings ;— and 80 its other modifications are to be understood according to circumstances. CoMMENTARY. «. Among these, [there may be Flurry] occasioned by an enemy ; —as for example (in the Raghuvansa, canto 11, v. 69}. “‘ He, not regarding the king, who was calling out ‘ Hail! hail! kept fixed in the direction of Bharata’s elder brother his glance which flashed flames of wrath against the Kshattras, whilst the eye-balls fiercely projected.” 8. Examples of the others may be inferred according to this (sam- ple of illustration, which may therefore suffice]. ८ Next of ‘ Depression’ (datxya—§ 169). Text. Depression. No. 172. Depression, arising from misfortane, &c., is a lacklustreness which shows itself in squalor, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example :— “The husband, old and blind, reclines on the bedstead ; of the house only the posts remain ; the rainy season is at hand, and there is The Mirror of Composition 99 no good news of the son. The jar containing the carefully collected oil-drops is broken ;—so, looking sorrowfully at her daughter-in-law weak through pregnancy, the mother-in-law takes a good long cry.” 6. Next of ‘ weariness’ (srama—§ 169). Text. Weariness. No. 173. Weariness, arising from fatigue, indul- gence, travel, &c., occasions sighing, drowsiness, &c. CoMMENTARY. e. For example :— “Tender as the Acacia Sirfsa, straightway, when yet close to the city, having gone hastily but three or four steps, 81४६ caused the first tears to fall from the eyes of Raima [—unmoved by any thought of his own hard fate—] by exclaiming, ‘‘ Oh—how /ar is it that we have to 8०1" 8. Next of ‘ Intoxication’ (mada—§ 169). Text. 0 No. 174. ‘Intoxication’ is a combination of confu- anditseffectson sion and delight occasioned by the employment of "न wine. By this, the best kind of man is put to sleep; while your middling description of man laughs and sings, and he that is of the baser sort talks rudely and blubbers. CoMMENTARY. @& For example (—take a verse from Magha, canto 10, र. 12]. ‘The laugh was a-foot, entertaining through the manufacturing of stammered speeches, ludicrously revealing profound secrets, on the part of dames brilliantly elevated by triple draughts of wine.” 8. Next of ‘ Stupefaction’ ( jadatd—§ 169). ‘Text. Stapefaction. No. 175. Let ‘Stupefaction’ signify incapacity for action, occasioned, for example, by seeing, or hearing, anything [ex- tremely] agreeable or disagreeable. In this case there is a gazing with unwinking eyes, silence, &c. ComMMENTARY. a. For example, in the following Prékrit poetry from my ‘ Advea- tures of Kuvalayds'wa.’ “Then the pair stood for a moment face to face, with their eyes, ० 2 100 The Mirror of Composition. dull with weeping, mutually fixed on one another, as if they had been under the influence of hydrophobia.”’ 6. Next of ‘ Sternness’ (wgratd—§ 169). Text. Sternness. No. 176. Let ‘Sternness’ be the harshness which arises from [rude] valour, or from [another's] offences, &e. In this case we have perspiration, shaking of the head, reviling, beating, &c. ComMENTARY. a. For example [—see the sternness of Mddhava,—Act V.,—ad- dressing the priest who was going to immolate Mdlatt). ५५ On the head of thee who hast raised the sword, for destruction, against that body which shrinks even from the playful blows of a sirtsha-flower, where the sentiment associated with the blows is no other than the sportive humour of an affectionate female friend, may this my arm fall like the smooth mace of Yama (the god of death, in whose mace there is no knot, as in a bamboo, at which there is any chance of its breaking]. 6. Next of ‘ Distraction’ (moha—§ 169). वद्य, Distraction. No. 177. By ‘ Distraction’ is meant perplexity, aris- ing from fear, or grief, or impetuosity, or painful recollection,—caus- ing giddiness, falls, staggerings, failure of sight, &. ComMMENTARY. ` @, For example—(see the Kumdra-sambhava, canto 3, इ, 73). ५५ The goddess of love was for a moment as it were benefited by the distraction arising from this sharp affliction, which paralysed the action of her faculties,—she being thus [for the moment) unconscious of her husband's fate.” ९. Next of ‘ Awaking’ (vibodha—§ 169). Text. Awaking. No. 178. ‘Awaking’ means the return of conscious- ness, occasioned by such causes as the departure of sleep, and occasion- ing yawns, stretching of the limbs, rubbing of the eyes, and the re- viewing of one’s limbs [—a process the more strictly consequential if the person awaking be a Veddnoti who believes that his limbs cease to exist when he ceases to think of them]. The Mirror of Composition. 101 ComMMENTARY. a. For example :— ‘‘These women, keeping their bodies unmoved [in order not to awake their husbands], having been, though the last to fall asleep, yet the first to awake, do not even unclasp the circling embrace of the listless arms of their lovers enjoying repose after the lassitude conse- quent on long indulgence.” 8. Next of ‘Dreaming’ (swapna—§ 169). | Text. Dreaming. No. 179. But ‘Dreaming’ is a sleeping person’s notion of objects, which is a cause of anger, or of agitation, or fear, or debility, or joy, or grief, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example—{ Megha-dita, इ. 106.] ‘‘Do not, indeed, do not the tear-drops of the deities of the spot fall abundantly, large as pearls, on the buds of the trees, as they be- hold me with arms outstretched in empty space for the sake of stringently embracing thee [whom I fondly imagine myself to have] obtained somehow or other in the visions of a dream १ ९, Next of ‘ Dementedness’ (apasmdra—§ 169). Text. Dementedness. No. 180. But by ‘ Dementedness’ is meant a dis- turbance of mind occasioned by such a thing as the influence of one of the planets ;—this leading to falls, tremblings, perspiration, foam- ings at the mouth, slavering, &c. ComMENTARY. a. For example: (look at the ocean as described by Magha, canto ॐ, इ, 72.]. “‘He doubted whether the Lord of the Rivers [i. e. the Ocean], clinging to the earth, foaming, and tossing high his sounding huge waves like wanton arms, were not one possessed.” 8. Next of ‘ Arrogance’ (garrva—§ 169). Text. Arrogance. No. 181. ‘Arrogance’ is pride arising from valour, or beauty, or learning, or rank, and leading to acts of disrespect, co- quettish displays of the person, immodesty, &c. 102 The Mirror of Composition. ` COMMENTARY. a. For example—[Mahdbhérata|— < Whilst 7 bear arms, what need of other weapons! What is not achieved by my weapon, by whom will be achieved ?" ¢. Next of ‘ Death’ (maraza—§ 169). Text. Death. No. 182. ‘ Death’ is the quitting of life, this being occasioned by weapons or otherwise, and leading to the falling down of the body, &c. ComMMENTARY. a. For example, [Raghuvans’a, canto 11. v. 20]. ““Wounded in the heart by the irresistible arrow of that Cupid R&ma, the female fiend [(—when her enamoured heart was literally pierced by an arrow from Réma’s bow—] departed to the dwelling of Life’s lord [—viz. the god of death—] being sprinkled with her [ill] smelling blood as [a woman going to the dwelling of her life’s lord or lover, is sprinkled with sweetly smelling] sandalwood unguent.”’ 6. Next of ‘Indolence’ (alasya—§ 169). | Text. Indolence. No. 183. ‘Indolence’ is an aversion to movement, this being occasioned by fatigue, or pregnancy, &c., and being a cause of yawning, continuing seated, &c. ComMMENTARY. a. For example :- ‘She no longer adorns her person, nor does she converse with her female friend, but, indolent, through the load of pregnancy, the girl, long seated, yawns.” 6. Next of ‘ Impatience of opposition’ (amarsha—§ 169). Text. Impatience of No. 184. ‘ Impatience of opposition’ is a deter- ++ mination of purpose occasioned by censure, abuse, disrespect, &c., and leading to redness of the eyes, shaking of the head, knitting of the brows, violent abuse, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example :— ‘‘I will perform penance for having acted otherwise than I ought towards you—worthy of all honour as you are ;—but still I will not The Mirror of Composition. 103 belie my great vow of taking arms [to put you to death in the first in- stance}.”’ ९. Next of ‘ Drowsiness’ (nidrd—§ 169). Text. Drowsiness. No. 185. ‘ Drowsiness’ is a contraction of the mental faculties, occasioned by fatigue, exhaustion, intoxication, &c., and causing yawning, twinkling of the eyes, deep inspirations, relaxation of the muscles, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example :— “She is as it were pictured in my heart, with her eyes half closed through drowsiness, as she uttered words partly with sense and partly unmeaning, in which the syllables were languidly articulated.” ९. Next of ‘ Dissembling’ (avahitthé6—§ 169). Text. Dissembling- No. 186. ‘ Dissembling’ is the hiding of appearances of joy, &c., this being caused by fear, or dignified importance, or mo- desty, &c., and leading to employment in some other matter, or to lan- guage or looks, &c., directed otherwise (than to that in regard to which concealment of sentiment is aimed at]. Com MENTARY. @. For example (—Kumdra-sambhava, canto 6, v. 84]. “Whilst thus the divine sage spoke, Parvat{, at her father’s side, holding down her head, counted the leaves of the lotus with which she played.” b- Next of ‘ Longing’ (auteukya—§ 169). Text. Longing. No. 187. ‘Longing’ is impatience of the lapse of time, occasioned by the non-arrival of a desired object, and causing mental fever, hastiness, perspiration, long sighs, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example :— “For there is that very husband who gained me as agirl, and those same April nights, and the odours of the full-blown jasmine, and the bold breezes [wafting perfume] from the Naucleas,—and I too am the same :—but still my heart longs for the sportive doings, in the shape of toyings, under the ratan-trees on the banks of the Reva.” 104 The Mirror of Composition. ९. What the author of the Kdvya-prakds'a says in regard to this passage [—already remarked upon under § 2. p. 7] that the main thing in it is the Flavour,—this is to be regarded as superfluous, because an ‘ Accessory’ [such as is exemplified in the present instance] is en- titled [see § 47] to be called a ‘ Flavour’ since it is associated with the property of flavouring, [—and therefore there was no occasion, tauto- logically, to make the assertion—true though it be). €. Next of ‘ Derangement’ (unmdda—§ 169). Text. Derangement. No, 188. ‘ Derangement’ is a confusion of thought, arising from love, or grief, or fear, &c., and giving rise to inappro- priate laughter, or weeping, or singing, or talking, &c. ComMMENTARY. a. For example :—take these verses of mine :— ‘Brother bee! whilst wandering everywhere, hast thou seen her who is dearer to me than my life ?”” [Having attended to the hamming of the bee, which sounds like the Sanskrit word om ‘ yes’ —the 8 peaker continues joyfully—] ‘‘ What !—dost thou say yes ? Then quickly tell me, friend, what is she doing, and where is she, and how १० b. Next of ‘Apprehension’ (sankéd—§ 169). Text. Apprehension. No, 189. ‘ Apprehension’ is the anticipation of evil from the cruelty of another, or from one’s own misconduct, &c., this leading to changes of colour, trembling, side-looks, and dryness of the mouth. ComMMENTARY. a. For example :—take these verses of mine :— ५ Apprehensive (of discovery], at dawn, she long applies the sandal- wood unguent to her limbs scratched by her lover; she applies again and again the red dye to her lip wounded by bis teeth,—the tender- limbed one all the while startledly casting her eyes around.” 6. Next of ‘ Recollection’ (smrits—§ 169). Text. Recollection. No. 190. What is called ‘ Recollection’ is know- ledge having as its object something previously cognized, this being ex- cited by such causes as our perceiving or thinking of something similar, and leading to a raising of the brows, &c. The Mirror of Composition. 105 CoMMENTARY. a. For example :—take these verses of mine :— *O how well I recollect that face of the lotus-eyed one, bashfully held down on seeing her female friend smiling, when I, artfully direct- ing my eyes somewhat in some direction, in some measure caught her eye, [which would not consent to meet my direct glance,—that eye of hers) the pupil of which was dilated in a sidelong fashion (as she stole what she fancied an unobserved look at me} !” 8. Next of ‘ Resolve’ (mati—§ 169). Text. Resolve. No. 191. ‘Resolve’ consists in making up one’s mind upon a point by attention to the rules of morality, &c., whence there arise smiles, confidence and delight, and self-satisfiedness. ComMMENTARY. a. For example (—S‘’akuntald, Act I.] “ Undoubtedly she is fit to be married by a Kshattriya, because my virtuous mind is enamoured of her. For in all doubtful points the dictates of the conscience are the guide of the virtuous.” 6. Next of ‘Sickness’ (vyddhi—§ 169). Text. Sickness. No. 192. ‘ Sickness’ means a fever, for example, arising from humours, &c., and causing a wish to lie on the ground, or causing trembling. ComMMENTARY. a. When this consists of inflammation [as in fever], then there is a wish to lie on the jcold] earth, &c. When it consists of cold (as in agues|, then there are tremblings, &c. Examples of this are evident {and need not be here cited]. 6. Next of ‘ Alarm’ (¢résa—§ 169). Text. Alarm. No. 193. ‘Alarm,’ occasioned by thunder, light- ning, meteors, &c., causes tremblings, &c. ComMMENTARY,. a, [For example, Kirdtdrjunfya, canto 8. इ, 45]. “ When touched gently on the thighs by the fishes that were gliding about, the nymphs, with their eyes rolling in alarm, and with their P 106 The Mirror of Composition. bud-like hands quivering, exchanged each a [frightened) look with her companions.” ©. Next of ‘Shame’ (orfdé—§ 169). TEXT. Shame. No. 194. ‘Shame’ is the absence of boldness, causing the face to hang down, &c , in consequence of misconduct. ComMMENTARY. a. For example :- ००0) how well I recollect’’ [&c. see § 190. a.) b. Next of ‘Joy’ (harsha—§ 169). Text. Joy. No. 195. But ‘Joy’ is mental complacency, on the attainment of a desired object, which occasions tears and sobbings, &c. ComMENTARY. a. For example—(Raghuvans’a, canto 3. v. 17]. ५ Having long gazed on the countenance of his son, as a poor man gazes on that of a treasure-jar, the father, through the joy of his soul, could scarcely be contained in his body, like the ocean swelling up [in full tide} on the rise of the moon, (which the ocean regards with a parental feeling,—the moon having, it is said, been produced by the churning of the ocean].” 6. Next of ‘Intolerance of another’s superiority’ (asdiyéd—§ 169). Text. Intolerance of - NO- 196. ‘ Intolerance of another’s superiority’ is another’s superi- impatience of another’s merits and prosperity, arising १५९८ from disdain, and leading to the inveighing against faults, frowns, disrespect, signs of anger, &c. ComMMENTARY. a. For example—(Mdgha, canto 15. ए, 1]. ‘Well, the lord of Chedi (S‘is‘upéla] could not endure the honour shown in that assembly by the son of Péndu [Yuddhishthira] to the enemy of Madhu [Krishna], for the mind of the arrogant is intolerant of another’s advancement.” 6. Next of ‘ Despondency’ (vishédda—§ 169). Text. Despondency. No. 197. But ‘ Despondency’ is a loss of vigour The Mirror of Composition. 107 arising from the absence of expedients [to meet impending calamity], causing panting and sighing, and distress, and a seeking for aid, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example—my verses :— “This thy top-knot, formed of a close twisted bunch of hair, while, like an iron rod, it breaks my heart, like a black snake too, bites it.” 6, Next of ° Equanimity’ (dhriti—§ 169). Text. Equanimity. No. 198. But ‘ Equanimity’ is complete content- ment, arising from true knowledge, or from the arrival of a desired object, &c. ; conducing ४० the production of amiable discourse, to cheer- fal liveliness, &c. CoMMENTARY. a. For example, my (picture of a reformed reprobate] :— “« After having long oppressed the poor, and waged a war of alter- cation with my own people, and given no regard to the heavy punish- ments of another life,—now, forsooth, this same body, for which I had collected stores of wealth, has its wants satisfied by a handful of wild rice.” 6. Next of ‘ Unsteadiness’ (chapalaté—§ 169). Text. Unsteadiness. No. 199. But ‘ Unsteadiness’ is an instability aris- ing from envy, aversion, desire, &c., and causing abuse, harsh language, and self-willedness, &c CoMMENTARY. a. For example—(a lady reproves, in the following address to a bee, the unsteadiness of her own fickle lover in going after a younger mistress ]. “OQ bee! amuse your wanton mind with other flower-stalks that can bear your handling. Why dost thou prematurely and unprofitably render useless the young juiceless bad of the unblown jasmine ?”’ 6. Next of ‘ Debility’ (g/dni—§ 169). Text. | Debility. No. 200. ‘Debility’ is an unliveliness resulting from enjoyment or fatigue, or sorrow, hunger, thirst, &c., and causing tremblings, emaciation, inactivity, &c. ४ 2 108 The Mirror of Composition CoMMENTARY. a. For example—(U¢tara-rdma-charttra) :— ‘‘Long and bitter sorrow, withering her heart’s flower like a tender young shoot severed from the stem, debilitates her pale and delicate frame as the autumnal heat the inner leaves of the ketaki.”” 8. Next of ‘ Painful reflection’ (ehinté—§ 169). Text. Painful reflec- No. 201. ‘ Painful reflection’ is meditation aris- tion. ing from the non-possession of a beloved object, pro- ducing desolateness, sighs, and feverishness. ComMENTARY. a. For example—my verses :— «° Leaning thy cheek upon thy hand, and thus [in appearance] joining with the expanded lotus its enemy the moon, what dost thou mournfully revolve, fair one, in thine inmost heart ?” b. Next of ‘ Debate’ (vitarka—§ 169). Txt. Debate. No. 202. ‘Debate’ is discussion, originating in doubt, and causing one to shake the brows, the head, or the finger. ComMMENTARY. a. For example :— ‘«¢ What,—has he been stopped by some lover?” &c. [see § 121. a]. Others than 5, Andas for the statement ([—see § 168—] that these come un- these thirty-three are kinds of ^ Accessories,’—this was re aed intended to include also things analogous; the author cesaory. therefore proceeds to remark as follows :— Text. No. 203. ‘ Love’ also [§ 206], &c., in reference to several of the Flavours, may be ‘ Accessories’ [§ 202. 5). ComMMENTARY. a. Toexplain:—when the flavour is, for example, the ‘Erotic’ [§ 210], ९०४८ alone [—of all the permanent conditions—§ 206—] 18 denoted by the term ‘permanent,’ because this must remain—being indispensable ; while ‘mirth’ [—another of the permanent conditions —§ 206—], on the other hand, when it occurs [in the course of an erotic composition), is merely an ‘ Accessory,’ because the definition of The Mirror of Composition. 109 an ‘Accessory’ [86६ § 202. 5.—] applies to it, [—the comic element, where not the principal one, serving, in ‘Romeo and Juliet’ for exam- ple, to enhance the effect of the erotic]. b. This has been declared (—by the Dhwantkéra—as already re- marked under § 32. ¢.]} as follows :—‘‘ Only when [inseparably] per- manent in the Flavour [of any given composition}, does a ‘condition’ (24420) take rank as the permanent one” (—§ 205). €, Then in respect of what Flavour may what ‘conditions’ perma- nent (when principal] serve as ‘ Accessories?’ To this he replies :— ` Text. Which Flavours No. 204. In the ‘Erotic’ and the ‘ Heroic’ may serve as Ac- [§ 209], ‘ Mirth’ (§ 206—is an appropriate Acces- asa a sory], aud so in the ‘ Heroic’ is ‘ Resentment’ held to be :—then, again, in the ‘ Quietistic’ [(—§ 209], ‘ Disgust’ [§ 206] is declared to be an Accessory. The rest, besides this, may be inferred, for themselves, by those who can weigh their thoughts. CoMMENTARY. a. Now of the ‘ permanent conditions’ (sthdyi-bhdva). Text. A ent NO. 205. That condition which neither those akin antes defin- to it nor those opposed to it can overpower,—the root of the sprout of Gustation [§ 44 4], this is held to be the ‘ permanent condition,’ [or main sentiment of the composition). ComMENTARY. | a. Asis declared (by the Diwanikdra}|—‘ This permanent condi- tion, running through the other conditions like the thread of a garland, is not overpowered by them but only re-inforced.”’ ९. He enumerates the divisions thereof. Text. The permanent No. 206. ‘Love’ [or ‘ Desire’) (rat¢i), ° Mirth’ conditions ena- (Adea), ‘Sorrow’ (s'oka), ‘ Resentment’ (krodha), = ‘Magnanimity’ (८७2), ‘ Terror’ (dhkaya), ‘ Dis- gust’ (jugupsd), and ‘Surprise’ (vismaya),—thus these are eight [per- manent conditions] and there is also ° Quietism’ (sama). ComMENTARY. a. Among these—— 110 The Mirror of Composition. Text. No. 207. ‘Love’ is a tendency of the mind towards a thing that is conformable to the mind ; by ‘ Mirth’ is intended an expansion of the mind excited by incongruity of sentiment, &c. ; what is designated by the word ‘Sorrow’ is a commotion of the mind occasioned by the loss of a beloved object, &c. ; by ‘ Resentment’ is meant a feeling of sharp- ness towards opponents; what is called ‘Magnanimity’ is a steady audacity where any action has been entered upon; but ‘Terror,’ oc- casioning disturbance of mind, is what is produced by the power of what is terrific; ‘ Disgust’ is aversion, arising in respect of any object, from seeing or otherwise perceiving in it what is offensive ; but what is meant by ‘ Surprise’ is an agitation of mind in regard to strange things that transcend the limits of the mundane ; ° Quietism’ is the happiness arising from the repose of the soul iu a state of indifference [to the transitory concerns of time].”’ ComMENTARY. a. For example,—in [the play of ] Mdlat{ and Médhava, (the per- manent condition is] ‘ Love ;’ in the Ndéfaka-melaka, ‘ Mirth;’ in the Rémdyana, ‘Sorrow;’ in the Mahdbhérata, ‘Quietism.’ And so of the others. Why these 6. [And these conditions are called permanent] be- ee are cause these are ascertained, by the direct cognizance of perma- nent. men of taste, to be not destroyed, but on the contrary just re-inforced, by other conditions, among these [above enumerated), occurring, whether these be akin to or opposed to (that one which hap- pens to be the main sentiment). ९ Moreover— Text. No. 208. These,—the ^ permanent’ [§ 206], the ‘ accessory’ (§ 168], and the ‘involuntary’ [§ 166),—are therefore called bhdva [which we have rendered ^ condition’—] because they give occasion for the existence of (bhdvayanti) the ‘Flavours’ which depend upon the various gestures [or other indications of passion on the part of the actors |. ComMENTARY. a. Asis declared as follows [by the Dhwanikéra}—“ A ‘ condi- tion’ (4hdva) consists in (or takes the name it does in virtue of ] the The Mirror of Composition. 111 causing of this [Flavour] to take place, through joy or sorrow or other things.” b. Now he states the divisions of ‘ Flavour.’ Text. The Flavours No. 209. The ‘ Erotic’ (sringdra), the ‘Comic’ enumerated. (Adsya), the ‘ Pathetic’ (Aaruna), the ‘ Terrible’ (rau- dra), the ‘ Heroic’ (vira), the ‘ Fearful’ (6haydnaka), the ‘ Disgustful’ (61040८80), these eight are ‘Flavours; and so is the ‘ Quietistic’ (s'dnta) held to be (by some]. ComMMENTARY. a. Of these, the ‘ Erotic’ [is first to be discussed]. TExtT. The Erotic No. 210. By sringa (—literally a ‘horn’—which descri sprouts from the head of a bull as a plant does from the earth—] is meant the budding of love ; and by the word sringdéra [—from s/ringam-drayati ‘he causes the horn to come’—] is meant that ‘Flavour,’ generally most manifest in the noblest natures, which is the cause of the coming on thereof. In this case let the substantial ingredients [§ 63] be heroines,—excluding another’s wife, and a cour- tezan if not Aonestly enamoured [§ 111), and heroes, who are honour- able men, &c. The moon, sandalwood ointment, the hum of bees, &c., are held to be ‘enhancers’ [§ 160]. Motions of the eyebrows, and side-glances, &c., are found as its symptoms ; and its ‘accessories’ may be any [§ 169] except ‘Sternness,’ ‘Death,’ ^ Indolence,’ and ‘ Dis- gust.” Here the ‘permanent’ condition [§ 206] is ‘ Love ;’—and (—according to the fancy of the mythologists] it is black-coloured, and " its deity is Vishgu [—who, in his incarnation as the amorous Krishna, was remarkable for the darkness of his colour]. CoMMENTARY. a. For an example—([we have a case of the ‘Erotic’ in the verses quoted under § 3. 6., beginning]— “ Perceiving that the house was empty,” &c. 6. Here a husband of the just-mentioned description, and a girl of the just-mentioned description, are the two ‘substantial excitants’ [§ 63]; the empty house is an enhancing ‘excitant,’ [§ 160]; the kissing is an ‘ensuant’ [§ 32]; the bashfulness and the mirth are ‘ac- cessories’ [ऽ 194 and 203] ;—the condition of love, developed by all 112 The Mirror of Composition these in a man of taste, assumes the nature of [what we call] the ‘ Erotic’ [Flavour]. ८, He mentions the divisions of this [‘ Erotic’ flavour]. Text. The Erotic No. 211. Now, it is held to be of two kinds, राट.) subdivided. === ¢ separation’ and ‘union.’ CoMMENTARY. a. Of these two [—he describes the former]. Text. Tava las eec No. 212. But where excessive love does not attain peration. the beloved object, this is ‘ separation.’ ComMMENTARY. a. ‘The beloved object’—i. e. the hero or the heroine. Text. This णवा; No. 213. And let this [love in separation] be of vided. four kinds,—consisting of (1) ‘affection arising before the parties meet’ (puirva-rdga), (2) ‘indignation’ (mdéna), (3) ‘the being abroad’ (pravdsa), and (4) the ‘ sorrow’ (Aaruna) [of one who has no hope of a re-union which yet is destined to take place}. CoMMENTARY. a. Among these [four]— Text. L No. 214. What is called ‘ affection arising before ove between persons yet stran- the parties meet’ (—i. €, while the parties are ध strangers to one another—], is the peculiar condition which belongs, before they have attained their wishes, to two persons mutually enamoured through having heard of or seen one another. ` And here the hearing may be from the mouth of a messenger, or a bard, or a female friend; and the seeing may be by magic [—as when Cornelius Agrippa, with his mirror, showed to Surrey the lady Geral- dine—], or in a picture, or face to face, orinadream. In such a case the following conditions are the conditions of love, viz., longing, thoughtfulness, reminiscence, the mentioning the qualities [of the loved one], anxiety, and discourse where the person addressed is not, con- fusion of mind, sickness, stupefaction, and death. By ‘longing’ we mean wishing ; ‘ thoughtfulness’ means the thinking about the means of attainment, &c. ; and ‘confusion of mind’ means the not distinguishing साहित्यदर्पणे प्रथमपरिच्छेदः ॥ ॐ ममे गणेशाय ॥ सवतरखिका warcay निष्विप्नेन प्रारिखितपरिसमा्िकामा aryyar- धिहततया वाग्देवतायाः वामस्य माधक्ते |i | मङ्लाचरग I (९) शरदि न्द्‌ खन्दरर्किश्येतसि सा मे गिरां देषी। अपहत्य तमःसकतमथानखिलान्‌ प्रकाशयतु ॥ We WHS काव्याङ्गतया का्यफलैरेव फखवत्तमिति | | काव्यफलान्यार | (९) SSR सुखाद स्यधियामपि | काव्यादेव यतस्तेन TST SU ॥ चतुग्बगंफलप्रा्धिरिं काव्यता रामादिवत्‌ प्रव्तिंतयं म रावारिवदित्थारिरत्याङत्यप्टस्तिगिदष्यपदे्दारेण सुप्र- तीतेव । wwe | ““घश्मायकाममेाखेषु वे खर्ट कलासु च । करोति कोन्तिं प्रीतिश्च साधका व्यमिषेवशमितिः' | fag काव्याद्धगयप्राक्भिभैगवन्नारायणचरणारविन्द्‌ सवा- दिगा। एकः WE: सुप्रयक्रः सम्बगन्ञातः खं लाक चकाम- श्‌ aifeucua | धुग्‌ भवति इत्यादिवेद वाक्येभ्य सुप्रपिद्धेव। अर्थ॑प्रात्भिख प्रत्य- चषिद्धा। कामप्रा्तिचार्चदारेव। मेलप्रात्निखेतस्छन्यधर््यफ- खलागमुसन्धागात्‌। मेाीपयागिवाक्ये ग्ुत्यश्याधायकलवा ख | चतुव्वं्गप्रा्िडिं वेदन्रास्तेभ्यो Arena cares परिणत- बद्धौगामेव जायते। परमाभन्दसन्देाजनकतया सुखादेव सु- कुमारबुद्धीनामपि पुनः STATI गम्‌ तदहि परिणएतवद्धिभिः सत्मु वेदशास्त्रेषु काव्येषु किमिति am: करणीय दृत्धपिन वक्यं | कटु काषधोापन्नमनोयस्छ रोगस सितन्रकरोपब्रमनीोयते कस्य वा रागिणः सितशरकराप्रृन्तिः साधीयसो न स्यात्‌ ॥ किञ्च | काव्यस्टापादेयलमामप्रेयपराणेऽप्यक्ं | “aca दुर्लभं लाके विद्या तज सुदुर्लभा | कविं quai तज अक्िरत्र सुदु हंभेति" ॥ जिवगेखाधनं arafafa च विष्णुपराणे | “ararerary ये केचिद्ौतकान्यखिलानि ख। ष्ट मृन्तिंधरसरूते fawirtar महात्मन इति” ॥ तेम तुमा तस्व area खरूपं निरूप्यते, एतेनाभिधयञ्च प्रदशितं॥ तत्‌ किंखरूपं तावत्काव्यभित्यपेचाथां कञ्चित्‌ ““तदरेष अनब्दा्ती सगुणावगखङ्कतो पनः कापीति" एतचिग्धं । तथाहि यदि दाषरद्ितस्येव काव्यलाङ्गोकारखदर्‌ा | “न्यक्कारो थमेव मे यदरयस्तजाप्यसा तापसः साऽप्यजेव निडन्ति राख्सकखं जवल्यदरा रावणः | Wwagiess: | | धिक्‌ धिक्‌ अक्रजितं प्रबोधितवता किं garnets वा खगंयामटिकाविलुष्टनद्ये च्छः किमेभिभजेः" ॥ अख Wea विधेयाविमषंदेषदुषटतया काव्यलं न खात्‌ WA घ्वनितलेनास्षमकाव्यताऽस्वाङ्गोरता तस्माद ग्या्निरललश- दाषः ॥ गणु Beatties car न पुनः सव्वाऽपोति चेत्‌ afe aat® दाषः सोऽकाव्यलप्रयोजकोा यच ष्यनिः खखकलम- काव्यलप्रयेाजक CHAM HATA आ्रर्यमाणं RAGS वा ` feafa + eran न च fafacatt area दूषयन्तः चरति दुषटादयोा दोषाः किं तदहि सर्व्वमेव काव्यं । तथाहि । काव्यात्म- क्तस्य रसस्छानपकर्षंकल्बे तेषां राषलमपि नाङ्कोक्रियते। अन्यथा नित्यरेषानित्यरेाषलव्यवखापि न खात्‌ ॥ यदुक्तं ध्वनिता । “्ुतिदुषटादया देषा wien a च दर्चिंताः। MATA WATE ते देया द्या इताः” ॥ किञ्चैवं काव्यं प्रविरखूविषयं निभ्विषयं वा स्वात्‌। THU निहवद्धेकानमस्कावात्‌ । ननु face नजः प्रयोगद्रति चेत्‌ तरिं रवद शब्दार्थ काव्यमिल्युक्रेनिदेषयेाः ara न wa सति waa ईषराषाविति चेद्‌ एतदपि काव्यलक्षणे ` ऽवश्यं 1 रल्नादिखश्णे कोटानमुवेधादिपरिहारवत्‌ । न हि कोटामुवेधादया TAS रलं ACHAT: fare उपारेय- तारतम्बमेव कन्तु ATTA श्रतिदुष्टादयाऽपि काव्यश्च उक्रञ्च। "“कोटानुविद्धरत्ादिसाधारण्छेन काव्यता । दु्टेव्वपि मता यज रमाद्यमुगमः स्फुटः" ॥ 8 afearda | किञ्च ।अब्टार्थयाः सगुखलविजेषमगपपशनं । गानां रतेकध- ंलस्.“से रसस्याङ्गिनो walt: यादय इवात्मनः" इत्थादिनगा तेनेव प्रतिपारदितलात्‌॥ रखामिष्यश्च कलेन उपचारत SITE इति चेत्‌ तथायं । तथाहि । तथाः काव्यसखरूपलेनाभि- मतयः अन्दार्थया रसेाऽख्िन वा। मास्ति चेर्‌ गकवत्नमपि wife गुनां तदन्वयव्यतिरेकानुविधायिलात्‌। अस्ति चेत्‌ ` कथं ari रसशवन्ताविति विवशं । गणखवत्वान्यथानपपत्या Tawa इति चेत्‌ तहिं सरवावित्येव वकं क्क न सगच्छाविति। मडि प्राशिमन्ता रेशा एति वक्रव्येनोयादिमन्ता Sw” इति के नाण्यश्यते॥ नन्‌ weary षगणाविल्यनेन werfarergar WRITE काये प्रयोव्यावित्यभिप्राय दति चेत्‌। ग । गलामि- व्यश्कज्रब्दाथंवस्वस्छापि काव्य उत्कषमाजाधावक्लं नतु खरूपाधायकलं। on हि “arare wagrar रीर रसादि- त्मा wer: जीग्यादिवङ्‌ दषाः काणलारिक्द्‌ रौीतयोाऽव- यवसंखानविध्रेषवर्‌ अलङ्काराः करकङ्ुण्डलादिवदितिः। एतेन “Mage पमः कापीति" यदुक्तं तदपि परास्तं we We: “स्वन साखद्धारो कचित्वस्पुटालङ्ारावपि wager काव्यमिति" तच सालद्धारश्ब्टाचयारपि काव्य खत्कषंमाया- धायकल्वात्‌। एतेन anita: काव्यजीवितमिति" बक्राक्षिजोवि- तकारोक्मपि परार | वक्राकेरखङाररूपलात्‌। यख afe- दस्फटाखद्कारले उदाहतं । “aq: RTATTUT: स एव डि वरस्ता एव चेनच्पास्‌ प्रथमपरिष्ेदः। a ते चाशीखितमासतीसुरभयः Wet: करम्नानिलाः। at Marfa तथापि तज सुरतव्यापारखोखाविधौ रोवारोाधसि वेलदीतरतकते चेतः Tarawa” ॥ एतश्िगं। we fe विभावनाविकशेषाज्िमूखस्य सन्दे दस- WUSHITS Get एतेन । “METS गणवत्‌ काष्यमणङ्ारर शङ्कते | रधान्वितं कतिः gee कीरिं प्रीतिञ्च fara दर्धादीनामपि कायशचरलमपास्तं ॥ यन्त॒ प्वनिकारेणक्ं “araarant च्निरिति' तत्‌ fa वस्ललद्ाररसादि खचर fereat cafe: काव्यस्यात्मा उत रसारिरूपभाता वा।माद्यः। प्रहेशिकारावतिव्ाप्तः । दितीयखेदोमिति Aa: wa चदि र्खादिमाजङूप एव घ्वनिः काव्यस्यात्मा वदा | “न्ता -एत्थे fares एत्य ae दिश्रसश्रं पञाएडि। मा पडिश्च रज्िश्न्धश्र dene ae fraenfefa” *॥ TTR वष्ठमा अव्यत कथं काव्यव्यवहार इति चेद्‌ wate Carreras भ्रमः । wet ““देवरन्ता ग्रामं या- तीति" वाक्ये तङ्ुत्यस्ड तदनुसरणशरूपव्यशा वगतेरपि काव्यलवं ख्वात्‌। अख्लिति चेत्‌ । न । रसवत एव काव्यलाङ्गीकारात्‌। का- wa warm डि रसाल्रादसुखपिष्डदागदारेण | वेदनास्तवि- © Gear । we निमव्जति ony दिवस रव wera | मा षथिक्र राबन्धक waret मम निमंश्सि ॥ टीना । < aifeacta | aarat सकमारमतोनां crareradiat विनेचानां रामा- दिवत्‌ प्रवर्जिंतथ्धं न रावच्छादिवदित्थादिरूग्या हृाप्रत्तिनि- aware दति चिर न्ने रप्यक्रलात्‌ ॥ तथा चाप्रेवपराकेऽपकर । "'वाम्बेदग्ध्यप्रधानेऽपि te vary जोवितमितिःः। व्यक्किविवेककारे शा्यकनं arerennta अङ्गिनि varices म कस्यचिद्धिमतिरिति"" | ष्वजिकारेषाणक्ं । “a fe कवेरि- facwarafreireararara दतिरहासारेरव afeagfc anfe” uve तदि प्रबन्धान्तव्वेर्सिां केषामपि नीरसानां पद्यानां काव्यं न स्वादिति चेत्‌ । न। रखवत्‌ पञ्चाकगतनी- रसपदानामिव GCs प्रबन्धरसेनेव तेषां रष्वन्ताङ्गोका- रात्‌। ay नीरसेव्बपि गुणाभिग्यश्चकवखंबद्भावाद्‌ देषाभा- वादलङ्ारसद्धावाख काव्यव्यवहारः सख रसादिमत्काव्यबन्ध- साम्ादरश एव । यन्तु वा मनेनेाक्रं “रोतिरात्मा काव्यस्येति" aq रीतेः सङ्गहृनाविभ्रेषलात्‌ । सहनटनायाञ्च अ्रवयवसंखा- नङूपलात्‌। WAITS तद्धिखलात्‌। यख ष्वनिकारेखाक्र। “my; सङदरयद्चाष्यः काव्यात्मा या व्यवसितः | वाच्प्रतीयमानास्था तस्य भेदा वभो खतावितिः'॥ aa aware “काव्यस्यात्मा ध्वनिरिति स्ववचम- faturgararal ॥ तत्‌ किं पुन: काव्यमिल्युच्यते | (द) वाक्यं रसात्मकं कान्य रसखरूपं निरूपयिव्यामः। रस एवात्मा साररूपतया जीव- नाधायकेऽख तेन विना ae काव्यलानङ्गोकारात्‌। र खत इति प्रथमपरि चेदः। ry रष दति व्युत्पन्तियागाद्‌ भावतदाभासादयोाऽपि गृद्यन्ते॥ aa रस यथा । “sai वासण्ं विलाक्य शयनादुत्थाय किञ्चि ख्छने- निद्राव्याजमुपागतय्छ सुचिरं fated पत्युमुखं | fares afters जातपुलकामालेाक्य गण्डखलों खल्भागखमुखी प्रियेण इसता बाला चिरं चुम्निता”॥ अच हि सम्ोागष्ट्ारास्या रसः॥ भावा यथा महदापा- जअराघवानन्दसास्पिविग्िकाणं। | wrarnraa watifa अलधिः एषठ ware दंदाथां धरणो नखे दितिसुताधीजः पदे रोादसी। क्रोधे TING: WL THAR: पाणी प्रलम्बासुरो ध्याने विश्वमसावधाभ्मिककुलं nateca नमः" ॥ wa भगवद्विषया रतिभावः रसाभासो यथा| “मधुद्धिरेफः कुसुमेकपाते पपा frat खामनुवन्तमानः | RHE च Giffen रटमीमकण्डुयत रष्णसारः'” ॥ aw fe सम्ोागग्रङ्गारस्य तियंगिबिषयवाद्रसाभाषः। हवमन्यत्‌ ॥ दोषाः पनः MTS PTET टत्यु यते । (४) दोषासतस्यापकषकाः। अतिदुष्टापष्टाथेलादयः काणलखश्जलादय इव देषदार- चेव अब्दार्थद्ारेण व्यभिचारिभावादेः खजब्दवाश्यत्वादया मृखंतादय Ta साशात्‌ काव्यख्ात्मभूतं रखमपकंयन्तः काव्य- < साहिन्दपंये। स्यापक्षंका उच्यन्ते wat विज्ेषादाररथानि वच्छामः॥ ग्णारयः किं wear द्त्युच्यते | (५) उत्कषंदेतवः प्राक्ता गुणालङ्धाररोतयः ॥ ` गणाः बरोग्यारिवत्‌ | भ्रखङ्काराः कटक्ङ्ष्डलारि वत्‌ | रीतयोाऽवयवसंखान विषेषवत्‌। रे ददार णेव अ्रब्डाथेदारो तमेव का्यस्यात्मभूतर षमुत्कवंयः काव्यस्छात्क्षंका SIH । दृह यद्यपि गणानां causa तथापि गृण्ब्दोऽज गुणाभि- ग्यश्चकशब्दार्थयारुपचर््यते | wary गणशाभिव्यश्ेकाः अष्टा रखस्सा त्करषंका CAM भवतीति प्रागेवोक्रं । एषामपि विशेषोा- दाहरणानि TWTA: tl # II इति ओमन्ञारायणचरणारविन्दमधुत्रतखादित्याखंवकणं- भारभ्वनिप्रस्लापनपरमालाग्यकविदक्िरनाकराष्टारदभावा- वारविखासिनीभुजङ्गशान्भिविग्रहिकमहापाचश्रीविश्चनाघकवि- राजङ्तः सादित्यरप॑रे काव्यखङूपनिरूपणा नाम प्रथमः परिच्छदः li wi वाश्यखद्टपमा₹ | (६) वाक्य स्म्ाद्ाग्यताकाङ््ासन्तियुक्तः पदा खयः॥ याग्यता पदाथानां परस्परसम्बन्धे वाधाभावः। पदा यखैतद भावेऽपि area afeer सिच्चतीत्यपि वाक्यं स्यात्‌ । आकाङ्खा प्रतीतिपर्थवलानविरहः । ख ख ओाठजिंश्चाखाख- सूपः । निराकाङ्कृष्य वाक्पते Frew परुषा इस्तीत्यादीना- मपि वाक्यलं स्थात्‌ । आख्तिबंद्यविच्छेदः । बुद्धि विच्छेदेऽपि डितौ वपरिशेदः। , wwe ददा नोमु्रितस्य देवर क्श्रष्स्त दिनानरोशारि- तेन गच्छतोतिपरेन सङ्गतिः खात्‌ । अजाकाङ्खायोग्धतयेा- रान्मार्थधर्ंलेऽपि परोखयधर्जलम्‌पलारात्‌ ॥ (७) STRATA भ्ावाक्यम्‌। STUARTS AIM एव । (८) इत्यं वाक्ये द्विधा मतं । इत्थमिति वाक्यत्वेन महा वाक्छतेन च ॥ owe | “सा यबाधसमाप्तानामङ्गाङ्किलव्यपेचया । वाक्यानामेकवाक्यलं पुनः संहत्य जायते दूति"? 4 तज वाच्ये यथा । “We वासगररमित्यादिः' ॥ महावाक्यं यथा | रामायणमहाभारतरधुवश्रादि ॥ परोाकये वाक्यमि- am तत्‌ किं पद खल्णमित्यत are | (€) TEL पटः प्रयोगारनन्वितेकाथनोधकाः ॥ यथा घटः! warater इति प्रातिपदिकश्छ Taw: | अनन्वितेति वाक्छमहावाक्ययोाः | एकेति साकाङ्खभमेकपदवा- कार्मा । अथेग्रोधका इति कचटतपानां वधा दति बड्वच- wafaafea i तच । (Re) अथा वाच्य खच्च Sale जिधा Ber | एवां WET | (१९) बाश्ाऽथाऽभिधया बोध्यो SEAT लकया मतः ॥ AM BRAT ताः स्युख्तिखः शब्दस्य शक्तयः | te arfearcua | ता अभिधायाः। तज agfaarve arwarefaarsfrari उकमटद्धेन मष्यमदटडूमरिष् “मामानय'” Taye तं गवानय- MIWA बाखोऽख्व awe “साख्ादिमत्षिष्डानयन- au: इति प्रथमं प्रतिपद्यते । अनन्तर च्च “at बधान अश्वमा- गयः, टत्यादावावापेाद्धारार््वां tree “.लाखारिमानर्थः'" आगवगद्ब्दस्य चादररमथंः,, दति सद्तमवधारयति | afew afeguevafrerercra | war | “Cu ufaqaneret मधूनि मधकरः पिवति" cars कचिदापापदेात्‌। यथा “Maya” Tas | तञ्च सद्धेतितम्थे Meat अब्दस्य ्रह्मम्तरानमरिता afacferat माम ॥ | (१९) सरतो BOA आते गुणद्रव्यक्रियासु च ॥ आतिभापिष्डादिषु गेलादिका । गणा विगेषाधागरेतुः सिद्धा agua: । शक्रादय हि गवादिकं awrite: हष्यगवादिग्या व्यावन्तयन्ति । caw एकव्यक्किवाचिना efcucfeaefaarce: । क्रियाः साध्यरूपा aqua: पा- कादयः | ua हि अधिश्रयशावश्रयणाञ्चकादिपुव्बापरोभूत- ग्यापारकलापः warfewezare: | waa fe व्यक्र्पाधिषु BEAT डते म aM आआगनवव्यमिचारदाषापातात्‌॥ अथ WVU | (१९) मुखायवाधे ATT AAPA: प्रतोयते । SI प्रयेजनाद्ासै SHAT शक्किरपिता ॥ डितीवपरिङेदः। १९ “afeay: साहसिकः'' carer कलिङ्गा दि शब्रा रे शवि्े- WHET खार्थेऽसग्भवम्‌ चया अब्दस्य अश्वा खसंयुक्नाम्‌ युर षादीन्‌ प्रत्यायवति | यथा च “गङ्गायां चावः" Kate मङ्गा रिष्टा जखमवारिरूपार्यवाचकलात्‌ प्रतेऽसम्भवनम्‌ We सा- मोष्यारिखम्बन्धसम्नन्यिमं तटादिं बाधयति खा weeerfdar सञाभाविकतरा शशरागद्धाविता वा भ्रक्िलंखणा ara । wis ta रूढिः मदिद्धिरेव । Sac “गङ्गातटे चाषः” इति ances शोतलपावमत्वातिश्नयसछ eared प्रया- जनं । देतु विगापि चस्य कस्यचित्‌ waft लशणेऽतिप्रसङ्गः सखारिव्यत ow “ES: प्रयोजनादापीतिः॥ केचित्‌ त॒ “कर्मश gre.” इति रूढावदारन्ति । तेषामयमभिप्रायः 1 “aw aria’ दति व्यत्पश्तिलभ्यः कुञरगरादिरूपे मस्थाऽथः प्ररुतेऽसम्भ- वम्‌ विवेशकत्वसाधमर्यैसम्नन्धसम्बन्धिनं दलरूपमथं बाधयति 1 तदन्ये न मन्यन्ते । कुत्रय्ादिरूपार्थख व्यत्पन्तिखन्य्वेऽपिं qwerea warden: अन्यद्धि शब्दानां व्यत्प्तिनिमि्- मन्व प्रत्तिनिमिकं । वयत्यन्तिखभ्यस् मुखा येल “गाः जेते” carafe खचणा खात्‌ । “गमेडार्‌'' इति गमधातेडेप्रह्ययेन वत्पादितसख्य tree शयगकाखेऽपि प्रयोगात्‌ ॥ | ARITA | (१४) FARA वाक्यायऽन्बयसिद्ये । स्यादात्मनाऽष्युपाद्‌ानादेषोपादानलक्षणा ॥ ` रूढावपादानखर्णा यथा cmat भावतिः। प्रथाजने यथा ६९ efewcda | “eet: sfanfn? । arated anf त्यनेन” प्रतिमिरहे रात्‌ प्रतिगिहंश्वापमा द arzag म शङ्किताः! एवंविधपैचित्थस्य सर्ता सन्द्नात्‌। (६६६) उपमानोपमेयत्वमेकस्येव त्वनम्बयः | अरथाङरेकवाक्ये। यथा । ‹“राजौवमिव राजीवं जलं जलनिवाजनि। WRG CAA: शरत्समदयाचमे'"॥ दशमः ufcee: | Ros अच राजोवादोगामनन्यसदुश्रतवप्रतिपादनार्थमुपमानेोप- मेयभावे aafen: । ““राजोवमिव पायाजमितिः qe ला- टामुप्राखादिविक्रा विषयः । किमधत्राचितलारेकन्रब्दप्रयोग एव FATT | ATH mary च श्रब्देक्यमे eae नुषङ्गिकं । ufatg लाटामुप्रासे arerza प्रथाजकमिति'॥ (९९७) पय्धायेन इयारोतद्पमेयापमा मता | एतदु पमाने पमेयलं | अ्रथाद्वाक्यदये | यथा । “कमलेव मतिर्मतिरिव कमला तनुरिव विभा विभेव तनुः। uta शेतिष्टंतिरिव धरी सततं विभाति वत ae aa’ ॥ Ware राजः ओडद्यादिष्दृ षं गान्यदरशीद्यनिपायः। (९१९८) सदशानुभवादस्तुखृतिः सरखमुष्यते | यथा | “श्र विग्दमिदं वी च्छ खेखत्छश्न नमश्युलं | सखरामि वदं तस्याार्‌ YEAR” | “मयि सकपटमित्धार च" Wa: शङ्‌ श्लानभवं चिनोा- त्वापितलान्ञाय मलङ्कार: | राधवानन्दमदापाजास्तु वेसादू- wry खतिमपि सरणालङ्ूा रमिच्छन्ति | तज द्‌ाइश्णं तेषा- मेव यथा | asc arfeacda | “fativady गिरिषु प्रपेदे यदा यदा दुःख्लतानि सोता). तदा ACTS: सदनेषु साख्य- warfe car गलदश्र रामः" ॥ (९९८) रूपकं ङूपितारोपादट्‌ विषये निर्वे | ‘“efaafa” ofcwrargawc: | एतच परिणामप्रसावे faaufeara: | “जिरपङव'' दव्यप तिव्यवच्छेदाये। (६७०) तत्‌ परम्परितं साङ्गं निरङ्गमिति च निधा । ATI | तच । a (६७१) FS कस्यविदारोपः परारोपण्ठकारण | त्‌ परम्परितं शिष्टाशिष्टशब्दनिवन्धनं ॥ WH केवलं मालाङ्पष्छेनि चतुविधं | तज चिष्टश्रब्टजिबन्धनं कवशपरन्यरितं थथा। “OES जगदुट्‌ ष्डराजमण्डलरा रवे | ओनुसिंरमरोपाख aay तव area” ॥ अचर राजमणष्डलं नृपसमृह एव चच विग्बमिद्यारोपोा रा- ATV T Hares निमितं, मालाङ्पं wer) ‘“qurzafeardin: कङागतिषमीरणशः। भूग्रावलिदम्भोलिरेक एव भवान्‌ भुवि" ॥ अत पद्माया उदय एव पद्मानामुरथः, सतामागतिरव दश्रमः ULV: | Roe खदागमनं, भृतो TINA एव GSAT इत्याद्यारोपोा राज्ञः खग्यंव्ाद्यारोापे-जिमिन्तं । अञ्चिष्टश्रब्दयनिबन्धनं कवलं aur | “QTM AT HATTA: बाङ्गज्याघातकङ्घंत्राः। चेखाक्यमण्डपस्तमासखलारोा इरिवाहवः'' ॥ अच Ware मण्डपत्वारोपे इरिवाषह्नां सम्मलारोपे जिमिन्तं । माखारूपं यथा | “मना जराजस्य सितातपत्रं estes दरिदङ्घगनायाः। विराजति यामषरःसरोाजं कपर पुर प्रभमिन्हुविम्ं, ॥ अच मनाजारेराजलाद्यारोपञ्चन्दरविम्नस्य शितातपब्ला- द्यारापे fafa एषु च “'राजभुजादीनां राडलाद्चारो- पा राजमण्डलादीमां चन््रमण्डलत्वाद्यारोापे fafaufafa’ केचित्‌ । (६७) अङ्गिन यदि साङ्गस्य पणं साङ्गमेव तम्‌। समसतवस्तुविषयमेकदे शविवस्ति च ॥ aa | (GOR) आरोप्याणामशेषाणां WETS प्रथमं AA | प्रथमं wagagfagd aur | ‹.सावचावयश्क्ताम्तमिति AMAA सः। शरमिदटव्य news nuanfacizy” | २८० ` alfeazya | QA GAA मघल्वारोपे वामारीनामणग्टतलाद्यारोापिते। (९७४) यच कस्यविदा्थत्वमेकदे शविवन्निं तत्‌। कस्यचिदाराणमाणस्य | यथा | "“लावच्छमध्मिः पृषं मास्यमस्या विकस्वरं | लेकलेा चनरो खम्बकदम्बेः कनं TAA” ॥ अन STAT मध्वाद्यारोपः शाब्दो मुखे पञ्मलाराप We: 1 म चेयमेकरे शविवज्तिन्युपमा विकसखरत्वधग्मस्याराण- माणे TY Tea aaa मुखे चापचरितवात्‌। (६७५) fray केवलस्येव So तदपि ew । | माला कंवलद्पत्वात्‌ wa मालाङ्पं face qari “fadragiad urguf ear लाकचर्षां | क्रोडाग्टहमनगङ्गस्य safaslacger” ॥ कवं यथा। “ara कृतागसि भंवत्युचितः प्रभूणां पादप्रहार दति खुन्दरि ary Fa | उद्यत्कटोारपलकाङकुरकण्ट काथे- afgua खद्‌ पदं ay aT व्यया मे" ॥ (९७९) AMV SIR भिदाः। चिरम्तनेरक्षा दति fa: कचित्‌ परन्धरि तमणेकरे भवि- aft यथा। दशमः WLS: | Rt “ag: चा शाविद खः समिति विजयते मागवाखण्डलस्य"' | waa: wrar महिषीलारोापः खन्न साविदश्षवारापे देत: । WANTS पृव्वेव्मालारूपलेऽपयदा रणं ग्य । (goo) TT कविदारोप्याः शिष्टाः साङ्गेऽपि रूपके । aiaeufaate fee यथा मम। “करमदयमदीधरखनागे गलिततमः परल श्टक fate विकसितङ्ुमुरे चणं frea- ष्थयममरेश्दिशा ae guisg:” ॥ समख्छवस्हविषयं यया । अनैव ““विचुम्बतीत्याई"” wy “हरिदबलामुखमिन्दुनायकन दृतिः" पाठे म चाच शिष्टपर- म्परितं तच हि । “खदावलिदम्भोलिरित्यादौ'" राजा पव्वेलल्वादि रूपणं विना वघंनोयस्य राजारेरम्मालितादि रूपणं स्येव सादृश्सासम्मवादसक्गतं | तदि कथं “"पद्मोदयदिना- wie varer’ परम्परितं, राजादेः wafer साङ्ष्छश्य तेजखितादि देतु कख सम्भमवारिति न वा्यं। तथा fe रा- जार स्तेजखितादिरेतुकं Ya wea म तु waa af ९ मजः .. मश्िमिमद्भुः,. =. ^ °= = we oe र. सनिः Qa: oe ee ee वक्राक्िजीवितकारः.., 6. 5. ee we कवाचस्पतिमिखाः.. 25 .,* we we oe oe "वानि gets coke hh, cates as ee ea Sa, व्यक्तिविवेककीारः.. wc we we ee ee खीमह्लाचनकारः e e पलिवजस्म्भमीमासक्रः 2. 0. .. ee ee i .. च °= ० चन च = = STH ATH. ** ° १ ०० ०० ०» ०, Tet व क fae, -aks रर्‌ .. ., .. ५ RRO we ee = ९२८ .. ५ सादित्यद पणद्धचोप चम्‌ | प्रकरणम्‌ परिणष््डटसुष्या। च्यङ्ूलच्तयं ,. ** ** ° “* °` ्यतदूःशः, चल. . . . खतिग़र योक्िलच्तणतद्धेदाः . अधिकं, असत. . .. च्यधीरालच्तगा GARG, च्छलं... °“ oe > खअनुकूलनायकः «+ ° QAI, खलं Bayan च्यनुमानं, खलं च्छन्‌, लं च्न्तःपुरसहायाः eo ef 9 ष्न्त्यानुप्रासः, AT Wala, चलं oe ® @ पङ्तिः, खलं .. -* . व्यप्रस्ततप्रशंसाभेदाः . . अभिधामूला यघ्नना -* +. `` सअभिधारस्तिकथनं A अनिनयलस्शविभागा अमिसास्स्यानक्यनं मिसरिकालच्छगं .. शर्थचिन्तनसचायाः च्यर्यगतदाषाः.. we ee च्यत्रेविध्यकथयनं .. .. अ्प्ररतिलचच्तखतद्धेदाः च्यथान्तरन्यासतद्धेदाः, खलं S* e aA © MMA MASA कारिकासंप्छया | „ ५१९ , ७89 ह ६< --<€ ८ . SRR . tod . OUR ba =» GRR "° VR - ७१९ = OBR i - ६२० ° O28 . ६८६--८8 न क \¢ .„ १२ = २७8 = ° १,१६० „ UU Ge » ५७ १९ . .. ३९० इर . See ९ साहित्यद पंणद्चोपजम्‌ | भ्रकरशम्‌ weurate:, wg 9 @ ee ee ee 9 9 खया परस्तेपकमेदप्कार तल्वन्तबानि अलङद्ूगरवखरू्पकयनं ., .. .. . waif: iced इतिडङत्तस्य पञ्चभागमभागाः wagta:, खलं .. .. .-. .. . aT werauager खलं .. .. .. चआाधिकारिकप्रासङ्किके ना्यवस्तमेदो } च्यामुखल्चशतद्धेद तत्तक्लच्तबानि च्धारमटीभेदास्तघ्वच्वणानि च .. . GU BHA तद्धेदकचयनघ्च.. .. . च्पालम्ननविभावाः .. .. = परिष्डेदसंष्छा। कारिकासष्छा । Re =, ० ॥ 829 .¶ .. -. -. ROT RR e १० es @ ® @ ee ९२१ द . " RRo— RRO eRe oe .. ORE Lk, „ ७१४ ९ .. .. .. ९९६ ध -- -* ˆ“ REO—-REB ~ € .. +2 .-. BRO—8RB © Rowe 26 Q9—ac ह्‌ ° क qk = ड हाम्टजमलच्ठवं .. .. 1 . ५१८ उ उत्वषेः, खलं , „~ .. = = -, १९० ..... ORY उव्मेच्वाखसूपतद्वेदाः, WH... .. ९० .. .. .. 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