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THE
JOURNAL
OF
CONCHOLOGY.
ESTABLISHED IN 1874 AS
The QUARTERLY JOURNAL. of CONCHOLOGY.
CONDUCTED BY JO EON NAN, IU NNe One Isa
Membre Honoraire de la Société Malacologique de France,
WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED THE PROCEEDINGS, OF THE CONCHOLOGICAT, SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND,
PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE COUNCIL.
VOL. VI. AN SGY 1889—1891. ee Leeds:
TAYLOR BROS., SOVEREIGN STREET,
The Authors of the several papers contained in this volume are themselves accountable for all the statemints and reasonings which they have offered. Tn these particulars the Editors or the Society must not be considered as
in any way responsible.
INDEX TO VOL. VI.
ORIGINAL ARTICLES.
PAGE
Acme lineata in Lancashire and Cheshire.—K. Standen... sco | WON
Adeorbis subcarinatus at Teignmouth.—!. St. G. Byne ... 164
Arion minimus a British slug. —R. F. Scharff, Ph D., B.Sc., M.R.I. iN 267
Assiminea littorina at Weymouth.—E. R. Sykes ... 166 Australasian shells, Notes upon a donation to the Coneholeseal
Society. —J. Brazier, P..S:, €.M-Z,s.- 000 sa OD)
Balea, The viviparous nature of.— AE. Craven, F.1.s.-and B®. A. Smith, F-Z-S. 421
British Pioneers in recent Conchological science.—J. Cosmo Melvill... 190 Bulimus goodallii at Croydon. —Kenneth McKean 84 Calliostoma (vel Zizyphinus) haliarchus.—J. C. Melvill, M. Ny Pol S. 404 Clausilia rugosa and Balea perversa in Pinon tanehite. —Wnm. Evans 176 Colonizing Land and Freshwater Shells at Brora. —W. Baillie ooo UG Colorado, Molluscan fauna of. —T. ID. A. Cockerell 600 60, 175 Derbyshire from a conchological point of view.—L. E. Adams, B.A... 247 Descriptions of three n. sp. of shells.—J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A.,F.L.S. 31 Descriptions of eleven new species.—J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., &c. 405
Donegal, An excursion to County.—R. I’. Scharff, Ph.D., B.Sc. ... 165 Dredging off Connemara.—J. T. Marshall B58 ie a0 | BED Ay aS : oc ZOO Eastern Counties, Notes on the.—L. FE. Adams, B.A. do sso D7 Food of some British mollusks, Notes on the.—W. A. Gain ws 349 Fusus, On species and varieties of, ee the British Seas. —
H. K. Jordan, F.G.5. ae 225 Glycogenic functioninthe mollusca, The meanaalthe. —J. W. Wallvams 34 Helix aculeata in South Lancashire. —W.H. Heathcote... g00 vil
», arbustorum v. canigonensis.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. ... +» 360 5, aspersa m. sinistrorsum in Lancashire.—R. Standen ... ; 176 % >, On the circumstances eS seowate of.—J. W. Williams ac8 oo «= HG 5, cantiana m. sinistrorsum in Boeland. —J. W. Gratien: F. L.S: BS »» caperata, On the varieties of our banded ee foe these of.—Rev. S. S. Pearce, M.A. : 123 55 eo Occurrence of, at Dover.—C. Stanley 8. Cox ad sae Smitha he ZaS: as 377 5, fusca i Helix lamellata, Re- | ar in N. Staflotdshire —T. F. Burrows ... - 254 », hortensis v. lutea 12045 at Dov ais ee Tr. RES M. 105 344 35 49 m. sinistrorsum and m. scalariforme in South Deven E. Collier n0¢ 660 ele son Bull », lamellata at Stafford.—L. E. Adams, B.A. ... “ak Don! Helix lapicida y. subangulata, Pascal.—J]. W. Taylor. F.L.S. PEA 2
»» Nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Middlesex.—F. G. Fenn nen Os
Tlelix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Lancashire.—R. Standen
», pisana v. scalariformis.—Rev. H. Milnes, M.A.
a », v. tenuis.—]J. W. Taylor, F.L.S.
», rotundata m. sinistrorsum.—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S.
»» Tupestris, an ovo-viviparous species. —E. Collier ede Ireland, The neglected counties of.—W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. ... Land and freshwater shells of N. Berwick.-—Rev. J. McMurtric, M.A.
53 5 », of Harrogate & District.—F. R. Fitzgerald
a ei ,, of the coast of North Northumberland.— Kev. J. McMurtrie, M.A.
5 i », of Derbyshire. —T. Hey ds
- a », Of South Devon.—E. D. Marquand, M. A
— <3 », of East Sussex. —]J. H. A. Jenner, F.E.S.
ee a »> » Critical notes upon.—T. D. A. Cockerell
Limax agrestis and Cochlicopa lubrica at St. Johns: Canada.—T. D. A. Cockerell ag
», flavus v. rufescens in West Lace a DEHigon Recor Limnea glutinosa near Hull, Discovery of.—F. W. Fierke... 36 peregra, Variation of.—]J. W. Taylor, F.L.S.
a4 », v. ovaliformis.—T. D. A. Cockerell fe .—J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. 3 aaenalic The fluid emitted by. —J. W. Sellen 09 List of shells from the Tizard Bank, China Sea.—FE. A. Smith, F.Z. S. A », collected at Ingleton.—E. Collier é 3 », taken at Tenby.—J. W. Cundall ... sia 102, OTC V. Williams 580 nae 5, Irish mollusca, Contributions to a.—J. G. Milne... 167, Mari Rev. R. Boog Watson, B.A., F.LS., &c. a shellscollected at Port Elizabeth, S. Africa.—G.B. Sowerby 6, at »> Of Scilly.—C. Burkill and J. T. Marshall ... 53, 94, sn », of Dorsetshire.—Rev. C. Greene, M.A. 20 o06 a >> » New British.—J. T. Marshall
Montacuta ferruginosa, The habitat of.—J. T. Marshall Muscle-contraction in mollusca, Phenomena of.—J. W. Williams
Nomenclature of certain genera of British land and freshwater shells. 1Bo AX, Swen, 1EZIS.
Otina otis v. candida in Bem solleesltiiee 18% Ife Palo Patula cooperi, Note on.--T. D. A. Cockerell Physa acuta in Scotland.—A. J. Jenkins Pupa ringens in Pembrokeshire.—B. J. Falloon Respiration of Ancylus fluviatilis.—C. A. Whatmore . Suffolk, Materials for a molluscan catalogue of.—Rev. C. Green, M. a Testacella, On some.-—Dr. Heinrich Simroth Testacella scutulum in Renfrewshire.—J. M. B. Taylor Vertigo minutissima in Dorset. —E. R. Sykes 35 moulinsiana in Dorset. —R. Standen Zonites glaber v. viridula at Penistone.—L. E, Adams, B. A.
SPECIES AND VARIETIES RECORDED IN THIS
VOLUME AS NEW TO THE BRITISH ISLES.
Anodonta anatina v. arelatensis, Jacq. a », v. milletti, Drouet. a »» vV. rayii, Dup. >» Vv. scaldiana, Hec. oa minimus, Simroth
Cerithiopsis tubercularis v. albescens, Marshall
Clausilia laminata v. tumidula, Jenner 5 rolphii v. curta, Jenner sh », m. decollatum, Jenner 85 taylori, Bgt. ... : Eulima ephamilla, Watson », latipes, Watson c Fusus gracilis v. belliana, Jordan. eas coulsoni, Jordan
THis arbustorum v. luteofasciata, D. & M.
,, tacapica, Let. & Bet. >, mendoze, Servain 5, heripensis, Mabille Ilelix cantiana m. sinistrorsum, Taylor ,, carthusiana v. alba, Jenner 3 oF v. major, Jenner
», ericetorum v. subpellucida, as
,, plisana v. tenuis, Taylor
,, rotundata m. sinistrorsum, Taylor ...
:, virgata v. bifasciata, onal. SF »» maura, Mogq. »» Vv. picta, Jenner Hydrobia jenkinsi, Smith Limax flavus v. rufescens, Mogq.
Limnea auricularia v. moratensis, @lescin es v. acutalis, Morelet ...
Limnea peregra v. balthica, Nils.
. bakowskyana Cless.
. diaphana, Parr.
. inflata, Kob.
. langsdorff, Bet.
. margaritana, Esm.
. microstoma, ob.
. pulchella, Roff. Livvivnesa rubella, Clessin
Limneea stagnalis v. expansilabris, v. Mart.
<
29 be) 29 oi) 99 bi) 9 33 99 99 99 9
aaa 44 <4
a v. fossarina, Paulucci ...
Philine scabra v. circa, Marshall Sphzerium corneum v. complanata c Succinea elegans v. longiscata, Morelet .
Unio tumidus v. arcuata, Bouch.-Chant. ... Zonites crystallinus v. contracta, Westl. ...
Vie
SPECIES AND VARIETIES NEW TO SCIENCE DESCRIBED IN THIS VOLUME.
Avicula (Meleagrina) capensis, Sowerby ... Cerithiopsis tubercularis vy. albescens, Marshall
Clanculus laceyi, Sowerby Clausilia laminata v. eae Jenner Me rolphi v. curta, Jenner ae m. decollatum, Jenner... Columbarium distephanotis, Melvill Conus bairstowi, Sowerby », fulvus, Sowerby : Coralliophila andamana, Melvill Crassatella acuminata, Sowerby Diala capensis, Sowerby Eulima epeterion, Melvill Euthria ponsonbyi, Sowerby Fissurella parviforata, Sowerby... a5 robusta, Sowerby Fusus gracilis v. belliana, Jordan We coulsoni, Jordan
Riel cooperi Vv. minor, T. D. A. Coclerell
»» pisana v. tenuis, Taylor
», yxotundata m. sinistrorsum, Taylor ...
Hydrobia jenkinsi, Smith Liotia calliglypta, Melvill Lucina (Divaricella) liratula, Sowerby Marginella floccata, Sowerby Minolia ceraunia, Melvill
>» edithe, Melvill
», eilikrines, Melvill :
», gilvosplendens, Melvill...
», henniana, Melvill
», Mmalcolmia, Melvill
pompiliodes, Melvill
Mitra merula, Sowerby Montacuta capensis, Sowerby Ovulum (Birostra) aurantium, Sowerby Philine scabra v. circa, Marshall Pisania gaskelli, Melvill
Physa capreonitens, T. D. A. Cockerell me
Pleurotoma wilkiz, Sowerby Psammotellina capensis, Sowerby Pupa coloradensis, IT’. D. A. Cockerell
Solarium (Torinia) enoshimense. Melvill...
», montanella, T. D. A. Cockerell Tellina orbicularis, Sowerby »» | ponsonbyi, Sowerby Thracia capensis, Sowerby
Trochus (Calliostoma) faitont Sowerby =
Turbo (Collonia) minutus, Sowerby Zizyphinus haliarchus. Melvill ...
Vil.
PtSi VOR UL HORS WHOMAAVE SCONDRIBU LED TOTES VOmUMEE:
PAGE. Adams, L. E., B.A. ... ae ba fe 247, 254, 205, 277 Baillie, W. ... 580 do Bap Sonam ats IBAA, Joy WolbaSoa Ce MZ Vis Sa $0 es 99 veo HO) lexmmlleillll, (Cp aoe a 006 m3 aa poo, | BB a 345 Burrows, T. F. ona ah 666 ste ies 254 Byne, L. St. G. B00 200 S00 568 sac soo WGA Coekeralll, IW, 1D. As cos ae ae 17, 60, 146, 175. 255. 380 Collier, JE. ce ee wes ae ise ses 45, 344 Cox, Co Ss 18: iss noe aoe sibs aoe qe 77: Crawem, Ao Ibo, iollaSp vee ae ae nee one ABI Cundall, J. W. aes a8 Be ase sat 102, 250 Evans, W. ... 300 ac So Bee wits .. 176 Falloon, B. J. oh ale ee Ae = 264, 265 Hennyeke Ge ee ace ie wee tat des oe 265 Fierke, F. W. ae SH auc 806 eo soo. Hill
Fitzgerald, F. R. see Ree oh By es Bory aalle Gain, W. A. bee ae p60 sab one ono SVill) Greene, Rev. Carleton, M.A. ... in a aisle 110, 146
Heathcote, W. H. Age br 90 od SH o68 ey Hey, T. 538 Ben ome ae ih ae sop. LINO)
Jenkins, A. J. ave Sie ae ae As s00 | DIO) Ji@amer, Ifo Ilo Alay Wolbhost ‘ire Ds ee oe aco ON Jordan, Ti. IKX., F.G.S. aoe dee et Bab te 225
McKean, Kk. uc O00 ae 900 soo McMurtrie, Rev. J., M. a as sab van as I, 106 Marquand, E. D.. M.A. 3 sae UA) Marshall, J. T. a 53, Si 140, 224, 250, 260, 280, 345, 399 Melvill, J. C., M.A., F.L.S. a 31. 190, 404, 405 Milne, J. (G, Aas ee woe was aa 167, 412 Milnes, Rev. H. soo 50 p06 366 oe 146, 344 Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M. ie : i an Ba oe 128 Roelsuck, W. Denison, F.L.S. ... Bers 585 sats 52, 292 Scharff, R. F., Ph.d., B.Sc., ee ae seh Be 165, 267 Simroth, H. : we as sas ae o00 ABS Smith, aie ne EB. ZS. s9¢ cod NI, BL, DOG FB, Vly, Mei Sowerby, G. B.. 1. WoSoe WeZos\c 120 obo abe 6, 147 Standen, Rk. ... ibe 538 oe ote WOU, WE U7, Saks SWIKES 185 IRag IBoitlo dae 360 ap ng é86 39, 166 Wasglor, |Jo IRs Mlb 185 aoe 05 abe ae noo Miia Taylor, J. W., F.L.S. 500 «+ 33:
Watson, Rev. R. Boog, B.A., F. IRS 86, IP all stp Whatmore, C, A. ade aa ce Soe Se ee a8 Williams, J. W. ae Be ans son WO, Bl AMOS WDM, 1
Vill.
CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Proceedings of Conchological Society . 85, 159, 177, 239, 271, 306, 383
Proceedings of Manchester Branch 308 182, 313, 383
Constitution and List of Members nt Eafe .. 92, 183, 316
Catalogue of Library ... sia ao See ee eee Veegei OBITUARY.
Sir David Barclay, 58; Rev. Churchill Babington, D.D., 59 ; Clifford Burkill, 382.
THE
JOURNAL
CONCHOLOGY.
—— —$-e-—______
THE LAND AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF NORTH BERWICK, HADDINGTONSHIRE.
By REV. JOHN McMURTRIE, M.A., EDINBURGH.
Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 15th, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referees, W. Nelson, W. Denison Roebuck, and J. W. Taylor).
ALL the names are authenticated by specimens, which are here- with presented to the Museum of the Conchological Society, at Leeds.
North Berwick is not to be confounded with Berwick-upon- Tweed. It is near the centre of the coast line of East Lothian. The rocks are chiefly igneous, with red sandstone, and lime- stones of the carboniferous series. North Berwick Law rises to the height of 640 feet. “The Bass Rock, formerly a state prison, now uninhabited except by sheep, rabbits, and countless solan geese and other sea-fowl, is of columnar basalt, 400 feet high. It rises precipitously from the sea, about a mile and a half from the shore. ‘Traprain Law is about nine miles inland. Rhodes Farm is a mile eastward along the shore from North Berwick. Binning Wood is between North Berwick and Dunbar. Dunbar is about ten miles east from North Berwick. Going westwards from North Berwick by the Golfing Links, there are some miles
A
2 MCMURTRIE: MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK.
of rough ground, sandhills with sea-side grasses, &c. Gullane
Links are fully five miles off, and Luffness Links are a mile
further. On Luffness Links there is a line of connected fresh-
water marshes, never dried up, and several ponds which are
sometimes nearly dry in summer. One pond, called the ice-
pond, is on the Links at the foot of Peffer Burn, so near the sea
that the spray comes over. It was artificially squared many
years ago, for the purpose (it is said) of furnishing Luffmess ice-
house with ice. It is never quite dry. At the west end of
Luffness Links the Peffer Burn is crossed, and a little further on
is the village of Aberlady. The rainfall at Drem, five miles
from North Berwick, is said to be the least in Scotland.
Sphzerium corneum L.—Marsh on Luffness Links.
Pisidium fontinale Drap.—Small pond on Rhodes Farm. [This large form has been named /ossarvinum by Herr Clessin |.
P. pusillum Gmelin.—Shallow marsh on Luffness Links, and Luffness Ice-pond.
P. pusillum var. obtusalis Lam.—With P. pusilum.
P. roseum Scholtz.—With P. pusillum.
Planorbis nitidus Miill.—Marsh on Iuffness Links, rare.
P. albus Miull.—A dead shell in shell-sand cast up on beach, North Berwick.
P. complanatus L.—Marsh on Luffness Links. This mollusk is rare in Scotland.
P.contortus 1.—Marsh on Luffness Links.
P. contortus var. minor Taylor.—With type.
Physa fontinalis L.—Marsh on Luffmess Links.
P. fontinalis var. oblonga Jeff.—With type.
Limneea peregra var. acuminata Jeff_—Small pond on Rhodes Farm.
L. peregra Mull. var. maritima Jeff_—Pond, sometimes nearly dry, at east end of Luffness Links.
L. stagnalis L. var. variegata Hazay.—A pale, small, solid form, with white varices—abundant in Luffness ice-pond close to the sea.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
MCMURTRIE : MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK. 3
L. palustris Mill.—Luffness Links. Some with dark-brown rib, others with varices.
L. palustris var. tincta Jeff.—With type.
L. truncatula var. minor Moq.—North Berwick.
Ancylus fluviatilis Mill—Glen Burn, North Berwick.
A. fluviatilis var. albida Jeffi—A dead shell cast up on shore.
Arion ater L.—Moderately common. No specimen preserved.
A. hortensis Fér.—Common. No specimen preserved.
Limax agrestis L.—Very common. No specimen preserved.
L. arborum B.-Ch.—Bass Rock.
L. maximus L.—North Berwick, occasionally. Finely marked.
Succinea elegans var. ochracea Betta.—At west and east
ends of Luffness Links.
Vitrina pellucida Mill.—North Berwick and Dunbar.
Zonites cellarius Mill.—North Berwick.
. cellarius var. complanata Jeff.—North Berwick.
. alliarius Maill.—North Berwick.
. alliarius var. viridula Jeff.—Bass Rock.
. nitidulus var. nitens Mich.-—Dunbar.
. contractus Westl.—Binning Wood. [This small form has been differentiated by Westerlund from crystallinus under
N NNN WN
the foregoing name].
Z. purus var. margaritacea Jeff.—Binning Wood.
Z. fulvus Miill.—Binning Wood, and Luffness.
Helix aspersa Miill—Abundant at North Berwick and on the Bass Rock.
tH, aspersa var. Zonata Moq.—North Berwick, somewhat common.
H. aspersa var. undulata Mog.—This type is common, but well-marked specimens are rare.
H. aspersa var. flammea Picard.—With gradations to the species.
Varieties approaching nzgrescens and obscurata are
occasionally found.
Helix nemoralis L.—Common. A specimen with the bands
H.
SESE a as eS Deg G
ae
od ae eo Dee Cog ig gl ers eS ee
MCMURTRIE: MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK.
pale, North Berwick. Specimens with the banding (12345) and (123)(45) are common on Rhodes farm. nemoralis var. libellula Risso.—Specimens with the banding oo000, very common, and 00300 somewhat com- mon.
nemoralis var. rubella Moq.—Specimens with the band- ing 00000, common, and 00300 not uncommon.
. nemoralis var. libellula-bimarginata.—Not uncommon. . nemoralis var. rubella-bimarginata.—Not uncommon. . nemoralis var. minor Moq.— Occasionally.
. nemoralis var. roseo-labiata Taylor.—Rare, near sea
four miles west from North Berwick. I have taken four specimens.
. nemoralis var. castanea Moq.—Not abundant. . hortensis Miill.—Rare here. In a limited locality near sea
two miles east from North Berwick. Also two miles inland very rare, where HZ. nemoralzs is plentiful.
. hortensis var. arenicola Macgill.—Very rare, two miles
inland.
. arbustorum L.—Only on the east shore, where it is plenti-
ful. Road-side at foot of Traprain Law.
. arbustorum var. major Pfr.—East shore, rare.
. aculeata Miill.—Luffness.
. arbustorum var. minima Pfr.—East shore, occasionally. . arbustorum var. flavescens Moq.—FEast shore, rare.
. arbustorum var. cincta Taylor.—East shore, rare.
. hispida L.—North Berwick.
. hispida var. subrufa Moq.—Dunbar.
hispida var. nana Jeff.—North Berwick.
. caperata Mont.—North Berwick, common near the sea. . caperata var. major Jeff.—Abundant in a cornfield near
the sea a mile east from North Berwick in those autumns in which the crop has been corn.
. rotundata Miull.—North Berwick, Dunbar, and Bass Rock,
common. Also a variety approaching var. ¢w7tonz Flem.,
not uncommon at North Berwick. J.C., vi., Jan., 1880.
MCMURTRIE : MOLLUSCA OF NORTH BERWICK. 5
H. rotundata var. alba Moq.—Bass Rock, as common as the species.
H. pygmeza Drap. leaves.
Luffness, and Binning Wood, among beech
H. pulchella Miill.—Luffness, among stones, common. Bulimus obscurus Miull.—North Berwick, among stones at water-works, and at roots of herbage close to the sea. Pupa umbilicata Drap.—North Berwick and Bass Rock,
plentiful.
P. umbilicata var. edentula Mog.—North Berwick and Bass Rock, occasionally. Also specimen, approaching variety albina Mogq., Luffness, rare.
P. marginata Drap.—North Berwick and Luffness, not so common as the edentulous form.
P,. marginata var. edentula Mog.—North Berwick and Luff- ness, somewhat abundant among stones.
Vertigo antivertigo Drap.—Luffness, among stones, not common.
V. pygmeea Drap.—Luffness and North Berwick Law, among stones.
V. edentula Drap.—Luffness, not common.
V. minutissima Hartm.—One specimen on North Berwick Law, living with H. pygm@ea; one specimen cast up on beach in shell-sand.
Cochlicopa lubrica Mill.—Luffness, plentiful among stones.
C. lubrica var. lubricoides Fér.—With type.
Carychium minimum Mill.—Luffness and Binning Wood, among beech leaves.
Note.—I have not found C/austlia rugosa Drap., though it probably occurs. A few years ago I turned loose in the glen at North Berwick a number of Claustlta laminata Mont., and C. rolphit Gray (from Buriton, Hants.). It is not likely they have withstood the climate. I have not introduced any other mollusks.
6 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
SOME FURTHER NOTES ON MARINE SHELLS COLLECTED AT PORT ELIZABETH, SOUTH APRICAY \ViaiE DESCRIPTIONS OF SOME NEW SPECIES.
Bye (Gio 18 SOMBRE, Wollaise, 1ZoS
(Read before the Conchological Society, May 2nd, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referees, J. C. Melvill and E. A. Smith).
Si1ncE the publication in the Journal of Conchology, January, 1886, of a list of shells collected in the above locality, with des- criptions of some new species, my friends, and particularly S. -D. Bairstow, Esq., F.L.S., have been diligent in the search for fresh material, with the result that I am able to add considerably to the list, and to describe a few species hitherto unknown to science. Argonauta Bottgeri (4/a/tzan).—Erroneously quoted by me
as A. kochiana (Dunker) a perfectly distinct species, which
as far as I know has never been found at the Cape. I have had specimens of 4. Gottgert from Mauritius and from
Hong-Kong, as well as from South Africa. They vary con-
siderably in the prominence of the tubercles and cioseness
of the ribs. *
Recluzia Montrouzieri Sowverbie.—The type described in the /ournal de Conchyliologie, 1872, was found at Art Island, New Caledonia. The specimen Mr. Ponsonby has submitted to me, which was found at Port Elizabeth, is somewhat larger, about an inch in length.
Bullia callosa var. sulcata.—Mr. Bairstow has sent mea variety of this species spirally grooved throughout. I at
* Vide Smith, Aun, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1887, vol. xx., p. 409, pl. xviil., figs, I—6.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
SOWERBY: MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. 7
first thought it might be specifically distinct, but there seems to be no character besides the grooves by which to distinguish it, so I propose to call it variety sz/cadtu.
Pleurotoma Fultoni Sowerdy, Proc. Zool. Socy., 1888.— This species, described and figured for the first. time this year, has long been known to me, but the specimens were so defective that I thought it best to wait for a more nearly perfect one before attempting to describe the species. It is about an inch long.
Pleurotoma Wilkie Sowers), n. sp.—Zesta e/ongato-turrita, Justa; spira per-elongata, apice obtustusculo, papillari ; an- Jractus 8, spiraliter trregulariter sulcati, longitudinaliter obligue vix conspicue striati ; primi 2-3, couvext, rotundati ; cetert angulatl, ad angulum tuderculis minutis, pallidts, Jusco interpunctatis ornati; supra angulum concavi, infra suturam lira sub-nodulosa, fusco articulata iustructi, infra angulum leviter convext; anfractus ultimus breviusculus ; apertura latiuscula, tnius fusca; labrum crenulatum, superne sinu latiusculo et profundiusculo emarginatum; inferne haud productum, columella leviter contorta, curta, hand producta.
Long. 15., maj. diam. 5 miill., apert. 44 longa, 2 lata.
Purpura (Vexilla) vexillum Cremmnitz.—This species, the type of the little group for which Swainson proposed the generic name of Vexzdla, is very rare at Port Elizabeth, but not uncommon on the Mauritian coast; it is also said to be found among the Pacific Islands.
Triton (Epidromus) nitidulus var. Sowerdy.—A single specimen of this species has been sent to me by Mr. Bairstow, from Port Elizabeth. It differs from the typical form found on the Mauritian coast in being more distinctly granulated. I was at first inclined to consider it distinct, but find the species liable to considerable variation.
Ranella granifera Zamarck.—One small specimen.
8 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA.
Voluta Africana eeve.—Only worn and broken specimens of this very rare species have hitherto been found.
Marginella piperata A7znds.—Several distinct varieties besides the var. albocincta already mentioned, which we may call as follows:—var. s¢v7gaza, longitudinally streaked, mostly smaller than the type; var. /wéea, yellowish, with brown spots and short linear markings, usually larger than
"the type; var. /zeata, with fine transverse dotted lines.
Mitra merula n. sp.—TZesta elongata, snbfusiformi, nigro- fusca, nitida, longitudinaliter costata, spiraliter sub-obsolete sulcata ; spira elata, apice obtusiusculo , anfractus 7, leviter convext; sutura itmpressa,; anfr. ultimus, ad basin leviter attenuatus ; apertura elongata ; fauce fusco-nigra, columella albida, quadriplicata, labrum mediocriter arcuatum, haud sinuatum.
Long. 17, maj. diam. 6, apertura longa 7, lat. 2 mull. A small, nearly black species allied to AZ. ebenus.
Marginella floccata n. sp.—TZesta sub-ovata, grisea, maculis albidis floccatis aspersa, maculis minutts sparsis nigrofuscs notata ; spira conica, albida, maculis grandibus fusco-griseis pitta, mediocriter elata, apice obtuso ; anfractus 5, planato declives, sutura leviter impressa, ultimus obtuse angulatus, infra angulum levissime convexus, lateribus rectiuscults ; apertura mediocriter lata, columella rectiuscula, quadriplicata, labrum incrassatum, reflexum, album, margine externo nigrofusco notato.
Long. 29, maj. lat. 15 mill.
A beautiful specimen of this species in perfect condition has been submitted to me by Mr. Bairstow. It is the only one I have seen excepting a couple of much worn and almost colourless shells, which I take to belong to the same species.
The shell may be regarded as intermediate between JZ. piperata and AZ, mosaica.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. 9
Marginella Metcalfei Azgas.A small white species of the form of an-#rato. The specimens from Port Elizabeth scarcely differ from the Australian.
Marginella inconspicua Sozwerdy.—A small white sub- pellucid species, somewhat like AZ alabaster, but much smaller.
Columbella sagena Reeve.—A species of very wide distri- bution, but seldom found on the South African coast. Natica imperforata Sowerby.—Reeve’s WV. genuana belongs
to this species.
Natica (Ruma) Simice Chemnitz.—Not uncommon in the Indian Ocean, but rare at the Cape.
Narica Souleyetiana eclwz.—One dead shell.
Solarium (‘orinia) variegatum Gwmelin.—Common in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.
Terebra cingulifera Zamarck.—One small worn specimen. Common on the Mauritian coast and in various other localities.
Conus Natalensis Sozwervy.—Mr. Bairstow has a specimen of each of the two striking varieties of this rare and in- teresting species.
Conus Bairstowi n. sp.—TZesta turbinata, ponderosa, albida, maculis fuscis sub-distantibus, plerumque quadratis picta, ad basim fusco tincta ; spira breviuscula ; anfractus 8, levis- sime convext, haud striati ; sutura trregulariter impressa ; anfractus ultimus superne rotunde angulatus, infra angulum convextusculus, infra medium sulcis angustis confertis undu- latis oblique sculptus; apertura medtocriter lata, basim versus aliguanto latior, fauce dilute fusco tincta.
Long. 50, maj. diam. 27 mill.
A characteristic species, spotted something like C. eburneus, and presenting some similarity to the West Indian C. /eoninus and spurtus. It is closely wave-striated towards the base, which is conspicuously tinged with brown. I have as yet seen only a single specimen of this species.
10 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA.
Conus fulvus, n. sp.—C. ¢esta subcylindrica, fulva, zona fusca obscurisstina paulo inframedium cincta, spira breviter contca, ad apicem rufo-fSusca; anfractus 6, levissime convext, obcurts- stme Spiraliter striati; anfractus ultimus superne rotunde angulatus, infra angulum convexus, basim versus paulo attenuatus, oblique sulcatus; apertura latiuscula, antice paulo latior, fauce dilute rosaceofusca.
Long. 21, maj. diam. 11 mill.
The specimen is somewhat worn, but seems sufficiently distinct from C. 7osaceus, to which it is allied.
Cypreea citrina Gray.—This rare species undoubtedly be- longs to the Cape fauna; it has also been found on the coast of Madagascar.
Cypreea vitellus Z7zz.—This common Indian Ocean species has been taken living at Port Elizabeth in various stages of growth.
Cypreea helvola Zzzn.—Very common in the Indian Ocean.
Cypreea (Cyprzovula) amphithales Melvill, “ Mem. Manch. Lit. and Phil. Soc., 1888.”—-A remarkable shell, the smooth back of which is like C. algoensis. It has a spotted margin, and the base is ridged like C. capenszs, but rather more finely. Mr. Bairstow has a specimen in perfect condition.
Cyprea (Trivia) vesicularis Gaskoin.—Rarely found in good condition.
The following Gypreze common in the Indian and Pacific Oceans have been found dead at Port Elizabeth, but it is doubtful whether many of them properly belong to the South African fauna -—C. arabica (Linn.), C. annulus (Linn.), C. caput-serpentis (Linn.), C. jimbriata (Gmel.), C. felina (Gmel.), C. helvola (Linn.), C. erosa (Linn.), C. carneola, C. caurica (Linn.), C. mauritiana (Linn.), C. La- marckit (Gray), C. Zsabella (Linn.), C. ocel/ata (Linn.), C. moneta (Linn.), C. tabescens (Soland), C. z¢gzac (Linn.), C. staphylea (Linn.). :
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. pit
Ovulum (Birostra) aurantium, n. sp.—TZesta elongata, leviter inflata, polita, sub-pellucida, curantia, utringue acu- minata ; postice leviter productz, acuta; antice leviter con- tracta ; apertura postice augusta, sinuata, antice multo latior ; labrum incrassatum, utringue leviter sintuatum.
Long. 23, maz. lat. 7 mill.
A single specimen in perfect condition has been sent me by Mr. Bairstow; it is allied to O. sfe/fa, but more elongated and of a deep orange colour.
Turritella Knysnaensis Xvauss.—A specimen from Port Elizabeth has been submitted to me by Mr. Ponsonby.
Littorina Knysnaensis Avauss.
Nerita plicata Zzzm.
Nerita polita Zzzx.
Nerita albicilla Zzzz.
Nerita plexa Chemnitz.
Cerithium vulgatum Zinz.—A small pale variety.
Cerithium contractum Sowerby.
Turbo coronatus Gmelin.—A small specimen.
Trochus (Oxystele) zonatus Wood.
Trochus (Oxystele) niger 4. Adams.
Trochus (Giobula) Benzi X7vauwss.
Trochus (Gibbula?) Ponsonbyi Sowerby, “Proc., Zool. Soc., 1888.”—A shell of very distinct form. It is impossible
to say in the absence of the operculum whether it is a Trochus or a Turbo, but it seems most likely to belong to the Gzbsulu section of Trochus.
Clanculus Laceyi n. sp.—TZesta conica, griseo-fusca, ubique minute seriatim granulata; anfractus 6, conspicue biangu- lati ; anfractus ultimus ad basin leviter convexus ; umbilicus albus, profunde excavatus ,; apertura obliqua, fauce tridescens, obsolete sulcati, columella superne obscure plicata, ad basin conspicue uniplicata.
Alt. 14, maj. lat. 73 mill.
An interesting bi-angulated species, more conical than C. carinatus.
12 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA.
Monodonta Australis Zamarck.Two specimens with the spire less elevated than in the prevailing Australian form.
Trochita chinensis Zzzz., var.—tThe Port Elizabeth speci- mens are mostly purple-tinted.
Fissurella mutabilis Sowerdy.
Fissurella neglecta Jesz.—Scarcely distinguishable from Mediterranean specimens.
Fissurella robusta _n. sp.—TZesta elevata, solida, fusca, levigata, vel concentrice obsolete corrugata,; antice curta, postice turgida ; foramine mediocri, ovali, ad + longitudints sito.
Long. 40, maj. lat. 34, alt. 25 mill.
The shell lent me by Mr. Ponsonby is in a very worn con- dition, so that it is impossible from it to give a full description of the species; but it is of a peculiar robust and elevated form, and its surface appears to be nearly smooth without any signs of radiating ridges.
Fissurella parvi-forata n. sp.—TZesta oblongo-elliptica, con- vexo elevata, alba, costis numerosis confertis complanatis rugosis (interstitiis puncturatis) sculpta; margine crenulato ; Joramine minutissimo, sub-circulart, } long. sito.
Long. 17, lat. 11, alt. 8 mill.
A white species with a very small orifice, from St. Simon’s Bay, kindly given me by the Rey. Dr. Churchill Babington. Macrochisma producta A <Adams.—A dead specimen of
this Australian species found at Port Elizabeth by Mr.
Bairstow.
Patella conspicua P27/ipfz.
Diala capensis n. sp.—TZesta elongata, angusta, albida, spira turrita ; anfractus 10, lente accrescentes, convext, costis longitudinalibus angulatis, superne et inferne evanidts, armat, sutura impressa; anfr. ultimus infra medium obscurissime liratus; apertura ovata.
Long. 9%, maj. diam. 3, apert. long. 2, lat. 14 mill.
J.C. vi., Jan., 1889.
SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF S. AFRICA. 13
A dead white shell, ribbed like Azssoa scmzlis, with a very long turreted spire. A single specimen submitted to me by Mr. Ponsonby.
Tornatina soluta Quoy and Gaimard.
Philine aperta Zzzz.—Scarcely distinguishable from British specimens.
Haminea Natalensis Sowerby.
Hydatina physis Zzzz.
Aplysia punctata Cuvier.
Siphonaria aspera A7auss.
Siphonaria capensis A7auss.
Siphonaria Natalensis A7auss.
Siphonaria variabilis Avawss.
Mactra decora Deshayes.—The specimen submitted to me by Mr. Ponsonby from Port Elizabeth differs somewhat from the Red Sea and Indian Ocean specimens ; but the difference is scarcely sufficient to found a species.
Tellina cumana Aan/ey.—Scarcely differing from Mediter- ranean specimens.
Tellina rosea Sfengler.—A fine characteristic species, apparently belonging exclusively to the South African fauna.
Tellina orbicularis n. sp.— Zesta sub-orbicularis, solidiuscula, aqguivalvis, sub-equilatera, leviter inflata, albida, prope umbones luteo tincta, concentrice irregulariter striata ; margine antico semicirculari, margine postico truncato ; valva sinistra postice sinuatim depressa, dextra sinuatim elevata ; umbones leviter prominentes, approximatt.
Diam. antero-post. 50, umbono marg. 45 mull.
A species of nearly circular form, posteriorly sinuated. A single specimen in perfect condition from Port Elizabeth. Psammotellina capensis n. sp.—TZesta oblonga compressa
utringue vrotundata, tenutssima, pellucida, fusco cornea,
purpurea-fusco tincta et radiata; umbonibus minutis, acutis’ approximatis; margo dorsalis anticus brevis, declivis,
I4 SOWERBY : MARINE SHELLS OF 8S. AFRICA.
arcuatus ; posticus elongatus, declivis; margo ventralis leviter arcuatus; ligamentum externum parvum; cardo normalts.
Diam. antero-post. 13, umbono-imarg. 8, crass 3, mill.
A small species of a thin horny substance, rayed with dark purplish brown.
Lucina columbella Lamarck.
Donax serra Gmelin.—A large species, common on the South African coast, which seems to be its principal, if not exclusive, habitat.
Donax sordida Reeve.—A very distinct species which I have not seen from any other locality.
Donax exarata Xvauss.—A remarkable species with oblique ridges ; allied to D. Madagascariensis, but distinct, and I believe confined to the South African coast.
Gastrana Guinaica Chemaitz.—More angular than the British species.
Dosinia consobrina Deshayes.
Dosinia hepatica Lamarck.
Venus verrucosa var. capensis.—Transversely oblong as compared with the British and Mediterranean specimens.
Tapes cerrugata Deshayes.—A curiously sculptured species, common at the Cape.
Tapes paupercula Chemnitz.
Cardita (Thecalia) concamerata 4rug.—A very remark- able sub-genus, represented by only one species which seems to inhabit exclusively South African and Australian waters. It has been quoted (I believe erroneously) as West Indian.
Cardium Natalense A7vauss.
Modiola capensis Avauss.
Miodiola auriculata Avauss.
Arca lactea Zinn.—Differing but little from British specimens.
‘Arca obliquata Gray. |
Arca Kraussi P27.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 15
Pecten pusio var. alba.—A white variety of the Mediter- ranean species. .
Lima rotundata Sowerby. L. inflata, but rounder.
Terebratulina radiata Sowerdy.—Of the form of Z. caput- serpentis, but purple rayed. The shells are found in groups attached to sea-weed, and the species seems peculiar to the South African coast.
Resembling the Mediterranean
Kraussia rubra Pallas (=Terebratula capensis A7vauss).
EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI.
1. Conus fulvus, n. sp. 12. Conus Bairstowi, n. sp.
2. Marginella lineolata, J.C., 1886. 13. Latirus Kousi, J.C., 1886.
Re A Bairstowi, a 14. », Bairstowi, J.C., 1886. 4. floccata, n. sp. 15. Ovulum aurantium, n. sp.
5. Fissurella robusta, n. sp. | 16. Clanculus Laceyi, n. sp.
6. a 39 17. Diala capensis, n. sp.
7. », parvi-forata, n. sp. 18. Euthria fusco-tincta, J.C., 1886. 8. Cominella angusta, J.C., 1886. 19. Psammotellina capensis, n. sp. 9. a puncturata, ,, 20. Tellina orbicularis, n. sp. 10. 53 unifasciata, ,, 21. Pleurotoma Wilkie, n. sp. 11. Mitra merula, n. sp. | 22, os Rousi, J.C., 1886.
$e =
Colonizing Land and Freshwater Shells at Brora, East Sutheriand.—Of the shells mentioned in my last com- munication on this subject (Jour. Conch., v., p. 192), of both felix Cantiana and H. rufescens, | found the young in my garden this season. . virgata is abundant near the sea, E. Brora. Hf, pisana is more tender—a few survive as yet. Bulimus acutus not as numerous this season, E. Brora. Clausilia bipli- cata—New Clyne waterfall, Brora bridge, and garden seems likely to hold its ground. C. pavvula (Normandy), breeding last summer in my garden, but cannot trace those laid down near the sea, E. Brora. Of Cyclostoma elegans, Testacella halio- tidea, and Amalia marginata IJ have lost all trace in my garden, but they may still survive-—W. BaILLir.
16 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
ON THE CIRCUMSTANCES ATTENDING DEATH, BY DROWNING, OF HELIX ASPERSA.
By Dr. J. W. WILLIAMS, M.A.
(Read before the Conchological Society, May 2nd, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referee, Rev. A. H. Cooke).
WHEN one of the Mollusca is required in an expanded con- dition for anatomical purposes, it is usual to kill it by drowning in water. This process occupies generally about two days, and as the Mollusca are known to be extremely tenacious of life, even when deprived of oxygen, it occurred to me that a note containing observations of the phenomena attending drowning, and observations of an autopsy made immediately succeeding death, would not be uninteresting to those conchologists who are interested, as I am, in their physiology, Consequently, re- quiring dead expanded specimens of He/zx aspersa for anatomical work, I placed several in a cylindrical glass, filled completely with water and tightly sealed so as not to admit air, on the morning of April 28th, and noted the following results. At first the ommatophores are not fully extended—the retractor muscles, which were plainly visible, keeping, probably under the influence of reflex actions, the apices of the tentacles invaginated to a slight extent, on account of, no doubt, the extreme sensitiveness of the cornea to water ; the pulmonary aperture opens and closes normally, but, after the lapse of two or three hours, the action becomes slower and slower, and finally ceases in an expiration ; the penis, if everted, is seldom returned back again to its general position in the cavity of the prostoma ; the whole of the pros- toma on its upper surface becomes of a lighter cinereous colour, the purplishness of the proximal extremity gradually disappears, the whole swells up with fluid absorbed from the water, the reticulation with the tuberculze in the areolze of the meshes be-
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 17
come more pronounced, the mantle-collar becomes swollen and reflected over the peritreme of the shell, the under surface of the foot becomes of an opalescent white colour, the foot is ex- panded or complicated, and, at last, the retractor muscles of the tentacles lose their contractility and become elongated to their normal length, the ommatophores become completely everted, the sensitiveness of the cornea is lost, andthe animal dies. The autopsy made immediately after death (Apri! 30th) revealed the following :—The buccal mass was swollen, the mantle-cavity was tensely distended with fluid, the ccelum was distended with fluid, the whole enteric tract was swollen, the heart and venous sinuses were tense and swollen with diluted blood, the digestive gland [gland of mid-intestine (“ Mitteldarmdriise ”) of Frenzel] was enlarged, the dart-sac was enlarged and more clavate than pyriform in shape, the follicles of the hermaphrodite gland were swollen, and the male portion of the common duct was dis- tended, but the adherent female portion quite normal. All the other organs were normal in size and shape.
From a full consideration of the above observations it is evident that the ultimate cause of death is not asphyxia, since all respiratory movements totally cease for many hours before death ; but that, although asphyxia no doubt is a great factor, it is rather the absorption of water by the various tissues of the body and the consequent hindrance, and, at last, cessation of all vital functions.
—<$-- Oe
Note on Patula cooperi Binney. — The young of this species are keeled, and it is an interesting fact, apparently unrecorded, that the epidermis is raised into a number of spiral ridges, which are sometimes even ciliate, especially that on the keel. I found this condition best developed in examples from near Brush Creek, Custer Co., Colorado, at 10,000 ft. alt.— T. D. A. CocKERELL, West Cliff, Colorado, Oct. 28th, 1888.
18 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
TEE CAND TAND THIE SEW Agr E Re svi @mIct Ss CAs Or HARROGATE AND DISTRICT (YORKS.).
By FRANCIS R. FITZGERALD, Honorary Secretary of the Harrogate Naturalists’ Society.
(Read before the Conchological Society, Nov. 1st, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referees, W. Nelson and J. W. Taylor).
A very brief description of the district will suffice, by far the greater portion of the seven miles radius round Harrogate is contained within what is known as “The Forest of Knares- borough.” In the north it extends to Wormald Green, on the south it reaches as far as Harewood, while in the east and west its respective limits are Walshford and Fewston.
The physical aspects of this district is generally that of a series of undulations, a series of hills and valleys, none of them remarkably high or deep, but both to a certain extent rounded and smoothed by the action of water.
The principal geological formation is the Millstone Grit, which is said to be about 800 to 1000 feet thick, it is pro- minently developed at Plumpton and Brame Hall. The impure and magnesian limestone appears in several places and its effect upon the land mollusca is very noticeable.
The district is well watered by the rivers Nidd, Wharfe and Tutt. The river Nidd which has its origin in the mountain limestone district—Greenhow Hill—first touches this district at Darley. On reaching Ripley it receives the waters of Oakbeck, and after meandering slowly along through beautiful scenery it unites with the Crimple beck near Walshford bridge. The Wharfe only touches this district at Castley and forms the southern boundary of the forest down to Harewood bridge. The river Tutt touches the north-eastern boundary of the district at Staveley.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1880.
FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT. 19
In addition to the rivers and becks aforementioned there are two or three lakes and several smaller streams of water which all have an effect upon the distribution of aquatic mollusca.
The present list comprises seventy-five species and thirty- two varieties. There are yet many species which may be expected to be found, as for instance Weszténa fluviatilis, Valvata piscinalis and cristata, Pianorbis nitidus and nautileus, Helix rupestris Pupa ringens and two or more of the Verdzgoes, and very probably Achatina acicula, it occurs just outside the boundary of this district, namely at Boston Spa, from whence Mr. John Emmet, F.L.S., has kindly sent me a few.
To Mr. Wm. Nelson, Curator, and Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. Ex-President of the Conchological Society, and to Mr. George Roberts, of Lofthouse, my thanks are due for having named the shells submitted to them. To Mr. F. T. Walker, of Birstwith I am under a very great obligation for having placed his notes on the Mollusca of Birstwith and District at my disposal. In each case where he has met with any species within this district I have appended his initials, and in every other instance, unless otherwise stated, I have collected the specimens myself. Sphzrium corneum (L.).—Fairly common and _ generally
distributed in the mud of ponds and ditches. Fullwith
Stream; Plumpton Lake; Ripley Park Lake; River Nidd
near Ripley; Stagnant water, Sewage Farm; Stone Rings
Quarry; Staveley Pond, and Knaresborough. It occurs in
a sub-fossil state along the banks of the river Tutt at
Staveley.
S. corneum var. nucleus (Stud.).—I obtained specimens of this variety at Plumpton Lake, and at Ripley I obtained some which very closely approach the var. /lavescens (Macgill).
S. lacustre (Miull.).—Local but fairly abundant where it occurs. Ripley, Burnt Gates (Brickponds) (F.T.W.).
Pisidium amnicum (Mill.).—Sparsely distributed and by no means common. Fish Pond Wood, Ripley Park ; Rilston
20 FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT.
Park and Fullwith Stream ; those in this stream have the upper portion of the valves thickly incrusted with mud.
P. fontinale (Drap.).—One of the commonest and most generally distributed of the genus. Fullwith Stream ; Lake, Ripley Park; Ditch nr. Hampsthwaite; Pond, Ribston Park; Pond, between Nidd Bridge and Knaresborough ; Stone Rings Quarry and Staveley Pond. Burnt Gates (F.T.W.) and Hartwith (F.T.W.). This species has been found in a sub- fossil state on the banks of the river Tutt at Staveley, in 1885.
P. pusillum (Gmelin).—Generally distributed but not so com- monas the last named. Pond, Ribston Park; Staveley Pond; Lake, Ripley Park ; Crimple Stream ; and Pond, Copgrove Park. Rennie Crags and Birstwith (F.T.W.). Found on the banks of the Tutt similar to the last named.
P. nitidum Jenyns.—Extremely local. Plentiful in Beck near Ripley, (F.T.W. and F.R.F-.).
Unio margaritifer (L.).—This extremely local species occurs sparingly in the river Nidd at Ripley. A specimen which I gave to Mr. Standen, that gentleman said he thought belonged to the var. vozssyz.
Anodonta cygnea (L.). River Nidd at Ripley; numerous in the stagnant lake at
Fairly common in suitable localities.
Plumpton the majority of which are much stunted in growth ; a few in Staveley Pond.
A. cygnea var. incrassata (Shepp.).—Occurs numerously in the lake at Plumpton.
A. cygnea var. rostrata Rossm.—Plentiful in Ripley Beck (F.T.W.) and F.R.F.).
A. anatina (L.).—Not so numerous as A. cygnea but occurs in the same localities ; I have also found shells in the Crimple Beck.
A. anatina var. complanata Rossm.—This variety occurs sparingly in the lake at Plumpton.
Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas).—This species is not to be found in any of the rivers etc., of the district, but they are
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT. 21
often brought to Starbeck adhering to timber that has been used at docks etc. Mr. Blakey gave me some in 1886, but my attempts to introduce it have not as yet proved successful.
Bythinia tentaculata (L.).—Local. Plentiful in Staveley ponds ; and in pond at Copgrove Park, where, like all the mollusca in this pond, it grows to a large size; occurs in sub-fossil state on the banks of the river Tutt.
Planorbis nitidus (Miiller.)-I obtained three specimens from Staveley Ponds during last August. Asp Ponds, Knaresborough, (W.N.).
P. albus Miller.—Abundant in suitable localities throughout the district. Pond, Ribston Park; Lake, Ripley Park; Starbeck Reservoir; Staveley Pond; Fullwith Stream ; wayside Pond, Nidd Bridge. ‘This species grows to a very large size in the Crimple Stream.*
P. spirorbis Miuller.—Local but abundant where it occurs. Pond between Nidd Bridge and Knaresborough; Pond near Knaresborough; Ditch near Roecliffe; Ditch near Ferrensby (W.N.).
P. vortex (L.).—Very local. Occurring in a ditch near Weeton (Y.N.U. Trans. part 9).
* During the latter end of August 1887, I sent some of these to Mr. Wm. Nelson, the Curator of the Conchological Society. At a meeting of the Leeds Naturalist’s Club and Scientific Association, held on August 29th, Mr. Wm. Nelson the chairman directed the attention of the members to some extra large specimens of P. albus, and referred to Dr. J. Gwyn Jeffreys’ “¢ British Conchology,” in which (Vol. I, p. $4) the author mentions some specimens received from his friend the Rev. A. Merle Norman, as being the finest examples of the species he had seen, and which measured over % of an inch across. The locality is stated, but erroneously, to be Kibworth, Durham ; it should be Kibworth, Leicestershire. The specimens exhibited by the chair- man were collected by Mr. F. R. Fitzgerald near Harrogate, and were full larger than those mentioned by Dr. Jeffreys’ being 9 mill. across. Other equally large examples of P. albus (var. draparnald:) were shown from Sandal near Wakefield, and compared with specimens of the typical form and normal size, from Mollin Lake near Harewood, vide LEEDS MERCURY, These shells were also exhibited at a meeting of this society by Mr. Wm. Nelson (BSRSES):
22 FITZGERALD: SHELLS OT HARROGATE AND DISTRICT.
P. carinatus Miller.—Very local. A few, Staveley Ponds ; also in a sub-fossil state on the banks of the river Tutt at Staveley, two feet below the surface. During Sep. of 1887 I introduced a number of this species and also P. corneus into Fullwith Stream.
P. complanatus (L.).—Local. Asp Pond, Knaresborough (Y.N.U. Trans. part 9) ; Ripley Beck (F.T.W. and F.R.F.). Several specimens of this shell were obtained along with the others previously mentioned, as found in 1885 in a sub-fossil state for some miles distance along the banks of the river Tutt at Staveley, in a deposit two feet below the surface, by my friend the Rey. E. Ponsonby Knubley, M.A., M.B.O.U. ; about the same time he found it also sub-fossil on the site of an old pond at Staveley.
P. complanatus var. rhombea (Turt.).—Mentioned in part 9 of the Y.N.U. Trans. as occurring near Harrogate, by Lister Peace, 1880. Probably the Ripley Beck is the locality although not stated. I have not found this variety there.
P. corneus (L.).—By no means a common species. I have found it (three dead specimens) in Staveley Ponds during the autumn of last year. I put a few into the Fullwith Stream, from Ripon Canal. It occurs in a sub-fossil state along the banks of the river Tutt at Staveley.
P. contortus (L.).—Very local in its distribution. In the Stave- ley Ponds and the pond in Copgrove Wood it is the most numerous species. Occurs sub-fossil along with the other species previously mentioned. A number of these shells in the Staveley Pond are referable to the var. a/didu.
Physa hypnorum (L.).—A rather local species frequenting stagnant ponds and ditches. It occurs at Ripley Lake and Rudding. Ditch, Ferrensby (W.N.).
P. fontinalis (L.).— More generally distributed than the former species. It occurs in profusion in the Staveley Ponds. During August of last year my friend Mr. Chaytor, M.C.S.,
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT. 23
informed me that he had taken the var. cwr¢a at Plumpton. I have since taken both the type and this variety at the same place. Sub-fossil on banks of the river Tutt at Staveley.
P. fontinalis var. curta Jeff—As mentioned above.
Limnzea peregra (Miill.).—A very abundant species all over the district. Lake, Ripley Park (fine); Starbeck Reservoir; Ditch, railway side near Harrogate ; Stagnant pool, Crimple Wood; Ditch, Stone Rings ; Pond, Ribston Park ; Pond nr. Allerton; Rudding Park ; between Nidd Bridge and Knares- borough; Sewage Farm; Plumpton; Staveley Pond; Ripley Beck; Ditch near Pannal, Ditch near Killinghall ; near Spofforth. The finest occur in Fullwith Stream. Shaw Mill (F.T.W.) and Hartwith (F.T.W.). Sub-fossil on banks of river Tutt at Staveley.
L. peregra var. ovata Drap.—Beautiful specimens of this variety occur in Crimple Beck and Ripley Park.
L. peregra var. acuminata Jeffi—Occurs at Markington.
L. peregra var. ampullacea Rossm.—Also occurs in Plump- ton Lake.
L. auricularia (L.).—Local. Exceedingly fine and numerous in the N. E. Rly. Co.’s Reservoir at Starbeck. I obtained one specimen on July r9th 1887 at Staveley Pond; the Rey. E. Ponsonby Knubley has also obtained it from this pond. It occurs sub-fossil on the banks of the river Tutt. Mr. Walker has taken it in the Swinsty reservoir just inside the boundary.
L. stagnalis (L.).—Local and not numerous. Some of the finest I ever saw I obtained in a small sheet of water in Copgrove Park. The greater portion of this sheet of water is completely overgrown with lilies, rushes, and other water plants, and if steps are not taken to clear away some of the rushes etc., the pond willsoon disappear altogether, only leaving a slight inundation to show where it had previously existed. Occurs in a sub-fossil condition on the banks of the Tutt.
24 FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT.
L. palustris (Mull.).—Occurs locally in one or two parts of the district. Ponds near Ripley Station (F.T.W. & F.R.F.). I also obtained a single specimen at Staveley July roth 1888, (F.R.F.). Occurs sub-fossil on banks of Tutt at Staveley.
L. truncatula (Miull.).—Fairly common and generally dis- tributed. Ponds between Nidd Bridge and Knaresborough. Hartwith Dam (F.T.W.). Found near Staveley by Rev. W. C. Hey, (Nat. 1884, page 280), no particular place is mentioned ; I have not found it anywhere near Staveley. It also occurs in a ditch behind Ripley Park Woods but is very small, some of which I think are referable to var. minor Moq.
L. glabra (Mull.). ditch between Roecliff and Staveley, (W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S. in Nat. 1884, page 280); near Shaw Mills (F.T. W. and F.R.F.); Ditch near Ferrensby (W.N.).
Ancylus fluviatilis Mill—Very common and generally dis- tributed in most streams, attached to stones etc. Fullwith Stream ; Stone Rings; Killinghall; Pond, Rudding Park ; Oak Beck ; Ditches at Staveley ; River Tutt; River Nidd; Spofforth. Also pond at Birstwith, (F.T.W.).
A. fluviatitis var. albida Jeff. Stone Rings.
A. lacustris (L.).—Local. Staveley Ponds; and in a sheet of water in Copgrove Park. ‘Those in this water grow to
Rare and local. Very fine specimens in a
Rare. A few in stream near
an extraordinary size.
A. lacustris var. albida Jeff-—Abundant and very fine on water lilies in Staveley Pond.
Arion ater (L.).—Abundant throughout the district. Ripley; Nidd Bridge; Scriven; Knaresborough; Follifoot ; Spofforth ; Staveley; Copgrove ; Pannal ; Weeton ; Rudding ; Ribston; Goldsborough; Allerton; and in gardens in the town. Also at Birstwith (F.T.W.) and Hartwith (F.T.W.).
A. ater var. rufa (L.).—I have found this variety at Knares-
borough. J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT. 25
A. flavus (Mull.).Rare. Several specimens taken at Burt Bridge Sept. 4th 1887, and sent to Geo. Roberts of Loft- house. The description of the specimens are entirely yellow without spots or bands, or bands very obscure. Head and tentacles black or bluish grey. Lower tentacles very short, length twenty to thirty mill. the specimen sent to Mr. Roberts was 22 mill.
A. bourguignati Mabille.—Supposed to occur.
A. hortensis Fér—Common and generally distributed throughout the district, especially numerous in cultivated districts ; Harrogate ; Ripley ; Weeton; Pannal; Rudding, Ribston ; Knaresborough ; Hampsthwaite ; and Birstwith, (F.T.W.). Copgrove Woods (Nat. 1885).
Limax flavus L.—Common in cellars and drains, under stones, etc. Harrogate; Knaresborough; Rennie Crags near Birstwith (F.T.W.).
L. agrestis L.—Abundant everywhere. Harrogate; Knares- borough ; Spofforth ; Ribston : Pannal ; Ripley ; Birstwith; (F.T.W.) and Hartwith (F.T.W.).
L. agrestis var. sylvatica Drap.—Is common everywhere (F.T.W. and F.R.F.).
L. agrestis var. tristis Moq.—Is common everywhere (F.T.W. and SRE).
L. levis Miill—Local and rare. Copgrove Woods and Lindley Woods (vide Roebuck in Nat. 1885).
L. arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.—Not common, but noted in several localities ; it has a partiality for beech woods. This slug exudes a quantity of watery slime on being cap- tured. Occurs in Ripley woods (F.T.W. and F.R.F.).
L. maximus L.—Generally distributed. Ripley ; Harrogate ; Ribston; and Knaresborough. Very common at Birstwith (F.T.W.). i
L. cinereo-niger Wolf—On July sth 1885, Mr. Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., along with Mr. Wm. Eagle Clarke, F.L S. and Mr. R. Rosenstock, while working out the fauna of
26 FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT.
Washburndale, came across this very rare slug, wnich had only been reported nine times previously for Great Britain. On arriving at the point where the Glaston Beck flows in- to Lindley Wood Reservoir, they found a number of planks lying on the ground, the remains of a dismantled building. Turning these over they found slugs in great abundance, including Z. agrestis and its varieties LZ. levis, Arion ater var. rufa, two or three L. maximus var. cellaria, and the greatest treasure of all, a single half-grown example of Z. cinereo-niger (vide Nat. July 10th 1885, W. D. Roebuck). This locality is just within my district.
Succinea putris (L.).—Generally distributed but not com- mon. Spofforth ; Sewage Farm ; Ripley Lake, near Ripley Station ; and Copgrove Woods. Occurs sub-fossil on banks of river Tutt at Staveley.
Vitrina pellucida Mill—Not common, but generally dis- tributed ; dead shells plentiful in several localities. I have found live specimens at Fullwith ; Goldsborough ; Knares- borough; Ripley; Staveley; Pannal; Follifoot and Sewage Farm. Mr. Walker has found it very numerous in damp woods at Birstwith.
Zonites cellarius (Mull.).—Very common throughout the dis- trict. Harrogate; Knaresborough; Ripley; Pannal; Weeton; Ribston; Spofforth; Staveley ; Birk Crag ; Copgrove ; Nidd Bridge. Birstwith (F.T.W.) and Dacre Banks (F.T.W.).
Z. alliarius (Miller).—Rather local in its distribution and by no means as common as ¢ce//arius. Fullwith; Knares- borough ; Burnt Bridge. Ripley and Hartwith (F.T.W.).
Z. glaber (Stud.).—Very local. Obtained several on bank below the Castle Keep, Knaresborough.
Z.nitidulus (Drap.).—Very common and generally distributed. Allerton ; Ribston ; Ripley ; Crimple ; Starbeck ; Knares-
borough; Harrogate; Pannal; and Copgrove. Also Birst- with (F.T.W.).
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT. 27
Z. nitidulus var. nitens (Mich).—Occurs sparingly at Knaresborough and Birstwith. Z. purus (Alder).—Local and by no means numerous. Birk
N
Crag ; Knaresborough ; Ripley ; and Nidd Bridge. Birst- with in limited numbers (F.T.W.).
. Purus var. margaritacea Jeffi—Mr. Walker and I have found this on a bank at Nidd Bridge.
. radiatulus (Alder).—Very local and not numerous. Were found Ripley (F.R.F. and F.T.W.). Birstwith (F.T.W.) and Hartwith (F.T.W.).
. nitidus (Mull.).—Very local, occuring in damp situations, such as the banks of streams, etc. Birk Crag and Ripley (F.T.W. and F.R.F.).
. excavatus (Bean).—Local and very rare. I obtained seven specimens in Ripley Wood amongst dead leaves.
. crystallinus (Mull.).—Fairly common and generally dis- tributed throughout the district in suitable localities. Birk Crag; Harrogate; Ripley; Knaresborough; and Copgrove Woods ; also very common near Birstwith (F.T.W.); and marshy field near Darley (F.T.W.)
. fulvus (Miill.).—Generally distributed, but not so common as the last named. Found in damp Beech wood under decayed leaves, at Birstwith (F.T.W.). I have found it under similar conditions at Ripley, and also obtained several specimens on garden wall under moss near Burnt Bridge.
Helix aculeata (Miill.)—Rare, only found in two localities,
Birk Crag and near Ripley (F.R.F. and F.T.W.).
Helix aspersa (Mull.).—Local, being confined to the lime-
stone formations. I have found single specimens off the limestone but they are rare. At Knaresborough there is "a very large colony of this species along with HZ. avbustorum _ and £7. hortensis ; this little patch of ground is exceedingly rich in its number of species of Mollusca. I have also obtained it at Ribston ; Spofforth ; and Allerton. Dead specimens at Nidd Bridge; a few in gardens at Harrogate
28 FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT.
and near Pannal. One young specimen found in Copgrove Woods (vide Nat. for 1885).
Helix nemoralis L.—Local and not numerous.
H. nemoralis var. libellula Risso.—One dead specimen at Knox, 00340; Ripley ; and several at Knaresborough.
H. nemoralis var. rubella Mog.—Found at Knaresborough, without bands.
H. nemoralis var. hybrida Poiret.—Knaresborough and also Ripley (F.T.W.).
H. hortensis Mull.—Very common especially at Knares- borough, on the limestone, where there is a large colony. It also occurs sparingly all over the district, the var. /ufea ooooo being the most common.
H. hortensis var. lutea Mog.—Knaresborough ; Crimple ; Pannal; Ripley; Nidd Bridge; Allerton; Ribston; Golds- borough ; Burton Leonard ; Staveley ; Burnt Bridge ; and Copgrove. Also Birstwith (F.T.W.).
H. hortensis var. roseo-labiata Taylor.—Knaresborough several ; Goldsborough one; Harrogate several ; Starbeck one; Ripley two.
H. arbustorum L.—Local ; confined principally to the lime- stone. Large colony at Knaresborough; also found at Rib- ston ; Goldsborough ; Allerton ; and Spofforth. The only Birstwith example was a broken one found by Mr. Walker on a stone heap where it had been dropped by a bird.
H. arbustorum var. alpestris Zgl—Two along with the type at Knaresborough.
H. aroustorum var. marmorata Tayl.—A few occur along with the type at Knaresborough.
H. arbustorum var. flavescens Moq.—One at Knares- borough.
H. cantiana Mont.—Local and rare. Mr. Walker has found it at Birstwith ; I have taken it within the boundary on the Wetherby road. Copgrove Woods (Roebuck, Nat. 1885).
J.C. vi., Jan., 1889.
ae sae ae
. hispida L.
FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND. DISTRICT. 29
. rufescens Pennant.—A too common species occurring all
over the district. Ripley ; Knaresborough ; Plumpton ; Nidd Bridge ; Spofforth ; Rudding; and Follifoot. Birst- with (F.T.W.) and Hartwith Dam (F.T.W.). Those at Nidd Bridge are very fine. Mr. Nelson writes some approach the variety a/ida. I have since taken this variety on the
magnesian limestone at Nidd Bridge.
. rufescens var. rubens Mog.—Common along with the type. . rufescens var. albida Moq.—As stated above. . concinna Jeff.—Local and not numerous. Knaresborough
and Ripley. Common at Birstwith (F.T.W.).
Local, but. fairly common where it occurs. Knaresborough (plentiful) ; Nidd Bridge; Burnt Bridge ;
x
and Fullwith. Also Ripley and Copgrove (F.T.W. & F.R.F.).
. hispida var. subrufa Moq —Ripley (F.T.W. and F.R.F.) . sericea Mull.—Local and rare. Near Hartwith Dam on
ivy and nettles (F.T.W.).
. caperata Montagu.—Common in some localities. Allerton,
under old trees; Knaresborough; Goldsborough; Starbeck ; Grimbald Crag; and two near Plumpton. Also Birstwith (F.T.W.).
. ericetorum Mill—Local and rare. Near Birstwith, rare
(F.T.W.). One dead specimen, Grimbald Crag, June 1888.
.ericetorum var. instabilis Zgl.—Near Birstwith (F.T.W.)
rotundata Miill—Common throughout the district.
Birk Crag; Plumpton; Rudding; Ribston; Allerton ;
Harrogate; Pannal; Knaresborough; Hampsthwaite; Rip-
ley ; Burnt Bridge; Spofforth. Also Birstwith (F.T.W.).
. rotundata var. alba Mog.—Pannal (J. W. Taylor).
. pygmeea Draparnaud.—Not numerous, but occurs in suit- able localities, z.e. among dead leaves and at the roots of grass. Knaresborough and Nidd Bridge.
. pulchella Miill—More numerous than the last named,
but still not common. Burnt Bridge ; Spofforth ; Knares-
borough ; and also one under a stone in Ripley Park.
30 ©6°FITZGERALD: SHELLS OF HARROGATE AND DISTRICT.
H. lapicida L.—Local and confined to the limestone, and I believe decreasing in numbers at Knaresborough, where dead shells are very numerous. Found amongst nettles at Birstwith (F.T.W.) and Hartwith (F.T.W.).
Bulimus obscurus (Mill.).—Local in its distribution. At Knaresborough the same remarks apply to this species as to lapicida. Also occurs at Nidd Bridge and Ripley (F.T.W. and F.R.F.).
B. obscurus var. alba Jeff.—Grimbald Crag, Mr. Beevers.
Pupa umbilicata Draparnaud.—Common where it occurs. Little Wonder; Burnt Bridge; Knaresborough; and Hart- with (F.T.W.).
P. umbilicata var. albina Mop.—Mr. Wm. Nelson.
Clausilia rugosa (Draparnaud).—Common everywhere. Spofforth ; Follifoot ; Farnham ; Burton Leonard ; Cop- grove ; Harrogate; Fullwith; Pannal; Weeton; Ripley ; Nidd Bridge ; Staveley ; Knaresborough; etc., etc. Also Hartwith (F.T.W.).
C. rugosa var. dubia Drap.— Knaresborough.
C. laminata.—Rare. Near Asp Pond, W. Nelson.
Cochlicopa tridens (Pult.).—Generally distributed, but not numerous. Nidd Bridge; Burnt Bridge; and near Ripley Station (F.T.W. and F.R.F.).
C. lubrica (Mull.).—Common and more generally distributed. Near Harrogate; Nidd Bridge; Ripley; Burnt Bridge ; Birstwith (F.T.W.); Hartwith (F.T.W.) and Copgrove Woods and Ribston.
C. lubrica var. lubricoides Fér.—Several specimens found along with the type form, in an old broken-down house at Fullwith.
Carychium minimum Mill.—Common in suitable locali- ties, probably overlooked owing to its minute size; frequents damp situations under stones, etc., and amongst dead leaves.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 31
DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS.
By JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.
(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 15th, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referees, Mr. E. A. Smith and the Rev. R. B. Watson).
Coralliophila Andamana (sp. nov.) Pl. ii, fig. 1.
Testa ovata, muriciformt, ad basem attenuata, longitudinaliter plicocostata, costis paucis, rotundatis, transversim eleganter sguamuloso-liratis, fauce violaceda.
Long. 17, lat. 8 mill.
Habitat: Ad Insulas Andamanenses.
A pretty and distinct little form, now found in most cabinets, but not hitherto described. I have noticed it recently, without a name, in the National collection and have two speci- mens, precisely alike to each other, in my own. It is allied to C. costularis (Blainville), and its variety C. planzlirata (Reeve), but mainly differs in the fewer ribs, greater delicacy of the trans- verse squamulose ridging, finely-frilled outer lip, and other minute differences.
Eulima epeterion (sp. nov.) Pl. it, fig. 2.
Testa aculeiformt, albo-vitrea, polita, angusta, gracili, planius- cula, anfractibus in numero tridecim, deplanatis, ultimo elongato, apertura oblonga, margine recto.
Long. 16, lat. 3 mill.
Hab. : Mauritius.
In a genus so extensive and in which the species are so similar as the one now under discussion, it seems a somewhat hazardous task to venture to add yet another form to its list. There are altogether over one hundred and fifty species des- cribed, and this does not include Zecostraca, which some authors still include as a section of Huwlima. The LE. epeterton however seems sufficiently distinct. It differs from its nearest congeners,
32 MELVILL: ON THREE NEW SPECIES OF SHELLS.
viz: EZ. attenuata (Sowb.), a native of Fiji, in its fewer whorls, the latter possessing fifteen at least; from Z. ¢ecnostoma (Ad.), also from Fiji, in its straighter build and slender body-whorl ; and from the common form £. vitrvea (Ad.), native of Fiji and the south seas, in its much greater slenderness, and whorls more elongate—£. vitrea being a smaller and stouter shell, with and very numerous narrow whorls.
Not very many species are yet described from Mauritius, from which island, however, the large and conspicuous #&. Martinii (Adams) comes, the second largest species in the genus. ‘The trivial name is derived from yayrnprov a needle, in allusion to the shape. It is one of the most graceful ina singularly beautiful genus, though to discriminate their beauty of form to the full, a magnifying glass is almost imperatively necessary, owing to the small size of the majority of the known species.
The type, at present the only specimen known, is in my collection.
Zizyphinus haliarchus (sp. nov.) Pl. ui, fig. 3. Testa erecto conica, pyramidali, anfractu ultimo ad basin acut- angulato, anfractibus plants, declivibus, sublevibus, grants parvulis livatis, lirts tenutbus circumambientibus, dudbus ad suturas proximts crasstoribus, granis mazoribus decoratts, flavida, flammis purpureofuscis apud peripheram ornata, obscuré punctulata, bast lirts sublevibus punctato-gemmata, plaud, sub-convexd, columella callosd, fauce levistrtata. Alt. 40, lat. 36 mill.
Hab.: 4d oras Australia ?
This very large, conspicuous, and beautiful addition to the genus Zizyphinus is at present unique, the specimen being included in the collection now in the Museum, Owen’s College, Manchester, and formerly having formed part of that of Reginald Cholmondeley, Esq., of Condover Hall, Salop.
No very close connection is observable with the other Australian species ; there is, however, owing to accidental trans- position of labels, some little doubt as to the correctness of the
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889,
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 213)
locality now assigned to it; the nearest approach to it would seem to be Z jucundus (Sowb.) ¢. f. “Proc. Zool. Soc.,” 1878, p- 798, pl. xlvii., fig. 6, from which, however, it is abundantly distinct in the sculpture of the whorls and other minor particulars.
It will rank about the fourth in size in the genus; Z. “gris (Mart.) coming first, with Z. Cunninghamii (Gray) and Z. specta- bilis (Gray) following. The smoothness of the whorls of Z. haliarchus, the straight sides and light appearance of the shell, suggest affinities with Z Zranguebaricus (Chem.) from Tranque- bar; but this is merely superficial. Again, in its painting, with fuscous purple flames radiating round the basal periphery, it recalls some forms of the Z conuloides (Lam.), a well-known inhabitant of our own shores.
The name selected for this magnificent shell aAcaexos, or “Ruler of the Sea,” would seem well deserved.
$e Oe
Helix cantiana monst. sinistrorsum in England.— Through the kindness of Miss F. M. Hele I have become possessed of a reversed specimen of this species, one of several found in Wiltshire by Mr. Rippon, of Norwood. The only other record I am aware of, is that by M. Jules Colbeau, who states that M. Nyst once found aspecimen at Antwerp, Belgium. —Jno. W. TAyLor.
Respiration of Ancylus fluviatilis——I trust your correspondent, Mr. W. A. Gain, will pardon me for taking ex- ception to his explanation of the manner in which A. fluviatilis obtains its supply of air. I grant that during the day the vege- tation is constantly giving off oxygen, and also that, for purposes of combustion, this gas is five times more effective than at- mospheric air. But it is much too effective for purposes of respiration. Animals need oxygen, but they cannot live in an atmosphere of oxygen, and know no reason why the mollusk in question should be regarded as an exception to the rule.— Cuas. A. WHATMORE.
34 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
ON THE MEANING OF THE GLYCOGENIC FUNCTION IN THE MOLLUSCA.
A Strupy IN COMPARATIVE PHyYS!10LOGY.
By Dr. J. W. WILLIAMS, M.A.
(Read before the Conchological Society, May 2nd, 1888, and recommended for publication by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, acting as referee).
TuHeE substance which Claud Bernard discovered in the liver-cells of the Vertebrates and the Mollusca in 1857, and which is known to physiologists under the various names of glycogen, hepatine, bernardine and zo-amyline, or animal starch, has during recent years been discovered by several continental and other workers as existing in the tissues (other than the liver) of the Molluscan body, and has, by them, in the majority of instances, been quantitatively estimated. It is our business here to pass over in review these observations, and to try if we cannot from them, and from the analogies present in the animal kingdom generally, build up the superstructure of a somewhat stable hypothesis as to its origin (mother-substance) and its use in the economy of the Mollusca.
Glycogen (Cg Hy» O;), as can be seen from its formula, is an isomer of starch and dextrin. It isa white amorphous substance, soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and ether, and its aqueous solution is opalescent and has a strong dextro- rotatory influence on polarised light. It can be readily con- verted into dextrin by weak acids or by an amylolytic ferment. Its presence in the tissues may be detected—provided the animal has been recently killed—by testing with ioduretted potassium with which it gives a wine-red colour, disappearing on heating, reappearing on cooling. In the Vertebrates it has been detected in the liver (1°54 per cent.), muscles, villi of the chorion, embryonal tissues, placenta, and the leucocytes of the
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
WILLIAMS: GLYCOGENIC FUNCTION IM THE MOLLUSCA. 35
blood. In the Mollusca, Hammarsten! has demonstrated that in the liver of Helix pomatza it is present to the extent of 1°75 per cent., and that in hibernating animals of the same species, and in the same organ, it is decreased to the amount of 0°429 per cent. Hoppe-Seyler has stated its existence in-the liver and muscles of the oyster; D. Barfurth? has found it in most of the tissues of Arion, Limax, Helix and Cyclostoma, while E. R. Blundstone® has discovered it in the mantle of Anodon, and the mesentery of Aelzx.
Whence comes this glycogen, and canine: is it bound? To answer these two questions we have to call to our mind what is known of the physiology of the Vertebrates in this connection, and compare it with what have been demonstrated as existing in the Mollusca. There can be little doubt that the mother-substance of glycogen in the Vertebrates, at any rate, is carbohydrate food, while the ingestion of proteid matter seems also to favour its production, but in a far less degree. The former kind of foodstuff (starch) in them, is changed by peculiar diastatic ferments—ptyalin of the saliva and amylopsin of the pancreatic juice—into sugar which is taken up, as such, from the enteric tract by the portal veins, and carried by them to the liver, there to undergo by a process of dehydration its conversion into glycogen. The latter is, in them, converted into peptones by the action of the hydrochloric acid and pepsin of the gastric juice, and the trypsin (in the presence of sodium carbonate) of the pancreatic juice, and afterwards split up in the liver into a non-nitrogenous portion (glycogen) and a nitrogenous portion (probably urea). We have thus a starch diet and an albuminous diet forming in the liver of the Vertebrates a product—glycogen. Where does the analogy
1. Arch. ges. Phys. xxvi. pp. 384-456.
2. ‘* Vergleichend-hestochemische Untersuchungen tiber das Glycogen.” Arch. Mikr. Anat. xxv. pp. 259-404.
3. ** On the occurrence of Glycogen asa constituent of the Vesicular Cells of the Connective Tissue of Molluscs.” Proc. Roy. Soc. xxxvi. pp. 442-445 ; Abst. J. R. Micr. Soc. (2) v. p. 986.
36 WILLIAMS : GLYCOGENIC FUNCTION IN THE MOLLUSCA.
exist in the case of the Mollusca? Their food is essentially, in the majority of cases, a vegetable one, and forming the chief chemical constituents of plants are carbohydrates and proteids. The carbohydrates are starch, inulin, dextrin, and sugars includ- ing glucose, cane sugar, and various others. Proteids are there _as protoplasm, aleurone grains, crystalloids, gliadin, vegetable fibrin, and a native albumen which is soluble in water and coagulable by heat and, in many respects, identical with animal albumen. Free sulphuric acid has been demonstrated in the. secretion of the salivary glands of Mollusca by Panceri, Troschel and Quoy* and this according to E. Bourquelot® changes starch into sugar in the Cephalopoda, and the same amylolytic function has been shown by E. Bonardi® to be possessed by the salivary secretion of the Pulmogastropoda ; L. Fredericq’ has demonstrated a ferment in the enteric canal of Avion ater which changes starch into sugar; E. Bourquelot® has found that the secretion of the pancreas of Cephalopods contains a diastatic ferment which is identical, in its action, with the amylopsin of the Vertebrates, and that there is also present trypsin which changes proteids into peptones after the orthodox method described as existing in the Mammalia; while A. B. Griffiths? has also proved a diastatic ferment to be present in
4. ‘* Gli organi e la secrezione dell’ acido sulfurico nei Gasteropodi con una appendica relativa ad altra glandole dei medesimi.” Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. X pp. 89-94 ; also Am. J. Sc. (2). xix. pp. 420-422.
5. Arch. Z. expér: x. pp. 384-421.
6 ‘‘ Intorno all azione saccarificante della saliva ed alla glicogenesi epatica in alcuni Molluschi terrestri.” Boll. scient. v. pp. 83-86.
7. Arch. Z. expér : vil. pp. 397-399.
8. ‘‘ Recherches relatives 4 V’action des sucs digestifs des Céphalopodes sur les matiéres amylaceés ” Compt. Rend. xciii. pp. 978-980; Abstr. J. R. Micr. Soc. (2). ii. p. 30. Also ‘‘ Recherches sur les phénomenes de la digestion chey les Mollusques Céphalopodes.” Arch. Z. exper (2). ili. pp: 1-74.
g. ‘* Chemico-Physiological Investigations on the Cephalopod Liver and its Identity as a True Pancreas” P. R. S. Edinb. xiu. pp. 120-122 ; Chem. News, xlviii. p. 37., li. p. 241; J. Chem. Soc. xlvi. p.94., 1884; Abstr. J. R. Micr. Soc. (2) v. p, 622.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
WILLIAMS: GLYCOGENIC FUNCTION IN THE MOLLUSCA. 37
the pancreatic secretion of Sefza. And that the glycogen is immediately formed from the ingesta, as in the Vertebrates, has been proved by Barfurtht® who found that after three hours fasting it had disappeared from the liver of Helix, but that it reappeared from nine to ten hours after feeding, and by Hammarsten’? in the decrease in the amount of glycogen showed in the liver of his pomatias which had hibernated in a warm room. ‘Thus there is every reason for us to believe, in the face of no evidence to the contrary, that the mother-substance of glycogen in the Mollusca is the same as that in the Vertebrates—viz: the carbohydrates and proteids of their food- stuffs.
Regarding the ultimate destination of the glycogen in the Mollusca we have very little evidence to guide us to a safe conclusion. In the Vertebrates it is no doubt devoted to the production of heat and muscle-energy. Broken up, in then, by a blood-ferment again into sugar, as the exigencies of the system demand, it is taken by the hepatic veins to undergo metabolic changes in the tissues. And that it is, in them, used up during muscular contractions does not admit of a doubt for it has been experimentally proved that all the glycogen dis- appears from the muscles during movement. While Barfurth has stated (/oc. cit.) that the quantity present in the muscles of Helix is inversely proportional to their activity, and should Wooldridge’s theory that the Vertebrates blood-ferment is lecithin prove to be a fact we have here two things that unite together to show, disregarding the facts we have already mentioned, that glycogeny in the Mollusca and the Vertebrata are far from being dissimilar, since lecithin is present in the Molluscan blood. But, whatever its destination in the Mollusca may be, it is a point well worthy of mention in relation with this, that a large amount of reserve-material must be stored away
10. loc. cit. ; also ‘‘ Das Glycogen in der Gasteropodenleber.” Zool. Anz. pp. 652-655. ig Hibs Gi,
38 WILLIAMS : GLYCOGENIC FUNCTION IN THE MOLLUSCA.
in the tissues in some kind, if not in the form of glycogen, for the wants of the system during hibernation, and also to supply energy by oxidation, during prolonged muscle-contraction since Simroth?? has stated that a small e/zx can move along when burdened with a weight nine times its own, and Sandford in a note communicated to the tenth volume of “‘The Zoologist ” (p. 491) entitled ‘“ Experiments to Test the Strength of Snails ” has proved that a He/7x aspersa weighing one-third of an ounce can draw along an horizontal plane a weight weighing seventeen ounces, and that another of the same species of one-quarter of an ounce in weight can drag a weight of two and a quarter ounces after it when moving along a vertical plane; while according to the researches of F. Plateaut? the absolute force— z. é. the weight which a muscle stimulated to the utmost is just able to raise—estimated on one square centimetre of the mean transverse section is nearly equal, with their unstriated muscle- cells that differ so slightly from the ordinary type of protoplasm— is nearly equal to that estimated for the Vertebrates with their more differentiated striped muscle-fibres. The largest estimates made by this observer on the adductor muscles were for Venus verrucosa (12,431 grammes), Pectunculus glycymeris (10,152 grammes), and AZytilus edulis (7,984 grammes; the lowest for Pecten opercularis (530 grammes). For comparison’s sake, the absolute force of a frog’s muscle is 2°8 to 3 kilogrammeters ; of human muscle, 8 to 9 kilogrammeters. The great drawbacks to our future knowledge of the physiology of the Mollusca are the evident ones of the difficulties attending the performance of minute experiments on account of the small size of their organs and the incapability of keeping them alive for a sufficiently lengthened period under the influence of proper aneesthetic conditions. The consideration occurs to the author that it is
12. “Die Thatigheit der willkiirlichen Muskulatur unserer Land- schnecken ” Z. wiss. Zool. xxx. suppl. vol. pp. 166-224.
13. “‘ Recherches sur la force absolue des muscles des Invertébrés.” I. Partie. Bull. Ac. Belg. (3) vi., pp. 226-259.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 39
only by instituting a comparison, such as this one, that we shall ever arrive at definite conclusions relative to their physiology.
Glycogen, itself, can be obtained from the liver and other tissues of the Mollusca by the following method. The organs suspected to contain it are taken froma recently killed animal, immediately cut up into pieces and plunged into boiling water to destroy any ferment that may be present, then boiled for some time and filtered. The filtrate is allowed to get cold, and then dilute hydrochloric acid and potassio-mercuric iodide are alternately added to precipitate any proteids that may be present in solution, and this is continued until no precipitation any longer obtains. Then it is filtered—if any glycogen be present the filtrate is clear and opalescent—and the glycogen is pre- cipitated from the filtrate by adding 70-80 p.c. alcohol to excess. This precipitate is then washed with alcohol, 60 p.c. and go p.c., afterwards with ether, lastly with absolute alcohol, then dried over sulphuric acid and weighed.
eS SS
Helix rotundata m. sinistrorsum.—Shell reversed.— This monstrosity, which, so far as I am aware, has not been previously noticed or recorded, I found amongst a number of the ordinary form collected by Mr. C. H. T. Lett, in August, 1888, at Aghadery Glebe, Loughbricklands, Down.—Jno. W. TAYLOR.
Vertigo minutissima (Hartmann) in Dorset.—When collecting on Portland in October, 1888, I took about eighty specimens of this rare Vertigo. They were all under three stones close together and no others were to be found near. I believe this is a new record for Dorset. I have never found this species on Portland before. It was in company with Pupa marginata and P, umbilicata, of the latter of which I took three whitish specimens close by.—E. R. SyKEs, Weymouth.
40 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
LIST OF SHELLS COLLECTED AM INGER MON ND DISTRICT “DURING NUGUSi 1333:
By EDWARD COLLIER.
(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 15th, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referees, W. Denison Roebuck and J. W. Taylor).
My family being at Ingleton during the month of August last, I took the opportunity when I was there each week-end, of collect- ing what I could of the Land and Freshwater Shells of the district. Fortunately, or unfortunately, the weather was very wet during most of the time I was there and prevented me going out at times, but it certainly brought out the snails, as after very heavy rains Helix rupestris and Clausilia rugosa abounded on the old walls, and in some places Balea ferversa was very abundant. Helks Wood proved to be the best hunting-ground, both for numbers and variety of species, but unfortunately I did not collect there much, until the last week-end when I was joined by Mr. Oldham and Mr. Standen. The following are the species collected :—
Limneea peregra.—Plentiful in an old horse-trough on the Clapham Road, also in the stream that runs through Clapham village.
L. truncatula.—A few on wet rocks near the Pecca Falls, Ingleton.
Ancylus fluviatilis —Common in the stream running through Clapham village. I never tried for this species at Ingleton as the river was generally flooded, but no doubt it would occur there abundantly.
Succinea elegans.—One specimen only, on herbage in a wet ditch, Bentham Road, Ingleton.
Vitrina pellucida.— Moderately common in Helks Wood, also at Clapham, but only very small and poor specimens.
J-C., vi., Jan., 1889.
COLLIER : SHELLS OF INGLETON AND DISTRICT. 41
Zonites cellarius.—Common about Ingleton, in Helks Wood, also at Clapham.
Z.cellarius var. aloinos.—Two specimens of this variety were taken in Helks Wood, one by Mr. Standen, the other by Mr. Oldham.
Z. alliarius.—Common all about the district.
Z. alliarius var. viridula.— One immature specimen taken by myself at Clapham.
Z. glaber.—A few in Helks Wood, but not common.
Z. nitidulus.—Not very common.
Z. purus.—Rare. A few in Helks Wood, also at Clapham.
Z. crystallinus.—Moderately common in moss, Helks Wood, also near Clapham Common.
Z. fulvus.—Very plentiful in Helks Wood, and very fine. This is a species I had never taken previously in any quantity, but now found them very abundant.
Helix aculeata.—This species was also plentiful in Helks Wood, under stones and amongst moss.
H. aspersa.—Very common and very fine, on old walls behind clumps of nettles, anywhere about Ingleton ; some of them are beautifully marked. |
H. aspersa var. conoidea.—Not common. One specimen of this variety is very fine.
H. aspersa var. undulata.—A few of this variety amongst the type.
H. nemoralis.—Not common. A few in the lane near Ingle- ton Hall, and a var. rubella 00000 on the Bentham Road.
H. hortensis.—Much commoner than the preceding species, mostly banded, but a few var. Zu/ea 00000.
H. arbustorum.—Common all about Ingleton, and very various in form and marking.
H. arbustorum var. alpestris.—Common in the lane near Ingleton Hall, and beautiful specimens.
H. arbustorum var. trochoidalis.—A few very fine speci- mens of this uncommon variety in the lane near Ingleton Hall. One of them Mr. Taylor says is subscalariform.
42
H.
H. H.
H.
H.
COLLIER : SHELLS OF INGLETON AND DISTRICT.
arbustorum var. fusca.—Two beautiful specimens I found at Kirkby Lonsdale, Westmorland, about seven miles from Ingleton. ‘They are very dark and very thin shells.
. arbustorum var. marmorata.—Three or four specimens
from the lane near Ingleton Hall.
. arbustorum var. flavescens.—A few amongst the type,
one of the var. ¢rochordalis in this colour.
. rufescens.—The commonest species of Helix about Ingle-
ton. Very plentiful on nettles, finer in Helks Wood than about the village ; also in Farrar’s Grounds, Clapham, and at Kirkby Lonsdale.
. rufescens var. rubens.—Pretty common amongst the type,
both about the village and in Helks Wood. We did not find a single var. a/da, although it is very often found associated with the type.
. hispida.—A few on Storr’s Common, Ingleton, also in
Helks Wood, but not plentiful.
. hispida var. albida.—One specimen on old wall, Beezley
(C.0.).
. ericetorum var. minor.—My children found a colony of
this species on Stow’ss Common. ‘They were all on grassy slopes facing west and south-west and confined to a rather small area.
rotundata.—Common in Helks Wood, also at Clapham.
rupestris.—Very common on old walls after rain, also on the limestone scars.
pygmeea.—I found two specimens of this small shell amongst the moss I brought home from Helks Wood. Mr. Standen also got a few.
pulchella var. costata.—-Moderately plentiful in Helks - Wood amongst moss and under stones.
Bulimus obscurus.—A few in Helks Wood, but not common. Pupa secale.—A few dead specimens in Helks Wood. We
did not find a single living specimen.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
COLLIER ! SHELLS OF INGLETON AND DISTRICT; 43
Pupa umbilicata.— Common all about the district, especially in Helks Wood, some of them had a flesh-colored mouth.
P. umbilicata var. curta.—I noticed some of my Pupa um- bilicata seemed to be very short and dumpy, though fully grown; some of them I sent to Mr. Taylor and he says they are this variety.
Vertigo pygmzea.—Mr. Standen found some of this species amongst the moss he brought home and kindly gave me a few.
V. pusilla.—Plentiful in Helks Wood. Mr. Oldham must have the credit for first finding this rare species as he found five of it on one stone he turned over, We founda good many of them in the moss we brought home, and I may say this is a very good plan for getting the smaller species, though they take very careful looking for after the moss 1s dried.
V. edentula.—A few in Helk’s Wood, but not common.
Balea perversa.—Plentiful on old walls after rain, but very local. It seems to occur most plentifully on walls that are shaded by trees and are covered with moss and lichens.
Clausilia rugosa.—Very common everywhere about Ingleton and Clapham. I could have got thousands of them. They were very variable in size, some were very short, but not tumid enough for the var. ¢wmzdula.
C. rugosa var. dubia.—This variety was also very common about Ingleton, but local. A colony on an old wall near Beezley Grange, also at Twistleton Scar End. A few at Chapel-le-Dale. Where I found this variety I did not find the type, except a few on an old tree trunk at Twistleton Scar End. I am inclined to think this is a different species from C. rugosa.
C. laminata.—Plentiful in Helks Wood on the trunks of trees, in some places as high as you could reach, but a good many of them very much weathered.
44 COLLIER: SHELLS OF INGLETON AND DISTRICT.
Cochlicopa tridens.—Very common both at Clapham and in Helks Wood.
C. tridens var. crystallina.— Two specimens in Helks Wood (R.S.).
C. lubrica.—This spécies was also plentiful, especially in Helks Wood.
C. lubrica var. lubricoides.—A few with the type.
C. lubrica var. ovata.—A few with the type (R.S.).
Carychium minimum.—Common in Helks Wood, also a few in Farrar’s Grounds, Clapham.
Acme lineata.—Mr. Standen found one dead shell in the moss he brought home from Helks Wood.
The above list includes thirty-seven species and sixteen named varieties, and comparing this with a list of the shells of Clapham and District by Hugh Richardson, published in vol. v. of the Journal of Conchology, page 60, and a supplemental list by W. E. Collinge, page 195 in the same volume, ‘I find the following additions to the list of species and varieties, excluding the shells found in the lake marl in Crummockdale, which were MOK MECEME S—
Limnea peregra.
Ancylus fluviatilis.
Succinea elegans.
Zonites cellarius var. albinos.
Z. alliarius var. viridula.
Z. glaber.
Z. nitidulus.
Ffelix aculeata.
HF. aspersa and vars. conoidea and wadulata.
H.arbustorum vars. alpestris,
~ trochoidalis, fusca, marmo-
rata, and flavescens.
FT. 1ufescens var. rubens.
FT, hispida var. albida.
FI. ericetorum var. minor.
HT. pygmea.
ff, pulchella var. costata.
Lupa umbilicata var. curta.
Vertigo pygma@a.
V. pusilla.
Cochlicopa tridens var. crystal- lina.
C. lubrica var. lubricoides.
C. lubrica var. ovata.
Acme lineata.
This makes an addition of fifteen species new to the district,
excluding varieties. find, are :—
Of the species mentioned that we did not
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 45
Zonites nitidus. Lconsider this | Peszdium prsillum.
a misprint for Z. nztidulus. | Planorbis vortex. Flelix lamellata. Physa hypnorum. Pupa marginata. Limnea glabra. Flelix coninna.
The last four are recorded as from a pond on>Clapham Common, a locality I tried to find but did not succeed. One of the most interesting finds to me was //e/7x ericetorum, as I never expected it to turn up, although I have found it in some, to me, very unlikely localities, as on a grassy bank at Monsal Dale, Derbyshire, and a colony in the middle of a wheat-field at Morcott, Rutlandshire, in a steep part of the field that could not be ploughed. I notice that the Rev. W. C. Hey mentions in ‘The Naturalist’ for June, 1885, page 258, that he saw a few dead specimens of e/¢x ertcetorum at the foot of Giggleswick Scar, this would be about ten miles from Ingleton, so they may be found elsewhere in the district.
I was rather surprised that I did not find H. /apécida, as it occurs so abundantly on the Limestone in Derbyshire. The nearest locality to Ingleton, from which I can find any record is Kilnsea Crags and Kettlewell in Wharfedale, mentioned by the Rev. W. C. Hey in vol: 11. of ‘The Journal of Conchology,’ page 178. Seeing that Ingleton 1s a district so rich in species, I hope that the members of this society will organize an excursion there during the coming season, and be able to add considerably to the species I have mentioned.
a
Helix rupestris, an Ovo=viviparous species.—On looking through the 4. 7xfes¢vis I got at Ingleton I found one of them, from which I had tried to extract the animal, shewing in the mouth young shells with 114 or 2 whorls formed, em- bedded in the part of the animal shewing there. In turning to Jeffreys’ British Conchology, I find this is an ovo-viviparous species, which this shell shews very well, and on looking care- fully over my remaining duplicates I am pleased to say I found several more, all shewing the same feature. —EDWARD COLLIER,
46 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
PRELIMINARY NOTES ON THE PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION IN THE MOLLUSCA.
By Dr. J. W. WILLIAMS, M.A.
(Read before the Conchological Society, May 2nd, 1888, and recommended for publication by the Rev. A. H. Cooke, acting as referee).
THE phenomena of muscle-contraction resolve themselves into two great and somewhat distinct primary groups, one of which— CILIARY ACTION—is more simple in its character than the other —MUSCULAR CONTRACTION PROPER. In this paper we shall take, for the sake of more clearness in detail, each of these divisions separately.
And, first, with regard to CILIARY ACTION. Cilia are found in the intestinal canal of most molluscs, and on the gill-filaments of the lamellibranchs where they are more strongly developed at certain spots termed “ciliated junctions.” They are fila- mentous prolongations of the protoplasm of columnar, cubical, or spheeroidal cells, the free borders of which are bright and seem to be made up of juxtaposed knobs from whence fine varicose filaments extend into the substance of the cells forming the rootlets of the cilia. From each of these knobs a somewhat long cilium —long when compared with a cilium from the mucous lining of the mammalian trachea—extends. Their function is to execute rapid lash-like movements (mmotus undu- Jatus of Valentin) in order to drive the water in a given direction over the gills for respiratory purposes, or, else, to help the move- ment of the fluid ingesta along the intestinal tract onward to the anus. They do not seem to be under the control of the nervous or circulatory systems for the lashing of the cilia obtain when the cells to which they are attached are bodily removed or even when they are isolated from one another, but their motion
J-C., vi., Jan., 1889.
WILLIAMS : PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. 47
resembles, evidently, the spontaneous movement of protoplasm. But the work done represents a large amount of physical labour and is much greater than that performed by ordinary muscular contraction. The absolute force of movement is the weight that can be distinctly moved when covering a surface. of one centimetre. This has not been estimated, so far as I am aware, in the mollusca, but the lowest value for the pharyngeal mucous membrane of the frog, an animal in which the cilia are much shorter, is 3°36 grammes. When the estimation is made for the mollusca we shall, therefore, expect a much greater estimate than this one. The rapidity with which the strokes succeed one another is very great—when moving at their fastest the movement of the whole resembles a stream of running water, and when moving more slowly it recalls a field of corn shaken by the wind. A temperature between o’c and 4o°c favours the movement, as also does the presence of oxygen, water, or air. Ozone, oxygen under a pressure of eight atmospheres, alkalies, acids, bile, dilute saline solutions, chloroform, amyl nitrite, ether, hydrogen and carbonic dioxide arrest or retard the move- ment. During movement electricity is set free, for a current has been observed passing from the superficial to the deeper parts. What the cause of the movement may be, in reality, due to has been the subject of much discussion. Engelmann has brought forward, what I consider, the most plausible theory, and one which we must accept only tentatively for the time being as something to hold on to in our work until some other still more plausible explanation is advanced by our brethren-workers either in this country or on the continent. He considers that each cilium is composed of serially arranged particles, to each of which he has given the name of an 7zofagmen, which, during rest, are contracted with the long axis parallel to that of the cilium, and, during action, spherical, the whole movement re- sponding to external stimuli. That the contraction is a response to external stimuli is supported by the observation of Steinbuch, who found that a mechanical stimulus, insufficient to injure the
48 WILLIAMS : PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION.
cilia, such as that produced by an impulse of a fluid current, ' aids in a marked degree the activity of the cilia. The first observer of ciliary movement was A. de Heyde, in 1683. Since then many observers have worked well in this direction, such as Sharpey, Valentin, Purkinje, Virchow, Kistiakowsky, Roth, Engelmann, Stuart, Neumann, Huzinga, Kthne, Bowditch, and Calliburces.
Secondly, with regard to the second group—-MUSCULAR CONTRACTION PROPER. In mammalian muscle the fibres are of two kinds, striated and unstriated. The striated muscle- fibres are elongated, about one-and-a-half inches in length, and more differentiated in character than the unstriated which are fusiform in shape and about g¢> inch in length. The former kind are found in those portions of the body where active and rapid movements are effected, the latter where much slower movements are needed. The fibres of the molluscan muscle are unicellular and unstriated, and consequently not so differen- tiated from protoplasm as the striated and unstriped vertebrate muscle-fibres. And since it is a physiological law that the more rapid the contraction the muscle performs the more differen- tiated in character are its fibres from the ordinary type of protoplasm, the features of muscle-contraction in the mollusca, we should naturally expect, would not be so well pronounced as those attending the contraction of tae two kinds of muscle-fibres in the mammalia. This, however, is evident on seeing a snail crawl, the slow locomotory movements of which have earned for it the sobriquet of “tardy-gaited.” The latent period, z.e. the time which elapses during the passage of the wave of change along the nerve to the muscle and the chemical changes going
on in the muscle previous to contraction—we also should expect
to be longer, and we are not deceived, for in the vertebrates this is about =i, sec. in striated and sec. in unstriated muscle, and H. Varigny? has shown that in the mollusca it varies from
1 «Sur la période d’excitation latente de quelques muscles lisses de la vie de relation chez les invertébrés.” Compt Rend, ct, pp. 570—572.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889
WILLIAMS : PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. 49
o sec. in Scaphander lignartus to 12° sec. in Sepia officinalis. But while, as is evident from their stiiCiite: the kind of muscle in the vertebrates that they most resemble is the unstriated, yet they differ very greatly from that variety in being, as Varigny has demonstrated, under the control of the will, sometimes very rapid in their contraction and relaxation, and, taking them on the whole, not less irritable than striated muscle. The only one analogy that comes to my mind as existing in the verte- brates—and I think it is the only one that can be safely assumed—is the ciliary muscle of the iris, which, though con-
sisting of unstriped fibres, is yet under voluntary control through the medium of the third cranial nerve. But the work they can perform is great. Simroth ® states that a small Helix can still move along when burdened with a weight nine times its own, and E. Sandford * has proved that a /. asfersa weighing + oz. can draw along a horizontal plane a weight weighing 17 ozs., which is still much greater (51 times its own weight) and that another of the same species with a weight of + oz. can drag upa vertical plane 24 oz. (nine times its own). But to have estimates a little more absolute. The absolute force of one square centi- metre of the muscle of a frog is from 2°8 to 3 kilogrammeters and about 8 or 9 kilogrammeters in man. The mollusca do not fall short of these estimates. Plateau ° has found that in the adductor muscles of Pectuncilus glycymeris it is equal to 10,152 grammes ; in Pecten maximus, 3,786 ; in ALytilus edulis, 7,984 ; in Ostrea edulis, 5,867; in Venus verrucosa, 12,431; in Mya arenarta, 1,178; in Cardium edule, 2,856; in Pecten opercu- laris, 530; and in Zridacna, 1,595 grammes. It should, how- ever, be mentioned that the adductor muscles of the genus
2 «Sur quelque points de la physiologie des muscles lisses chez les invertébrés.” Op. cit., ci, pp. 656—658.
8 «Die Thatigkeit der willkiirlichen Muskulatur unserer Landsch- necken.” Z. Wiss, Zool. xxx suppl. vol. pp. 166—224.
4 «Experiments to test the strength of snails (Helix aspersa).” Zoo- logist (3) x, p. 491.
© Recherches sur la force absolue des muscles des invertébrés.” 1 Partie, Bull. Ac. Belg. (3) vi, pp. 226—259.
50 WILLIAMS: PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION.
Pecten have been found by R. Blanchard ° to be striated (though the strize are not identical with those in the striated vertebrate muscle-fibres, yet this shows a differentiation), and that there is a possibility that the same muscles of the other bivalves men- tioned may be striated also. He did not, however, find this in Mytilus, Unio, or Anodonta. A. Coutance’ has also found that a weight of ro,ooo grammes. is needed to open a contracted Pecten weighing 85 grammes without the shell, and that then the muscles rupture, while an oyster weighing 12 grammes, without the shell needed the traction of 1o kilogrammes to close its valves. Striation in the muscle-cells has also been observed in the odontophore of Haliotis and Patella, in a species of Acmeea by Dall,® and in the heart of Pecten, Ano- donta, Helix, and Aplysia by J. Dogiel.? And, according to Pawlow, 1° two kinds of nerve-fibres supply the adductor muscles of Azodonta cygnea—one inhibitory, the other motor. The motor nerves spring from the ganglia next to the muscles, and carry contracting impulses; the inhibitory fibres pass from the two anterior ganglia only, and bear relaxing impulses. Prof. Hartmann ?1 also states that he has observed the primitive fibrille of the muscles of Cephalopods to contract. During contraction the muscles become shorter and correspondingly thicker, oxygen is absorbed and carbonic dioxide excreted as a waste tissue product, and the temperature rises. Glycogen
® “Note sur la présence de muscles striés chez les mollusques acephales monomyaires.” Rev. Int. Sci., 1880 (No 4); also Constance, in Bull. Soc., Brest, 1879; abstr. J]. R., Micro. Soc., iii, p. 930.
7 “De l’énergie et de la structure musculaire chez les mollusques acé- phales.” Paris; 1878; 8vo.
8 American Journal of Science, Feb., 1871, p. 123; also American Naturalist, iv, p. 691.
® “Die Muskeln und Nerven des Herzens bei einigen mollusken.” Arch. Mikr. Anat., xiv, pp. 59—65.
10 <*Wie die Muschel ihre Schale Offnet Versuche und Fragen zur Allgemeinen Muskel-und-Nerven-physiologie.” Arch. Ges. Phys., xxxvii, pp. 6—31; abst. Mature, xxxiii, p. 106.
Hh Sp Buy NEN Ty HEH7S, oh OA
J.C. vi., Jan., 1889.
WILLIAMS: PHENOMENA OF MUSCLE-CONTRACTION. 51
is also used up, as has been shown by Dr. Barfurth,12 in an inverse proportion to their activity, and this substance I have attempted to show in a previous communication 1 is, in them, as in vertebrates, applied to the development of muscle-energy by oxidation, and, probably, derived from the carbohydrates (starches) and, in a less degree, the proteids (vegetable albu- men, vegetable fibrin, gliadin, &c.) of the food-stuffs. Accord- ing to W. Beidermann?* the adductor muscles of Anodon retain their irritability for several days when kept in the blood of that bivalve. And, in conclusion, with regard to some one or two very interesting points in the physiology of muscle- contraction in the mollusca which are unique in the animal kingdom. For these we must thank, in great part, Simroth,!> to whom, indeed, must be given the palm for original work and observation on that group of living beings over which I hope all the readers of this journal are enthusiastic. If the under surface of the foot of a snail be watched as it crawls along a glass plate it will be observed that a wave passes along the foot while the animal bends from side to side. These two movements are accomplished by two different sets of fibres and by two different modes. ‘The former set run longitudin- ally in the substance of the foot (extensile fibres), the latter in an oblique direction (contractile fibres). The extensile fibres are the active agents in locomotion and cause an exten- sion of the foot; the contractile fibres cause a shortening of the
?
~
* “Vergleichend-histochemische Untersuchungen iiber das Glycogen.’ Arch, Mikr. Anat., xxv, pp. 259—404. 3 «On the Meaning of the Glycogenic Function in the Mollusca.”
~
14 “Ueber die electrische Erregung der Schliessmuskel von Anodonta.” S. B. Ak., Wien, xci., pp. 29—96.
15 «Tie Thatigheit der willktirlichen Muskulatur unserer landsch- necken.” Z. Wiss, Zool., xxx, suppl. vol., pp. 166—224.
‘‘Die Bewegung unserer landschnecken.” Of. cc?¢., xxxii., pp. 284—322.
“Ueber die Bewegung und das Bewegungsorgan von Cyclostoma elegans, und der einheimischen Schnecken iiberhaupt.” Of. cét., xxxvi,
pp. 1—67. Z. ges Naturw. (2) v, pp. 500—504.
52 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
foot and a swaying from side to side of the animal’s body. The latter act, as their name implies, by contractions, and only with persistent waves of change passing along the nerves from the ganglia to the fibres. The latter do not contract at all, but become extended by a coagulation of their muscle-plasma (myosin?) which begins at one end and advances along the whole length of each fibre. This coagulation can only take place when the lacunz of the pedal muscle are filled with blood, and a s¢zg/e impulse from the pedal nerves is enough to set it into action, after which it proceeds without the inter- vention of any nervous agency. ‘The other interesting item is mentioned by A. Coutance (/oc. cit.) who states that the adductor muscle of Pecten is composed of two parts—one, containing striated fibres (‘ muscular’ part) and of a yellowish colour; the other, consisting of ordinary unstriped muscle-cells (‘ligamentous’ portion) and bluish-white in colour. The former portion, according to this author and H. von Ihering,*® closes the valves rapidly, the latter keeps them together when closed, so that the muscle, as a whole, is never at rest.
The pedal muscle of the snail can be thrown into a state of tetanus—~z. e., the fusion of a series of successive contractions into one continuous contraction—and here is another distinction from vertebrate unstriped muscle which is incapable of passing into a tetanic state of contraction. In this it resembles the striated muscle of the higher animals. The number of stimuli required in the case of the pedal muscle of the snail is ten per second ; for the sake of comparison we may state that the wing-
muscles of insects require three hundred. Seer See DS SSS
Limax flavus var. rufescens in West Lancashire.— Mr. W. H. Heathcote sent me last week a half-grown example of Limax flavus, which answers to Moquin’s description of this variety, taken in his wood-yard at Avenham Lane, Preston, where the species is not uncommon.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK.
*® Ueber Anomia. Z. Wiss, Zool., xxx Suppl. vol., pp. 13—27.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 53
THE MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY.
By CLIFFORD BURKILL anp J. T. MARSHALL.
(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. 15th, 1888, and recommended for publication by the referee, Alex. Somerville).
In the last number of the “ Journal of Conchology ” there appeared an account of the occurrence of Azgiope decollata at Scilly, and a lengthy examination of the dredgings from those Islands had yielded such additions to those already recorded, that further details were promised.
These additions number forty-seven, the majority being rare species—a not inconsiderable number to the full lists pub- lished in 1885 and 1886 by Messrs. Smart and Cooke ; and they were obtained by Mr. Burkill during a three months’ stay at St. Mary’s, where he was joined by Mr. B. Sturges Dodd in the month of August, when unfortunately the weather turned out unpropitious for dredging purposes; still a little was done, and a few of the undermentioned species were recorded by Mr. Dodd.
When it is remembered what a very fickle nature the climate of Scilly bears, and during a summer, moreover, when the weather was everywhere abnormal, it must be granted that Mr. Burkill has done good work in the time and with the means at his disposal.
The principal dredgings were taken off Menavawr Rock, in 40 fathoms; in St. Mary’s Sound, 35—40 fathoms; off Muncoy Neck Rock, in about 30 fathoms; and in Crow Sound. A good deal of shore collecting was also done, but with no particular results not already recorded. Moreover, not one favourable low spring tide occurred during the entire three months.
54 BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY.
Two new varieties appear in the following list which are additions to the British fauna—Cerithiopsis tubercularis var. albescens Marshall; and Pheline scabra var. circa Marshall.
It may be interesting to add that Helix revelata occurred at the roots of grass on the cliffs near the sea at St. Mary’s. Argiope decollata Chem.—Noticed fully in the last number
of the Journal.
A. cistellula S. Wood.—Menavawr. Valves only.
Modiolaria discors L.—St. Mary’s, in dwarf weeds between tide-marks.
Galeomma turtoni Ed. Zool. Jour.—Menavawr. Smart and Cooke in their Supplement record one valve, and another occurred to Mr. Burkill. ‘These valves had probably drifted from shallow water.
Lepton sulcatulum Jeff—Menavawr and Muncoy Neck. A dozen perfect specimens and many valves. This species has hitherto been considered peculiar to the Channel Islands (excepting its foreign stations), where it lives at low-water mark in dwarf seaweeds.
L. clarkize Clark.—Menavawr. Valves only.
Montacuta dawsoni Jeff—Menavawr. A single valve, but unmistakable. Although this shell is a comparatively recent discovery, found by the late Mr. Dawson in the Moray Firth, I am able to record it from four additiona localities—Donegal, Bartra Island in Killala Bay, Torbay, and now Scilly. I also found it not uncommon in dredgings from the coast of Greenland obtained during our last Arctic Expedition in 1875.
Tellina balaustina L.—St. Mary’s Sound. A fine valve in fresh condition.
Amphidesma castaneum Mont.—Menavawr, Muncoy, and St. Mary’s Sound. Valves are plentiful about the Land’s End and at Scilly, but the two first-named localities are notable as having yielded from each place a perfect adult example.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 55
Lyonsia norvegica Chem.—St. Mary’s Sound.
Cyclostrema cutlerianum Clark.—Menavawr and Muncoy Neck.
C. nitens Phil.—Menavawr and Muncoy Neck.
C. serpuloides Mont.—Dead at Menavawr and. Muncoy ; living under stones at low water mark, and also dredged living in Crow Sound.
Trochus granulatus Born.—St. Mary’s Sound. Messrs. Smart and Cooke record ‘‘a few dead and imperfect specimens,” but living examples were taken on this occasion.
Trochus granulatus var. lactea Jeff.—With the preceding, also living.
Lacuna puteolus Tur.—St. Mary’s, in weed at low water.
Rissoa striatula Mont.—Muncoy Neck.
R. calathus F. and H.—Muncoy Neck.
R. inconspicua Alder.—Muncoy Neck. This species is recorded as Scillonian, but with no authority, in a list of shells kept at Tresco Abbey. It may now be considered confirmed.
R. vitrea Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound. Smart and Cooke’s supposed £&. witrea were R. proxima, as altered in their Supplement.
R. soluta Phil.—St. Mary’s Sound, Muncoy Neck, and Menavawr.
Jeffreysia diaphana Alder.—St. Mary’s, in weed.
Skenea planorbis Fabr. — Under stones and on weeds between tide-marks.
Czecum trachea Mont.—Menavawr and Muncoy.
C. glabrum Mont.—St. Mary’s Sound, Menavawr, and Muncoy.
Aclis unica Mont.—Muncoy Neck.
A. ascaris Tur.—Muncoy Neck.
A. supranitida S. Wood.—St. Mary’s Sound.
A. gulsonze Clark.—Muncoy Neck and St. Mary’s Sound.
56 BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY.
Odostomia minima Jeff.—Menavawr. One specimen.
O. nivosa Mont.—Menavawr. This species is also recorded (as O. cylindrica) in the Tresco Abbey List, and now confirmed.
. truncatula Jeff.—Menavawr.
. lukisi JeffMenavawr and Muncoy Neck.
. albella Lov.—St. Mary’s, under stones between tide marks.
. rissoides Han.—St. Mary’s, confirming Abbey List.
. diaphana Jeff—Menavawr.
. obliqua Ald.—Menavawr.
. dolioliformis Jeff—Muncoy Neck.
. interstincta var. suturalis Phil.—Muncoy Neck.
. scalaris Phil.—St. Mary’s Sound and Menavawr. This confirms Smart and Cooke’s record in their Supplement.
. pusilla Phil.—Menavawr.
. scillae Scac.—Menavawr. One specimen only.
Adeorbis subcarinatus S. Wood.—St. Mary’s Sound. Dead
specimens.
Cerithium perversum var. pallescens Jeff—Menavawr. I recognised this pretty variety among some of Mr. Smart’s shells after his list was published.
Cerithiopsis tubercularis var. nana Jeff_—Menavawr and St. Mary’s Sound.
C. tubercularis var. albescens Marshall.—Shell of a pale straw colour. Dredged at Muncoy and Menavawr. Mr. Smart dredged some examples on the latter ground that were half white, gradually toning to light brown.
C. pulchella Jeff—Menavawr, Muncoy, and St. Mary’s. This is another species recorded in the Abbey List, and now
OO O00000000
confirmed.
Buccinum undatum L.—St. Mary’s. Smart and Cooke record ‘‘ very old and worn shells only ; exceedingly rare.” Five living examples were taken here.
Fusus gracilis var. convoluta Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound. The type is recorded in the Abbey List as / zslandius.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
BURKILL AND MARSHALL: MARINE SHELLS OF SCILLY. 57
Nassa incrassata var. minor Jeff.—Menavawr.
Defrancia purpurea var. philberti Mich.—Muncoy Neck.
Pleurotoma rugulosa Phil.—Muncoy Neck. A young and fresh example of this very rare shell.
P. rufa var. lactea Jeff.—St. Mary’s Sound.
Utriculus expansus Jeffi—Menavawr. A most interesting find. Several dead examples occurred of this very rare shell. Jeffreys gives the Shetland and Lofoden Islands for this species, but in addition to the Scilly locality now noted I can record it from the west coast of Ireland.
Philine scabra var. circa Marshall.—Shell having a broad white band round the body-whorl, and corresponding with the following variety. Dredged off Muncoy. ‘This form is rare, and I can record it from one other locality only— Killala Bay, on the west coast of Ireland.
P. catena var. zona Jeff.— Menavawr.
P. pruinosa Clark.—St. Mary’s Sound.
Aplysia punctata Cuv.—St. Martin’s Flats, between tide- marks. Very fine.
Spirialis retroversus Flem.—Menavawr, Muncoy, and St. Mary’s Sound.
The Rev. R. W. J. Smart has favoured us with the following unpublished additions to the Scilly List, which brings the Molluscan fauna of that region up to date :—
Pecten opercularis var. lineata Da Costa.—Menavawr and
St. Martin’s, alive (Smart and C. Jefferys).
Mytilus phaseolinus Phil.—Menavawr, small but numerous
(C. Jefferys).
Montacuta substriata Mont.—St. Martin’s Flats and
Pentle Bay, on spines of Spatangus purpureus, common
(C. Jefferys).
Loripes lacteus L.—St. Mary’s, living (C. Jefferys). Scrobicularia nitida Mill.—Identified among specimens of S. alba submitted to Mr. Marshall.
58 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
Rissoa cimicoides Forbes.—Also identified by Mr. Marshall among specimens of &. reticulata.
R. striatula Mont.—Menavawr, a large but broken specimen (A. H. Cooke).
Mr. Marshall has likewise identified the following Odostomie from the shells of that genus dredged by Messrs. Smart and Cooke :—
Odostomia rissoides Han.
O. rissoides var. dubia Jeff.
O. rissoides var. alba Jeff.
O. pallida var. angusta Jeff.
O. conoidea var. australis Jeff.
O. unidentata var. elata Jeff.
Akera bullata Mill.—Menavawr (A. H. Cooke). This is one of the species recorded by Lord Vernon, and now confirmed.
Sevenoaks, Torquay, December, 1888.
MEIER sop neta)
Obituary.
Sir David Barclay.
The loss of a veteran conchologist, Sir David William Barclay, tenth Baronet, which occurred at his residence, Holland Road, Kensington, on.the 23rd November, in his 85th year, is worthy of a short record in the Journal of Conchology. His long residence in the Mauritius enabled him to make, not only a fine collection of the Land and Marine Shells of that locality, but also to visit other Islands and Reefs, thereby adding many new and interesting forms toscience. His collections altogether contained about 17,000 species. On the occasion of my last visit to him, early in November, he had been unwell, but was then much better, and in capital spirits. We spent some hours in chatting and looking over some of his cabinets, and he recalled with great delight over a drawer of beautiful Mauritius Pectens, the various details concerning their capture. His name will be
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 59
temembered in connection with such shells as Cyclostoma Barclayanum, the rare and beautiful AZurvex Barclayz, and the unique Cyprea Barclayi, found by Sir David on the coral reefs of Diego Garcia, and now in the collection of my friend Miss Saul.— WALTER Crouch, F.Z.S.
Rev. Churchill Babington, D.D., F.L.S.
The death of this well-known naturalist, on the 12th January last, has removed from usa man remarkable for his varied attainments. In the department of botany he held a place among the first, having from his youth been an ardent student of the science. Born in 1821, he appears as a con- tributor to Potter’s ‘‘ History of Charnwood Forest,” both as a botanist and ornithologist. | Watson’s “ Botanist’s Guide to England and Wales,” Sir W. J. Hooker’s “ Journal of Botany,” and the “Flora of New Zealand,” were under obligations to him. His last work was the ‘‘ Catalogue of Suffolk Birds,” published in 1886, and the forthcoming “ Flora of Suffolk,” by Rev. Dr. Hind, has been carefully revised by him. Few equalled Dr. Babington as a classical archeologist. | His con- tributions to Smith and Cheetham’s “ Dictionary of Christian Antiquities ” upon medals, rings, glass, tombs, seals and inscrip- tions have received high commendation. Conchology was among his later acquisitions, having been regularly undertaken only about ten years ago. With his characteristic thoroughness he mastered first the British species, and then proceeded to form a fine collection of both British and exotic specimens. He purchased the shells formerly in the museum at Sudbury, Suffolk, and made many expeditions on the coasts of Great Britain and the Channel Isles. At the time of his death he was contemplating a complete catalogue of Suffolk shells. His removal, at the age of 67, will be widely felt, as his amiable dis- position was equal to his profound and varied learning.—C. G,
———4-0-¢—____
60 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO.
By T. D. A. COCKERELL.
EVER since July, 1887, I have had in preparation a detailed list of the mollusca of Colorado, which, however, cannot yet be considered complete, since records are still entirely lacking for very many of the counties, and one or two questions of nomen- clature still remain unsettled. It may therefore not be amiss to offer a few preliminary remarks on the subject, leaving details of precise localities, &c. to be given in the full list.
Previous REecorps.—The foundation of Colorado Con- chology was laid by E. Ingersoll, who enumerated some forty- two species in a paper in Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, 1875. Since that date various notes and records have appeared, which, how- ever, have not added greatly to our knowledge of the mollusca of the State. These, together with Ingersoll’s contributions, bring the number of recorded species up to forty-eight, to which I can now add eleven, making a total of fifty-nine. This will seem an exceedingly small number to European Concholo- gists ; but the paucity of species of mollusca is the most promi- nent feature of this region as compared with the eastern states and Europe.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES.— Besides the paucity of species there are other marked features, notably the great preponder- ance of boreal types—no less than twenty-five of the fifty-nine species being distinctly boreal—while several others approach thereto. There is but one species of slug, but that is variable, and was on this account divided into two by Ingersoll. Ayalina is abundant, and Patu/a well developed (though less so than in Utah), but excepting these and species of Muzcrophysa and Vallonia there is not a single He/7x—the great groups JZesodon,
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
COCKERELL: MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO. 61
Polygyra, &c. being wholly unrepresented. Cochlicopa lubrica occurs locally, and seems less variable than in Europe. Pxpa (including Vertigo) is well represented, but the group Leucochila is rare. Swccinea is frequent. Among freshwater species four species of operculata are on record, but they must be very scarce ; I never met with any of them. Zzmnea has several species of the Lzmnophysa group. Physa is fairly numerous, but Planorbis is poorly represented. Axcylus, Spherium, and Pisidium occur in the mountains, but Uzzo and Anodonta are only found in the north-east corner, almost in Nebraska.
Disrricrs.—Colorado presents very varying conditions at altitudes from 3,450 to 14,480 feet. Roughly, it may be divided into the eastern plains, the central mountain region, and the lower western portion. For more detailed work I have divided it into seventy-eight counties and vice-counties, which fall under nine heads, according to the great river-basins, as follows :—
(1). ATLANTIC SLOPE. (2). Pacrric SLOPE.
a. Platte—17. é. San Juan.—5. 6. Republican.—4. J Welores==6: c. Arkansas.—19. -g. Grand.—1 7. d. Rio Grande.—6. A. White.—1.
z. Bear.—3.
Platte.—This division is characterised by several species, found in Lodge Pole Creek, in Logan County, by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson, and at present known to occur nowhere else in the state, viz :—Limnea modicella Lea, Physa virgata Gould, Planorbis bicarinatus Say, Unio occidens Lea, Anodonta ferrusaciana Lea, and A. plana Lea. All but one of these are now recorded for Colorado for the first time.*
* Mr. C. T. Simpson also found the following species in the Platte district in S.W. Nebraska, quite close to Colorado ; they are not yet known for our state, but may be looked for in its N.E. portion :— Lzmnea bulimoides Lea, Physa gyrina Say, Planorbis exacutus Say, P. armigerus Say, Pupa fallax Say, P. armifera Say, P. contracta Say, Zonites minus- culus Binn., and young shells of what are probably Unzo gractls Barnes.
62 COCKERELL: MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO.
Republican.—Records are at present entirely wanting ; probably some of the eastern Unionide, &c. may exist, the neigh- bouring state of Kansas boasting no less than forty-nine species of Unio, two of Margaritana, and twelve of Azo- donta, while Nebraska has also numerous species belonging to these genera.
Arkansas.—The eastern portion of this division has no records as yet, but Anodonta dejecta Lewis, Unio lachrymosus Lea, and other species occur in the Arkansas River in Kansas. The mountainous portion of the Arkansas basin is the eastern limit of a few species belonging to the Rocky Mountains, Agriolimax montanus Ing., and Patula coopert Binn., extending as far east as Pueblo Co., while Patula cronkheitet Newe.,* Microphysa ingersollii Bland, Pupa Blandi Morse, P. corpulenta Morse, and P. alticola Ing., have been found in Western Custer Co. Vitrina pellucida Miill. occurs in Custer Co., and V. Pfeiffer Newc. in Lake Co., Hyalina radiatula Alder in Custer and Pueblo Cos., and the var. wividescenti-alba Jeffr.t in Custer Co., @. arborea Say is frequent in Custer, Chaffee, and Pueblo Cos.; in Custer Co. Patula striatella Anth. is found abundantly with it, as well as Conulus fulvus and Helix pulchella var. costata. Cochlicopa lubrica Mill. occurs abundantly near Swift Creek, in Custer Co., at about 8,400 feet altitude. The species of Puga are numerous and puzzling. ‘The common species in Custer Co. is P. blandit Morse, which presents various forms, one of which Mr. C. F. Ancey, to whom specimens were sent, refers to P. digranata Rossm. Probably they are all refer- able to P. marginata Drap. as varieties. Dr. V. Sterki remarks that specimens of one of these forms which I sent
* This ascends as high as 10,000 feet altitude. Mr. H. A. Pilsbry informs me that it is probably to be considered a variety of the European P. ruderata Stud.
+ H. viridula of American authors: it seems to me identical with the European form.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889,
COCKERELL: MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO. 63
him are very much like P. dadia (marginata) from Anti- costi I. and also greatly resemble P. ster7z vy. Voith from Geissberg, Switzerland, of which he has been good enough
to send me specimens. Then there is a small species which
I have provisionally called P. coloradensis sp. noy., but forbear to describe it until it has been compared by Mr. Pilsbry with authentic specimens of P. Rowells Newc. The only two Colorado species of the Lewcochila section
are also from this district,—P. avrizonensis Gabb, from El Paso Co. according to Tryon (but not found since), and a minute Leucochila which I have found very sparingly at about 8,400 feet in West Custer Co., to which I have given the name PP. montanella sp. nov., but do not describe it pending further investigations. Dr. v. Sterki writes that he has obtained a minute Leucochila from Minnesota, which is very distinct from all other species,
and suggests that it may be identical with mine. Succinea avara Say occurs in Custer and Pueblo Cos., and another species, doubtfully referred to S. stretchiana Bland, is from Chaffee Co. 5S. pfeifferi Rossm. is found at West Cliff in Custer Co. at 7,700 feet altitude. Lizmnea truncatula Mill is abundant in Custer Co., the only other Lzmnaa known from the district being a variety or sub-species of
L. palustris, from Chaffee Co. Physa hypnorum and a small variety of P. heterostropha Say, occur near West Cliff, Custer Co., while the hot springs at Wellsville pro- duce a very distinct sub-species of P. heterostropha, which
I call P. cupreonitens sp. nov.* No species of Planorbis
* P, cupreonitens; parvula, nitida, pellucida, cuprascens. Smooth, pellucid, shiny, red brown or copper colour, whorls 4, somewhat convex, suture rather deep; spire sub-acute, of moderate length; mouth pearly within, oval, inclining to pyriform, not greatly attenuated above. Columella slender, straight. Inner lip a whitish film, not thickened. Long. 7%, lat. 4% mill.; spire, long. 2% mill. Forms somewhat analogous to this are Physa hypnorum var. cuprella, from Sussex, England, and especially Physa
acuta var. minima, which is only 7 mill. long, shiny and semitransparent, but of a PALE HORN COLOUR instead of coppery. It, like P. cupreonztens,
64 COCKERELL : MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF COLORADO.
is yet known from the Arkansas division, while the only bivalves are Pusidium variabile Prime and P. pusillum Gmel. from Custer Co., the latter going up to above 11,000 feet altitude.
Rio Grande.—Not much is known of the Mollusca of this district. In Hinsdale Co. Ingersoll reports Planorbis plexatus Ing. and P. parvus Say from St. Mary’s Lake, and a Limnea aff. rowelliz Tryon was found in Rio Grande Co., while I have found Agziolimax montanus Ing., Vitrina pellucida Miull., Patula cronkhetted Newc., Succinea avara Say, Physa heterostropha Say, and Pist- dium pusillum Gmel. in Saguache Co., and Ingersoll reports a few species from the same county.
San Juan.— Known only from Ingersoll’s records—Vitrina Pfeifert, Fyalina arborea, Hl. conspecta, Microphysa inger- sollt, Pupa alticola, Pupa “Californica Rowell,” Succinea “lineata Binn.,” Limnea stagnalis, L. ferruginea, Physa cooperi, &c. Mr. C. F. Ancey, who has examined Inger- soll’s specimens, informs me that the “4S. Zeata” are mostly S. avara Say (S. “éneata does, however, occur in Colorado—Binney records it from Este’s Park, in the Platte division) and that the “?. californica” belong to a distinct species, which he proposes to call Pupa ingersolli Ancey. Mr. H. A. Pilsbry had previously expressed to me (in ttt.) his doubt whether Ingersoll’s Calfornica was really that species.
Dolores.—Records are at present entirely wanting.
Grand.—The principal recorded species are Patula strigosa, Pupa marginata, Succinea nuttalliana, S. rusticana, Limnea desidiosa, and Physa wolfiana. 1 have found fyalina radiatula in Mesa and Garfield Cos., and var. viridescenti-alba in Mesa Co. Conulus fulvus occurs in
was found in a HOT spring, at Salut, near Bigorre, Pyrenees, where it was associated with (WVerztina thermal’s Boubée. I am indebted to Mr. C. F. Ancey for specimens of this interesting variety of P. aczta.
J.C., vi., Jan., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 65
Summit, Garfield, Mesa, and Delta Cos. Patula cooper is perhaps more abundant than in any other district, and LP. striatella occurs freely—its white variety was found near the Mam Mountains, Mesa Co. Microphysa ingersollit occurs on the Grand Mesa, at over 9,000 feet, and from Surface Creek, Delta Co., I obtained Pupa Landi Morse, L. corpulenta Morse, and a species referred by Mr. Pilsbry to P. rowellit Newe. Physa heterostropha abounds in the Gunnison River, and /. e//iptica Lea has its only known Colorado station in Gunnison Co. Azcylus fragilis Tryon was found on boulders in Buzzard Creek, and Spherium occidentale Prime occured in a pond near Black Lake— both these species are additions to the Colorado list. A small Prsidium, having apparently somewhat the same relation to P. pusillum that P. roseum has to P. nitidum, is provisionally called P. mesa. It is from the southern slope of the Grand Mesa, in Delta Co. ; it may prove to be but a variety of P. pust//um.
White.—No records are at present forthcoming. Bear.—Records entirely wanting.
PAaLHONTOLOGY.—The fossil mollusca have been dealt with by White and others at some length. Species of Os/vea, Pleurotomaria, Inoceramus, Productus, Rhynchonella, Tere- bratula, &c., &c., have been discovered. I have an undeter- minable fragment of Ammonites from Pueblo Co.
ul
ee
Helix nemoralis m. sinistrorsum in Middlesex.—I took a specimen of this variety while collecting shells last September, on the railway bank at West Drayton, Middlesex. It is a dead shell but in fairly good condition.—F. G. Frnn, Syon Lodge, Isleworth, October, 1888.
66 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
NOTES AND CRITICAL REMARKS ON A DONATION OF SHELLS SENT TO THE MUSEUM OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
Tene SRONSUN| MBIRAVAOSIRS IID Sue) (CoG ZeSuy NICS,
(Read before the Conchological Society, Dec. r5th, 1887.
Murex Brazieri Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson, New South Wales; found in shell-sand thrown up after south-east gale.
Triton (Cumia) speciosa Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson.
Tritonidea Australis Pease= 7: assimilis Angas (non Reeve). —Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water.
Ranella pulchella Sowerby = Biplex perca Perry. Curtis, Queensland, N.E. Australia ; ten fathoms.
Zemira Australis=Zburna~ Australis Sowerby. — Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms ; rare.
Nassa Jonas! Dunker= Wassa labecula A. Adams.—Rose Bay, Port Jackson. Found in small pools on sandy mud flats.
N. paupera Gould=M™. rufocincta Angas (non A. Adams).— Hunters Bay, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found with AZurex Brasiert. The Massa rufocincta A. Adams is the J. versicolor of C. B. Adams. Mr. Angas named the Port Jackson species WV. rufocineta.
N. immersa Carpenter.—Duke of York Island, New Britain. A very common species found crawling on sandy mud flats
Port
at half tide ; used by natives to adorn their dresses and for armlets, &c. This is evidently a MS. name of Carpenter, have not been able to find out where described.
J.G., vi., Apr., 1889,
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 67
Purpura neglecta Angas=Uvosalpinx Tritontformts Tryon. --Watson Bay, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water. Mr. Tryon is evidently wrong, or he never saw this species, if he had he would never have placed it where it is in Urosalpinx.
Latiaxis nodosa A. Adams.—Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water, spring tides.
Olivella nympha Adams and Angas.—Cabbage-Tree Bay, Manly Beach, New South Wales. Obtained from shell sand after S.E. gales. They are finer than those found in Port Jackson.
O. leucozona Adams and Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found with Alurex Brasieri.
O. triticea Duclos=O. pardaiis Adams and Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found in shell sand A variable species in the marking. In two hours I found 50 specimens in a small nook in the rocks at Hunters Bay.
Amalda oblonga Sowerby.—Green Point, Watsons Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms.
Mitra rhodia Reeve=JZ. badia Angas (non Reeve).—Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson. Found under stones at low water, spring tides. This species was always returned, named by Mr. Angas, as A@tra badia Reeve.
Columbella lineotata Pease (Brazier)=C. dermestoides Angas (non Kiener).—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found with Afurex Braziert. ‘There appears to be some confusion about this very pretty and interesting species, and I will endeavour to clear it up. On the 30th and 31st of October, 1870, I sent to Mr. Pease, of Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands, a large collection of Australian and Polynesian shells, and in that lot I sent a number of specimens of Columbella dermestoides Angas. Mr. Pease wrote me November 26th, 1870, acknowledging the arrival of my things, so that I may just as well quote the words from his letter, at present before me. ‘The Co/umbella
68
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA,
dermestoides which you have sent you may place in your collection as <Amycla tlineolata Pease. Dermestoides: is a variety of Vassa cornicula Medit., and not your shell, though near it. It is intermediate between the Genera Nassa and Columbella, the inner lip being smooth and columella truncate at base. Pray send me all the speci- mens you can spare, especially varieties.” In another letter, the last he wrote, dated January 27th, 1871, “‘ I wrote you before that I have described the species which Angas called Columbella dermestoides to C. lineolata. 1 have discovered since that the Mediterranean shell belongs to genus ‘ Amycla’ while your species is a true Columbella,
~the columella being dentate or laminate. J have been
obliged to change the name to Col. maculata.” Having found that Mr. Pease’s last name was preoccupied, I wrote to him on the subject, but alas, he had gone over to the silent majority. I had distributed a large number of
specimens under Mr. Pease’s first name and consider it _.
a
best to retain it. Mr. Pease described it in the American —
Journal of Conchology, Vol. VII.. Part I. p. 22, August,
8)
1871, as Columbella macilosa, so that his name of /zzeolata had been in use twelve months before Mr. Tryon in MZanual
of Conchology Vol. V.-p. 138, says, “ This species was
described by Mr. W. H. Pease as C, maculosa, a name pre- occupied by Sowerby, having been previously confused by Mr. Angas with C. dermestordes Kiener, and by Mr. Brazier with C. /éneata Pease—which, apparently by a slip of the pen, he writes /7weolata. Pease’s description of /neata (1 have no specimen, and it has not been figured) scarcely covers this form, and I therefore give the species the name under which it is so well known to Australian collectors.” It will be seen by Mr. Pease’s letters there is no slip of the pen on my part, but to give honour to whom honour is due as I had every respect for the late William Harper Pease as a jolly good fellow.
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 69
C. Digglesi Brazier.— Port Curtis, Queensland, N.E. Australia; eight to ten fathoms. This differs from the type in being quite smooth and having the oblique reddish lines.
C. Digglesi var.——.—Port Curtis, Queensland, N.E. Australia ; eight to ten fathoms. ‘This variety is of a slender form with a broad white opaque band below the suture ; first three whorls smooth of a pinkish tinge, the fourth with two narrow reddish bands, fifth with three oblique bands, the sixth and last with nine to ten oblique reddish lines.
C. Tayloriana Reeve=C. albomaculata Angas.—Long Bay, near Sydney, N.S.W. Found in vast numbers in shell sand thrown up after S.E. gales. I consider Columbella alboma.ulata Angas, a synonym of C. Zaylorianus Reeve, an opinion I stated in 1883 in the Proc. of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, p. 228. The Rey. Robert Boog Watson in his report on the Gasteropoda collected by H.M.S. Challenger, Vol. XV. p. 235 considers it to be C. albomaculata Angas; he says, ‘ Mr. Tryon considers Angas’ species==Columbella Tayloriana Reeve. His types in the British Museum seemed to me to be Columbella Lincolnensis Reeve; but I should have united that and
several others to Columbella acuminata Menke.” 1 attach very little value to Mr. Cuming’s types, for he always had the knack of replacing what he considered better specimens for the actual types, therefore the value of the types are lost. Columbella Lincolnensis Reeve, Columbella acuminata Menke, is C. WWenkeana Reeve; Columbella albomaculata Angas, is C. Zayloriana Reeve. The three species cannot be confounded. I give my opinion from having collected some hundreds of the three species ; in marking, Wc. there are not two specimens alike. Angas’ types of his C. albomaculata were collected by me and sent to him in 1866, Reeve’s enlarged figure of C. Zayloriana is very good, and his description-to the point in every respect; the natural length of Reeve’s figure is 1144 millimetres. Some
70 BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA.
very fine specimens that I have from Middle Harbour measure 22 millimetres. Reeve’s type was described from the collection of the late Mr. Thomas Lombe Taylor and not from the Cuming collection, as quoted by the Rev. Robert Boog Watson, and the locality, north-west Australia, as quoted by Reeve is also wrong.
Natica euzona Recluz=WJ. areelata Angas (non Recluz).-— Green Point, Watsons Bay, Port Jackson; eight fathoms. Mr. Angas quotes this species in his list of Mollusca found in Port Jackson in Proc. of Zoo. Soc., London, p. go, 1871, as areolata Recluz. I quite agree with the Rev. R. B. Watson that this is 4. ewzona Recluz, after reading up Recluz’s original description and his figure given in the French Journal de Conch., 1850, Vol. 1., pl., 14, fig. 3.
Crossea concinna Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour. Found in shell sand washed in after S.E. gales. Specimens also from between Balls Head and Goat Island, Port Jackson ; eighteen fathoms.
Apicalia fulvescens A. Adams=£Zulima Caledonica Morelet. Nouméa, New Caledonia. Found on the dorsal surface of a species of Asterias in 1865-1873; quite common. I sent specimens of this species to the British Museum, and they have been compared by Mr. E. A. Smith, F.Z.S., with A. Adams’ types and they are pronounced by him to be just the same, so that Morelet’s name must fall as a synonym.
Euryta trilineata Adams and Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found in shell sand after S.E. gale.
Surcula Oweni=/leurotoma Oweni Gray.— Green Point, Watsons Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms.
Drillia Metcalfei Angas=Dyrzl/ia Sinensis Tryon (non Hinds). Green Point, Watsons Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms. There is a vast specific difference between this species and the Drillia Sinensis Hinds, that Mr. Tryon wishes to con- nect it with; having myself dredged the typical form of
J.C. vi., Apr., 1889.
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 71
Dritlia Sinensts Hinds, in Torres Straits, I should be very sorry to lump it and Dri//ta Metcalfei Angas, as one species.
D. Angasi Crosse.—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. This species is always distinct and need never be confused with Driliia Beraudiana Crosse, as Mr. Tryon pleases to make it asynonym. The Driddia Angasi Crosse, has always got longitudinal ribs, and never tuberculated at the shoulder whereas D. Beraudiana Crosse is strongly tuberculated at the shoulder and the last whorl is larger and more inflated.
Daphnella mitralis=Ze/a mitral’s Adams and Angas.— Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson. Found in shell sand.
D. Jacksonensis=Mangelia jacksonensis Angas.— Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson.
Clathurella zonulata Angas.—Hunters Bay, Middle Har- bour, Port Jackson.
Neritina Turtoni Recluz.—Rewa River, Viti Levu Island, Viti or Fiji Islands. Some of my original specimens obtained in 1865.
N.adumbrata Reeve.—Wano or Wanga Creek, San Christoval Island, Solomon Islands. Some of my original specimens obtained during my visit in 1865.
Pirenella Layardi A. Adams.—Mud Bay, Cape York, N. Australia. Found on mud flats.
Melania Queenslandica E. A. Smith.—Cardwell, Rocking- ham Bay, Queensland, N.E. Australia.
M. Tatei Brazier—JZ fe¢rica Conrad (non Gould).—Port Curtis, Queensland.
M. Balonnensis Conrad=JZ. oncoides Tenison-Woods.— Hay, Murrumbidgee River, New South Wales. The species called Aelanzta oncoides by Tenison-Woods are only AZelania Balonnensis Conrad. We have Woods’ types in the Australian Museum. They were also described from dead and worn specimens.
72 BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA:
Hydrobia Brazieri E. A. Smith=Amnccola positura Petterd. —South Grafton, Clarence River, New South Wales. Found in a freshwater stream on plants and wood with Zatea ruji- labris A. Adams. ‘This species was first described by Mr. E. A. Smith in the Linnean Society’s Journal, London, Vol Ep. 260, pl 7, aie, read aprile ers aio on, published April 6th, 1882, and in 1884 Mr. Petterd re- described it in the Journal of Conchology, No. 5, Vol. IV. p. 159, from Richmond River, N.S.W. I have it from Lis- more, Richmond River, and a large number of specimens from the late Mr. Geoffrey Neville, who collected them in small water-holes about Brisbane, Queensland, when on a visit to that place for the benefit of his health. In October, 1871, I sent a number of specimens to Monsieur H. Crosse, Paris, but I never heard what they were. Later on I sent it to Mr. Tryon and he supposed it to be one of Frauen- feld’s species, a view that I did not hold with. At the time I collected the specimens I now send the Society I named itin MS. Ammncola carinata.
Tatea rufilabris=Dveala rujilabris A. Adams= Aydrobia rufi- labris E. A. Smith=Sythinia huonensis Tenison-Woods =Bithynia huonensis Petterd.—South Grafton, Clarence River, N.S.W. Found in a freshwater creek or stream. This species was first described by Mr. A. Adams in the Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1862, p. 298, as a Diala, from dead and worn specimens. The-Reyv. Tenison-Woods described it as Bythinta huonensts in the Proc. Royal Society of Tasmania, 1875, p. 71, and in 1878 erected it into a new genus as Zatea. The species has a wide range. I first found it in brackish water above the dam at Cooks River, New South Wales, in 1864, then again at Grafton, Clarence River, in a freshwater stream; it has also been found in Tasmania by the Rey. Tenison-Woods, Lieut. C. E. Beddome, and W. F. Petterd ; Melbourne, Victoria, by Tenison-Woods, Petterd, and Kershaw.
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. We
Hemistomia Caledonica Crosse = Rissoa (Hemistomia) Caledonica Sowerby.—Prony Bay, New Caledonia. Found on plants and reeds in freshwater pools and holes: with water. Mr. G. B. Sowerby in the twentieth volume of Reeve’s Conch. Icon. places this genus in Rissoa, and informs us that ‘‘ This shell bears so strongly the aspect of a true typical Rissoa that, in the absence of an operculum, it seems difficult to understand whya new genus should be created for it.” It is quite evident that Mr. Sowerby never had the species before him but the figure from the French Journal de Conch., 1872.
Paludina sublineata Conrad=F. folita Von Martens (non Viv. polita Frauenfeld).—Hay, Murrumbidgee River, New South Wales. Found in small running streams, specimens generally covered with mud.
P. Essingtonensis Shuttleworth.—Cardwell, Rockingham Bay, Queensland, N.E. Australia.
Turritella Australis Lam. = 7. granulifera Tenison-Woods. —Port Arthur, Tasmania. This species is very common, and always more or less broken at the aperture; Kiener gives a splendid figure of it in his ‘‘Coquilles Vivantes.”
Adeorbis plana A. Adams.—Port Denison, Queensland. Found in beach debris thrown up after a gale. I am under great obligation to my ever esteemed friend, Mr. E. A. Smith, of the British Museum, for comparing them with Mr. A. Adams’ types in the British Museum.
Zizyphinus Poupineli Montrouzier = Z. comptus A. Adams (non Zvochus comptus Philippi).—Hunters Bay, Middle Harbour, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found on beach after south-east gale. This species was first described by A. Adams, in “Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1854,” p. 38, as Lisyphinus comptus, and re-described by Souverbie, in the Hrench) “Journal de. Conch., 1875,” p. 40, pl. iv, fig. 6, as Zrochus (Zisyphinus) Poupineli.- A. Adams’ specific name of comptus being used by Philippi in the ‘“Concho-
74 BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA.
logical Cabinet,” second edition ; Montrouzier’s name must be retained for the New Caledonian and Australian species. It is rare to be obtained living under stones at low water spring tides.
Clanculus clangulus Gray = C. clanguloides Angas (non Gray).—Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found under stones, low water spring tides. ‘This species Mr. Angas quotes in his list of Port Jackson Mollusca as Clanculus clanguloides Gray. Vhe Clanculus clanguloides of Gray is found at the Island of Art, New Caledonia, and not in Port Jackson, and is figured in “Wood Index Test.,” pl. 6, fig. 39, Supplement. The present species, C/an- culus clangulus Gray, is also figured in the same work on plate 5, fig. 31, and a very fine figure it is. _
C. floridus Philippi = C. g7dbosus Angas (non A. Adams).— Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found under stones at low water spring tides. Mr. Angas quotes this in his list of Port Jackson Mollusca as Clancudus gibbosus. The figure of C. foridus Philippi, in the “Con- chological. Cabinet,” is of rather too bright a colour; I fancy it is figured from a specimen that has been exposed to the rays of the sun.
C. homalomphalus A. Adams.-—Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found under stones with the two former species.
_ Gena nigra Quoy and Gaimard = G. sévigata Angas (non A. Adams). — Bottle and Glass Rocks, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found under stones at low water spring tides. Mr. Angas quotes this in his list of Port Jackson mollusca as Gena strigata A. Adams. The specimens in the Australian Museum, Sydney, were named by Mr. Angas as Gena nigra Quoy and G., the specimens I turned out a few months ago so named, and in his own handwriting.
Buccinulus affinis A. Adams.—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson, N.S.W. ; eight fathoms.
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889,
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 75
Bullina lineata Gray = dplustrum scabrum R. B. Watson (non Chemnitz).—Coogee Bay, Sydney, N.S.W. Found in rock pools. ‘This very pretty species was first described by Dr. John Edward Gray, in 1825, in the “Annals of Philosophy,” vol. ix., p. 408, as Bulla lineata from New Holland. The authors since Gray quote it as of Wood. The Rev. Robert Boog Watson, in the “ Challenger Report,” vol. xv, p. 633, calls it Aplustrum scabrum Chemnitz. The latter species is quite distinct from Gray’s species in not being spirally banded with red lines. Chemnitz, in his description of Bu//a scabra, only mentions longitudinal rose-red lines, and his figure only shows them as such. They only show as such in the figure given in “Wood’s Index Test,” Hanley’s Edition, pl. xviii., fig. 28. The figure and description given in Reeve “Conch. Icon.” is not the Bulla scabra of Chemnitz. The figure in “Sowerby’s Thes. Conch. Bulla,” pl. 120, fig. 1, does not represent Chemnitz’s species. Mr. A. Adams, the author of the monograph in that work, gives Chemnitz’s descrip- tion, but Mr. Sowerby figures something else showing longitudinal and transverse rose-red lines. JI have a true Bulla scabra Chemnitz marked in every way mentioned by that author. I obtained it thirty years ago, near Sydney Heads, in twenty fathoms. It is larger than Bulla lineata Gray, and does not show the transverse rose-red markings that are found in Gray’s species. I hold that they are two distinct species—Aulla scabra Chemnitz and B. dineata Gray. As Mr. Angas and myself have observed that Bud/a lineata has an operculum it should be placed in the genus Acteon = Tornatella ; if not it must be erected into a new genus.
Alexia meridionalis Brazier.—Port Adelaide, South Aus- tralia.
Plecotrema typica H. and A. Adams.—Prony Bay, New Caledonia. This species appears to have a wide range.
76 BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA.
I have found it also in various parts of ‘Port Jackson, such as the head of Middle Harbour, under stones in damp places, near small runs of fresh water. —
Planorbls Gilberti Dunker.—Lillesmere Lagoons, Burdekin River, Queensland.
Segmentina Australiensis E. A. Smith. —Swamps and watercourses, Waterloo, near Sydney, N.S.W. Mr, Edgar A. Smith informs me that he thinks that his Segmendina Victoria may prove to be only a variety of his S. Austra- fiensts. Of the vast number I sent the British Museum he says that in some he found they had the internal lamelle, and others wanting it altogether. To settle the point a large series of the Victorian shell is required. From what I see of the few specimens of the S. Victorie that I have I conclude that Mr. Smith is correct as to its being S. Australiensis. ee.
Helix Nove-Hollandiz Gray = ZH. dupuyana Pfr.—Man- arm Creek, Bellenger River, N.S.\W. Found under logs on the ground.
H. Kusteri Pfr.—Ponope, Caroline Islands. Found under decayed wood and leaves in damp ground.
H. eustoma Pfr. = 4. erinaceus Pfr.—Uji Island, Solomon Island.
H. Broadbenti Brazier.—Laloki and Goldie Rivers, British
New Guinea.
H. Goldiei Brazier = &. oxystoma E. A. Smith (non Thomae). —Laloki and Goldie Rivers, and foot of the Mount Owen, Stanley Range, British New Guinea.
H. Strabo Brazier= H katauensis Tapparone Canefri.— Krema District, Maclachie Point, foot of the Albert Range of Mountains, British New Guinea. The type of this species I collected in 1874, in the “ Chevert ” Expedition, at the Katan River, on the west side of the Gulf of Papua. The specimens sent the Society are from the east side of
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
BRAZIER ; NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. ad
the Gulf. The species described by Dr. Tapparone Canefri are one of the many varieties of my & strado.
H. Rehsei Von Martens = H. Gerrard: E. A. Smith.—Foot of Mount Owen, Stanley Range, British New Guinea.
H. Bazini Crosse.—Artillery Point, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
H. Turneri Pfr. = 4. occlusa Gassies.—Ducos Peninsula, Nouméa, New Caledonia. Gassies’ species is only the young form of A. Zurnert Pir.
H. brumeriensis Forbes.—Millport Harbour, British New Guinea.
H. Moseleyi E. A. Smith.—Wild Island, Admiralty Islands.
H. Labillardierei E. A. Smith.—Wild Island, Admiralty Islands.
H. Megei Lambert.—Prony Bay, New Caledonia.
Zonites cellarius Miiller—=e/ix Sydneyensis Cox.—Sydney, N.S.W. Found in my back yard under a water cask, 1886.
I have also enclosed a small parcel with specimens from ~ Tasmania. BY ASS
Bulimus Cleryi Petit—Wano or Wanga, San Christoval, Solomon Islands. This species is rare to be obtained in a perfect and good condition with the epidermis on. Wano, on the north-east side of San Christoval, appears to be the home of it. During a stay of fourteen days at Makira,_ Harbour, on the opposite side of the island, I only found two specimens with imperfect lips.
B. miltocheilus Reeve-—Wano or Wanga, San Christoval, Solomon Islands. Typical form all white, with vermilion lip. Found on the leaves of trees. Some of my original lot obtained in 1865.
B. miltocheilus var.—Reeve.—Uji or Gulf Island, Solomon Islands. Shell, very, dwarf; straw yellow, with blood red
lip, Found’on palm tree trunks, some six to twenty feet from the ground. Obtained in 1865.
B. Christovalensis = 2. San-Christovalensis Cox. — Re-
cherche Bay, San Christoval Island, Solomon Islands. I
78 BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA.
was the first to obtain this species in 1865. I obtained five specimens in the possession of hermit crabs, one specimen, a very good one, I sent to my esteemed friend, Mr. G. F. Angas, in 1869. Mr. Angas, having returned specimen with the appended in his own handwriting, my number with the specimen was 36 :—‘ This may be a monstrous growth of the above [the above refers to my number 35, since called B. Hargravest Cox], and is very like B. elobatus with a produced spire, which may be, as often is, merely a local growth. However, until I see more of them it would be unsafe to make new species of what may at the best be merely accidental varieties of some already known species. This group of Bulimi run into one another, and are sadly perplexing to determine. Both shells have been carefully examined and compared by Mr. H. Adams and myself, and we both agree it is not safe to describe them as new species at present.” ‘This was described by Dr. Cox, in «Proc Zook, Soc. of Eanden:> sao, p- 172, pl xvi5 fig. 7, as Bulimus San-Christovalensts. ¥ think it far better to drop the San, and call it B. Christovalensts Cox.
B. Seemanni Dohrn.—Kandavu, Viti or Fiji Islands. These are some of my original specimens, obtained in 1865.
B. Hargravesi Cox.—Ulaua or Contrariété Island, Solomon Islands. When Cox described this species he gave the habitat Treasury Island, Solomon Islands. The species is not found there, having myself been through the group three times, and the only island in the group that it is found on is Ulaua or Contrariété Island. In my visit in 1865 I found one specimen, and in 1869 I sent it home to Mr. Angas to describe. I append his remarks on the species, my specimen being numbered 35 :—‘‘I should not like to describe the shell as a mez sfectes from this szzgle example. If you get more of them we may decide it. It is very close to some of the varieties of B. fuleuratus Jay and B. elobatus Gld., both from the Fijis. This shell and
J.C., vii, Apr., 1889.
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN: MOLLUSCA. 79
number 36 are remarkable as coming from the Solomon group.” This species was described by Cox in the “ Proc. Zool. Soc. of London,” in 1871, p. 323, pl. xxxiv, fig. 3, from a number of specimens said to have come from Treasury Island. Cox’s specimens were collected by Mr. Perry, who was stationed at the Island of San Christoval, and in his rounds through the group collecting trade obtained a large quantity of the Bulimi at Contrariété Island ; this informa- tion I received from him when at San Christoval in 1872, having carried the same specimen that I had collected in 1865. As soon as I showed Perry the specimen he said it is only found on the Island Ulaua, and from the informa- tion I received from him, that he must have obtained the specimens in 1869 or 1870; but, says he :—‘“‘ Your life is not safe there now [1872], through the kidnapping of the natives by the so-called labour vessels.” ;
B. Sellersi Cox.—Guadalcanar Island, Solomon Islands.
B. Kreffti Cox.—Florida Island, Solomon Islands. Some of my original lot collected in 1872.
B. Rossiteri Brazier.—Bonebondia, Nehone, north-west coast of New Caledonia. j
B. Loyaltyensis Souverbie.—Mare, Loyalty Islands, near New Caledonia.
B. pyrostomus Pfr. = Partula salomonis Pfr. (a mis- nomer).— Aneiteum, New Hebrides. Found under the tufts of grass. Dr. Pfeiffer first described this species as a Partula from the Solomon Islands in “ Proc. Zool. Soc. of Mondonr “165 2epmeus sand Tete =. Proc,“ for ste tyear 1860, p. 137, he re-describes the same shell for Mr. Cuming as &ulimus pyrostomus. J think that it is far better to retain the last specific name for the species, as it is only found in the New Hebrides, and not in any island of the Solomon group. ‘These are some of my original specimens that I collected in 1865 in the mountain ranges of the Island of Aneiteum.
80 B.
B.
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA.
fuligineus Pfr.—Aneiteum, New Hebrides. Found under tufts of grass in the mountain ranges in company of J#. pyrostomus Pfr. .
dux Pfr.—Bald Head, King George’s Sound, south-west coast of Australia.
Hombroni Crosse = &. Founaki Hombron and Jac- — quinot.—Ysabel, Solomon Islands. I quite agree with. M. Crosse in changing the specific name of this species to B. Hombront, for the name given by Hombron and Jac- quinot is quite absurd, it beingjthe native name for that shell, “ Founak.” Mr. E. A. Smith records it from Faro Island, Bougainville Straits, collected by Dr. H. B. Guppy. During my last visit to ‘the Solomons in 1872 I also found it on Treasury Island with /e/7x Hombront Pfr. The specimens I sent of 4. Hombront Crosse are some of my original ones obtained in 1865.
Partula Layardi Brazier (protype).—Tuker Tuker, Vate or 2
Sandwich Island, New Hebrides. Found under rocks and dead leaves.
P, Layardi var. alba Brazier (type). Shell all white with
fine thickened reflected peristome.
Vertigo Rossiteri Brazier = Pupa Strange var. Cox.—South
Creek, N.S.W. Generally found under decayed leaves at the roots of trees. Cox figured it in his “‘ Monograph of Australian Land Shells,” 1868, as a variety of Pufa Strangei Pie.
Pupina Thomsoni Forbes.—Fitzroy Island, north-east coast
of Australia. Found at the roots of trees at the watering- place in 1871.
Petterdi Crosse=P. Macleayi Brazier. — Endeavour River, Queensland.—This species was first described by M. Crosse in the French “ Journal de Conchyliologie,” vol. KX, W874 jp $705 VOL, wxiil 918755 ps 14m. plo uhe-ns, as Pupina FPettard’; it should read Pupina Petterds.
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 8I
About the time that Crosse described it I had named it P. Maclayt , Crosse’s name has priority of some months.
Diplommatina Gowllandi Brazier.—Fitzroy Island, north- east coast of Australia. Some of my original specimens obtained in 1871.
Georissa miultilirata Brazier.—Fitzroy Island, north-east coast of Australia. Found with Diplommatina Gowllandi Brazier. ;
Helicina suprafasciata Sowerby. — Blanche Bay, New Britain.
Truncatella valida Pfr.—Prony Bay, New Caledonia.
T. Vitiana Gould.—Anse Vata, Nouméa, New Caledonia.
Corbula Smithiana Brazier = C. venusta Angas (non Gould).—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson; eight fathoms.
Mactra Jacksonensis E. A. Smith = Z7igonella pusilla Angas (non A. Adams).—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms.
Corbicula Nepeanensis Lesson.—Wollondilly River, N.S.W.
C. subleevigata E. A. Smith.—Marsdens Bridge, Wollon- dilly River, N.S.W.
Unio Beccarianus Tapparone-Canefri. New Guinea.
Fly River, British
U. Parramattaensis Lea. — Ponds in Parramatta Park, Parramatta, N.S.W.
Crenella varicosa Gould= C. s¢r#gata Angas(non Hanley).— Shark Point, Port Jackson, twelve fathoms.
Crenella varicosa Gould (zz s¢¢w).—Off Balls Head, Port Jackson ; fifteen fathoms. The bottom, at some seasons of the year, is covered many feet square with this species as sent zz sifu. In one day, at two hauls of the dredge, I obtained 4,000 specimens off Shark Point. Obtained in 1879; sample of them sent.
Trigonia Strangei A. Adams.— Port Jackson, near the Heads; 8-10 fathoms. Of this very rare species I have
F
82
BRAZIER : NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. ~
only ever obtained one single living specimen in thirty years. Dead and somewhat worn valves are often found in the dredge. I send the Society one of the best valves I have.
T. dubia Sowerby.—Mouth of the River Tamar, Tasmania. T. Lamarcki Gray = 7: pectinata Stutchbury (non Lam.)—
Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson, N.S.W.; eight fathoms.
Arca gubernaculum Reeve = A. chalcanthum Reeve =
A. luzonica Reeve. — Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson ; eight fathoms.
-Waldheimia flavescens Lam.= Zerebratula flavescens Lam.
= T. dentata Lam. = T. Australis Quoy = W. Australis King = Z. recurva Quoy.—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson. Found under rocks and stones, low water spring tides. Numerous specimens in bottle with spirits. Also a block of stone with five specimens of IV. Jiavescens and seven of Kraussina Lamarckiana adhering to it—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson.
Magasella Cumingi = Zerebratella Cumingi Davidson =
M.
Magas Cumingt Gray = Terebratula (Bouchardia) Cu- mingt Reeve = TZ: (Bouchardia) fibula Reeve.—South Reef, Port Jackson Heads, N.S.W.; seven fathoms. Fine living specimens. ‘The so-called Bouchardia fibula Reeve is only a large specimen of A/agasella Cumingz Davidson. As for the man Calvert having dredged it in Bass Straits in 200 fathoms, that is a myth of the highest order.
Cumingi Davidson.—Sow and Pigs’ Reef, Port Jackson ; five fathoms. Very large, and always found dead; of a white colour.
Megrelia pulchella=TZerebratula pulchella Sowerby=Megre-
lia sanguinea Davidson (non Chemnitz).—Green Point, Wat- son Bay, Port Jackson; eight fathoms. This pretty little species appears to have its home in Port Jackson, at various parts near the heads. My esteemed friend, Dr. Davidson, in
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
BRAZIER: NOTES ON AUSTRALASIAN MOLLUSCA. 83
his report on the Brachiopoda “‘ Voyage of the ‘Challenger, ” vol. i, pp. 20-52, identified it with Chemnitz’s species. Both species are quite distinct. Mr. Angas, in “ Proc. Zool. Soc., London,” 1871, p. tot, called it Zerebratella sanguinea Lam. from specimens that I had obtained dead at Green Point, in 1879. I sent specimens to Dr. Davidson, labelled as Alegerlia pulchella Sowerby, and on the 30th July, 1879, I received an answer from Dr. David- son as follows :—“ AZegerlia pulchella is a species with which I am not fully satisfied. It may be dzstzuct from Megerlia sanguinea; but most naturalists seem to believe that it merges into samguénea, and of which it may be a variety. I dare not yet pass a positive opinion on the subject, and for the present the name fulchella may be retained.” I published these notes in the “ Proc. Linnean Soc., of N.S.W.,” September 4th, 1879, vol. iv.; and in 1885 I sent Dr. Davidson a large series of Brachiopoda, from Port Jackson and the coast of N.S.W., and in his, I am sorry to say, last letter, dated Town Free Museum, Church Road, Brighton, 22nd July, 1885, he writes :— “T will say only a few words about two of the species that have interested me very much: first, about the Zsmenza puichella, 1 agree with you it is distinct from Z. sangucnea ; the second species is an extremely interesting species ; it is certainly not a Morrisia or Platidia, but more nearly resembles the Azretia gnomon of Jeffreys, and if new I will give it your name. I will study it with very great care, and in my next letter will tell you more about it.” This last species he named Azrefia Brazteri M.S. It has since been fully described by Miss Agnes Crane, in the “ Proc. Zool. Soc. of London,” 1886, p. 181. Only this year I have sent a series of MMegerlia pulchella to the British Museum, and I am pleased to say that my very great friend, Mr. Edgar A. Smith, coincides with my views and Dr. Davidson’s that JZ. pulchella is quite distinct from
84 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
M. sanguinea Chem.
Kraussina Lamarckiana = TZerebratella Lamarckiana Davidson= Kvraussia Lamarckiana Davidson = Kraussina Lamarckiana Davidson.—Green Point, Watson Bay, Port Jackson, N.S.W. Found under stones, low water spring tides. ‘Twenty-one specimens sent.
8
Bulimus Goodallii at Croydon.—In one of the hot houses in the garden of a neighbour this species occurs in such vast numbers that it recently became necessary to collect all the soil from that particular hot house and burn it, in the hope of exterminating them. These are the only British specimens that have come under my notice, but as more than thirty years have elapsed since Gray mentioned 4. Goodallit as acclimatised in this country they must surely have spread widely. Perhaps this note may be the means of drawing attention to them. I should add that these Croydon specimens are only about 5/gths of the size of the type from Guadaloupe.—KrENNETH McKean.
Note on the Marine Shells of Scilly.—In our paper on the above in the last number of the Journal the following species should be added :—Chiton cancellatus, Rissoa cingtllus var. rupestris, Odostomia Warrent. Montacuta Dawsont valve should read sfecitmen, and the number of additions should be jifty-two instead of forty-seven. — C. BurxkiLL and J. T. MARSHALL,
Helix aculeata Miill in S. Lancashire.—I have recently found this species at Farington, near Preston. It seems to be uncommon in this district, as I am only aware of three previous records.—W. H. HEaTHCOTE, Preston.
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 85
PROCEEDINGS or tHE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Meeting HELD ON THE IOTH OF OCTOBER, 1888. Mr. W. E. Collinge in the chair. DONATIONS.
The following donations were laid on the table :—
** Description of Sixteen New Species of Shells” (Re-print) by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.S.; presented by the Author.
‘*Notes on the Pleistocene Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Barn- well Gravels (Reprint) by Mr. B. B. Woodward, F.G.S. ; presented by the Author, The thanks of the Meeting were accorded the Donors for their gifts.
NEW MEMBER. Mr. John J. Halstead, Carlisle, was nominated for membership by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. and Mr. Thos. W. Bell. PAPER READ. “* Dorsetshire Marine Shells,” by the Rev. Carleton Greene, M.A. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S. showed a number of shells on behalf of Mrs. Knox, Ballina, County Mayo:—Werttina fluviatilis, Spherium corneum, Planorbis albus, Valvata piscinalis, and Prsidium nitidum from County Mayo; and Helix rupestris, Clausitlia rugosa, Valvata cristata, Succinea elegans, and Physa hypnorum from County Sligo.
Meeting HELD NOVEMBER 71TH, 1888. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, in the chair. The Minutes of the previous Meeting were read and confirmed. DONATIONS.
““ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland, 1888 ; presented by the Society.
NEW MEMBERS.
Mr. J. J. Halstead, Carlisle, was elected a Member of the Society.
The undernamed were nominated for Membership :—Mr. Joseph Grafton Milne, Bowdon, Cheshire, by Mr. C. Oldham and Mr. E. Collier; Mr. Loftus St. George Byne, Teignmouth, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., and Mr. J. T. Marshall; Mr. Clifford Burkill, Scarboro’, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc. and Mr. J. T. Marshall; Mr. Chas. A. S. Bell Cox, B.A., M.R:C.S., Canterbury, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., and Mr. J. T. Marshall; Mr. J. Radcliffe, Ashton-under-Lyne, by Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.; Mr. Riley Fortune, Harrogate, by Mr. F, R. Fitzgerald and Mr. T. W. Bell.
eavOlenvaspaltge ts
86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
PAPER READ.
“The Land and Freshwater Mollusca of the Harrogate District,” by Mr. F. R. Fitzgerald. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
A large collection of Land and Freshwater Shells was shown by Mr. Fitzgerald in illustration of his paper; also a number of specimens from other localities.
The Chairman exhibited on behalf of Mr. Ed. Collier, of Manchester, specimens of Helix rupestris, from Ingleton, containing young; on behalf of Mr. R. Standen several specimens of Dyezssena polymorpha, Neritina fluviatilis and Ancylus fluviatilis, from near Preston ; from Mr. J. Saunders a large collection of shells from Bedfordshire ; from Mr. J. Bickerton Morgan specimens of Unio margaritifer, Zonites fulvus, and others from Mont- gomeryshire ; from Mr. W. H. Heathcote specimens of Spherium ovale and Planorbis dilatatus from a new locality near Blackburn; from Mr. T. Scott, Edinburgh, Zemax maximus var. ferrussact and Helix hortensis from Cramond, Edinburgh; and from Mr. Whitwell living examples of e/zx pisana from Tenby.
Annual Meeting HELD DECEMBER I5TH, 1888.
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, presided. The Minutes of the November Meeting were read and confirmed. Messrs. F. R. Fitzgerald and Chas. Oldham were appointed Scrutineers; Mr. C. Harvard Pierson was elected to Audit the Accounts.
DONATIONS.
The following Donations were announced :—
“¢Pflanzen and Schnecken,” by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, F.G.S.
“Zoology of Victoria,” decade xvi; presented by the Government of Victoria.
“Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales,” vol. xxii, part I ; presented by the Society.
“<The Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland,” vol. v, part 2 ; presented by the Society.
Specimens of Lz¢torina lettorea from Ailsa Craig in the Forth of Clyde; presented by Mr. Jas. Steel.
A collection of the shells of North Berwick and neighbourhood, in the county of East Lothian ; presented by the Rev. J. McMurtrie.
Specimens of Helix caperata and Helix virgata from Blaxhall, Suffolk ; presented by My. G. T. Rope.
NEW MEMBERS.
The following were duly elected Members of the Society :—Mr. J. G. Milne, Bowdon, Cheshire; Mr. Loftus St. George Byne, Teignmouth ; Mr. Clifford Burkill, Scarboro’; Mr. C. A. Bell Cox, B.A., M.R.C.S., Canterbury ; Mr. J. Radcliffe, Ashton-under-Lyne ; and Mr. Riley Fortune, Harrogate.
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 87
The undernamed were nominated for Membership :—Mr. A. Paling, B.A., B.Sc., London, by J. W. Williams and Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S.; Mr. Thomas P. Smyth, J.P., London, by Mr. J. T. Marshall and Mr. A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S.; Mr. Alfred Hartley, Idle, near Bradford, by Mr. R. Standen and Mr. E. Collier; Mr. Oswald Dawson, Leeds, by Mr. W. E. Collinge and Mr. W. Nelson; Mr. Sidney Trice Martin, Manchester, by Mr. J. C. Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and Mr. R. D, Darbi- shire, B.A., F.G.S.
Correspondence was brought forward from several Members, five of whom resigned their Membership, viz:—Messrs. J. Clegg, J. T. T. Reed, W. Dean, C. H. Pierson, and A. Leipner.
PAPERS READ OR TAKEN AS READ.
“Description of three New Species of Shells—Zv2yphinus haliarchus, Coralliophila andamana, and Eulima epeterion,” by J. C. Melvill, M.A., Hess:
“A List of Shells taken at Tenby, September, 1888,” by James W. Cundall.
“The Marine Shells of Scilly,” by Clifford Burkill and J. T. Marshall.
“‘A List of Land and Freshwater Shells of Derbyshire,” by Thos Hey.
‘The Land and Freshwater Shells of North Berwick and Neighbour- hood, in the County of East Lothian,” by Rev. J. McMurtrie.
“Respiration of <Azcylis fluviatilis’; ‘“‘ Note on a Pathological Neomorph on the Left Pallium of Azodonta cygnea; ‘‘A Curious Helix aspersa”; ‘‘ Helix pisana in Guernsey”; by J. W. Williams.
ANNUAL REPORT.
The Annual Report was read by the Secretary, and unanimously adopted. The Curator and Recorder also gave brief Reports of their special work. The Annual Balance Sheet was next presented by the Treasurer, and adopted.
ELECTION OF OFFICERS.
The Scrutineers announced result of the voting to be :—
For President, James Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S.
For Vice-Presidents, Rev. A. H. Cooke, M.A., F.Z.5., R. D. Darbi- shire, B.A., F.G.S., G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., F.Z.5., Jno. W. Taylor, F.L.S.
Treasurer and Secretary, Thos. W. Bell.
Council, Wm. Cash, F.G.S., F.L.S5., W. E. Hoyle, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Jas. T. Marshall, R. F. Scharff, B.Sc., Ph.D., Edgar A. Smith, F.Z.S., A. Somerville, B.Sc., F.L.S.
Recorder, Wm. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
Curator, Wm. Nelson.
Librarian, W. E. Collinge.
ALTERATION OF RULES.
Mr. Collinge brought forward three Resolutions for the alteration of the
Rules of the Society, of which be had given due notice :—The ist provided
88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
that none but Members of over twelve months standing should be allowed to propose or second New Members; this was withdrawn after some dis- cussion in deference to the feeling of the Meeting. The 2nd, which proposed to rescind the Rule authorising Members to use the initials of the Society (M.C.S.), was rejected. The 3rd, that the Curator, Recorder, and Librarian be ex-officio members of the General Council, was adopted unanimously. FORMATION OF BRANCHES.
The proceedings of the Council in relation to the formation of a Branch Society in the Manchester District were read to the Meeting, and after some conversation it was resolved :—That the action of the Council in relation to the establishment of the Manchester Branch of this Society be confirmed.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY.
As to the proceedings of the Council on the question of the Society’s Publication, the following proposals of the Council were recommended for adoption :— 1. That the Society arrange with Mr. Taylor from the con- clusion of the present year for the publication of the Society’s Proceedings and matter, at the rate of Half-a-Crown a page, with a guarantee of not less than Ten Pounds per annum (for Four Numbers), with Threepence per Copy in addition, and Plates according to cost—for one year as an experiment. The Society’s matter to be printed on a separate sheet or pages. 2. That Mr. Taylor be requested to publish in each number of the /ozz7al of Conchology a note to the effect that the authors are alone accountable for the matter of their Papers. 3. That the Council arrange with Mr. Taylor “some plan of dividing the Books received in exchange. 4. That for the next year the Subscription remain as at present—Five Shillings.
It was resolved :—That the proposals of the Council be adopted.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
A very large number of specimens were placed on exhibition ; included were the Shells presented to the Society by the Rev. J. McMurtrie, and Messrs. J. Steel and G. T. Rope.
Mr. Melvill showed the specimens described in his Paper, besides many other species of ZézyPhznus, for comparison with the new form, and other very fine and rare marine shelis. Jle also exhibited a fine specimen of Bembix alvine (Lischke), a most beautifully sculptured nacreous shell, of great rarity, belonging to the family Trochidz, dredged in deep water off the coast of Japan. He mentioned that the type of this genus was the Bembix wola (Watson), a much smaller species than that now exhibited, dredged in the depths of the Pacific by the “Challenger” expedition; one other species has also been obtained, also from the deep sea, intermediate in size between Sembrx wola and Bembix alvine, and a strong family resemblance, excepting in point of size, characterizes the three. Doubtless many other beautiful forms await the deep sea explorer. Gaza dedala (Watson), allied to the above, is unique at the present time, also the first of the deep sea dredgings of H.M.S. ‘*Challenger.” This is a wonder- fully nacreous Trochoid shell, in shape like a Helicina. Doubtless the nearest affinity these possess is to the well-known forms Margarita.
WoCon Woy Asti, weBle,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89
The Chairman, Mr. J. W. Taylor, showed a large number of fine speci- mens of land and freshwater shells from various localities.
Mr. F. Rhodes showed, amongst a variety of shells, some very good examples of Anodonta cygnea, from Pudsey.
Mr. Heathcote, of Preston, showed a fine specimen of Helzx nemoralis var. wndiulata, from Southport, and mounted darts of twelve species of Helicidee.
Mr. F. Burrows, Cheadle, sent for exhibition some choice specimens from the Isle of Wight, Rottingdean, Sussex, and from Staffordshire ; the collection included Helix cantiana, Helix virgata, and varieties, Pupa umbilicata, and Cyclostoma elegans, from Brading ; Hex hortensis, from Bembridge ; Paludina vivipara, Richmond-on-Thames; Helix ericetorum and Pupa marginata, from Rottingdean ; Clauszlia laminata, Welton, Lincolnshire, and others.
Mr. R. D. Darbishire exhibited one case with large specimens of Uzzzo0 tumidus and Unio pictoruim, from Birmingham; one case with specimens of Iillerta lobata, from River Madalena, Santa Fe, Bogota, Granada, South America; and specimens of Bartlettia stefanensts, from the Amazons; one case also containing Sfordylus, Avicula ala-perdicis, Perna imbricata, Chama, and two Serpulas, with several pieces of Pumice Stone, taken from the sea, off the Mauritius, in September, 1885, and supposed to have come from the eruption of Krakatoa, in August, 1884, with specimens of attached shells, Ostrea multiradiata and two others. Through constant friction in the water the Os¢vea named had entirely lost the common lamellate surface, and was worn smooth so as to look like a coloured nullipore.
Mr. Edward Collier exhibited specimens of Helix aspersa, Helix nemo- ralis, Helix hortensis, Helix arbustorum, Helix virgata, and Helix erice- forum, showing variations in form and colour, including the rare forms flelix nemoralis var. studeria and Helix arbustorum var. trochoidalts.
Mr. R. Standen exhibited a collection of the smaller shells (Zozzztes, &c.), shewing a new system of tube mounting, in which the Shells could not take any harm, and could be easily handed about and examined.
Mr. Madison sent the following for exhibition :—U720 teumzdus var. arcuata, Stratford Canal, Earlswood, 1884; Azodonta rayzz, Salford Priors, 1882, and Evesham, 1883; Avzodonta scaldiana, Sutton Park, 1884; Azo- donta Piscinalis var., Canal, Acock’s Green, near Birmingham, 1883; Azzo0- donta arelatensis, Canal, Acock’s Green, near Birmingham, 1885; <A zodonla rayiz, King’s Heath, near Birmingham, 1888; <Azodonta millett?, Yardley Wood, near Birmingham, 1887; Dvezssena polymorpha, with the septum notched, Canal, Hamstead, 1881; Clauszlia laminata, decollated, and C. laminata abraded; these were found on the trees, and the animals were alive and seemed healthy, Cooper’s Hill, 1882; Planorbis camfpanulatus, Higgin’s Lake, Michigan, U.S.; Planorbis complanatus, scalariform, Dud- ley Port, near Birmingham, 1888; Planorbis corneus, distorted, King’s Norton, near Birmingham, 1884; VPlanorbis spirorbis, ed Hill, near Birmingham, 1883; Lemea peregra var. labiosa, the lip turned back, Stru- stoke, near Birmingham, 1886.
jefe) PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
ANN UAL we Oi:
.
Your Committee are pleased to have still to record a steady and con- tinuous growth of the Society. The accession of New Members has again been very gratifying—thirty names having been enrolled during the year. Unfortunately five gentlemen have intimated their intention of ceasing to be Members at the close of the current year, and one esteemed friend of the science, and a past President of the Society—Dr. W. H. Evans, has, we regret to say, been removed from our midst by death. At each Meeting during the past year Donations to either the Library or the Collection have been announced. By these means many valuable acquisitions have come to the Society. The list is too long for reproduction here, but we would make special reference to the Portrait of the late Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, painted and kindly presented to the Society by Mrs. M. Skilton, of Brentford ; and to the valuable work, ‘‘A Prodomus of the Zoology of Victoria,” issued by the Government of that Colony. A larger number of Papers have been communicated than in any previous year. The Exhibits also have been very numerous and generally of considerable interest. The movement set on foot at the last Annual Meeting for providing Cabinets by voluntary subscription for the Society’s specimens has been well received. The total amount contributed to this date is £10 8s. 6d., and three Cabinets have been procured at a cost of £7 2s. 6d. During the past year the following matters of importance have engaged the attention of the Council:—1. The for- mation of Local Branch Societies: Such a Branch has been formed in the Manchester District, and the question will be brought forward for the approval of the Meeting. 2. The Publications of Papers read before the Society : This question was raised with the view of securing the greatest possible accuracy in the statements of Papers read before the Society and intended for Pnblication. After consideration the Council adopted a series of Rules which they think will effectually secure the object desired. 3. The question of the Society’s Publishing a Proceedings of its own:
That these matters might be considered with care and deliberation the Council appointed a Sub-Committee to make enquiries and report. This was done, and as a result the Council passed certain resolutions which will be laid before the Meeting, and recommended for adoption by it. The Balance Sheet was read and adopted; it showed the receipts to be £42 7s. 7d. and expenditure £36 175. 9¢., the balance, £5 9s. 10d., being carried forward.
RECORDER’S REPORT.
_ During the twelve months ending with the 15th December, 1888, the num'er of records made and authenticated by the Society’s Referees has been 2,081, being an increase upon the 1,621 records made in 1887, but not reaching the figures of previous years. The total number of records now on the books is 23,880, no less than 20,798 of these being for England and Wales alone, while there are but 1,517 for Scotland, 741 for Ireland, and $24 for Extra-British localities. This shows that while in England and Wales
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. OI
attention merely needs to be directed upon a few neglected areas here and there, a very large amount of work still remains to be done in Scotland and Ireland, and that it is very desirable that vastly increased numbers of foreign specimens of the British species ought to be submitted to the Referees. It is therefore hoped that members will hasten the completion of the work of registration by submitting Scottish, Irish and Foreign shells in large numbers during the next and future years. It is at all times to be thoroughly understood that no record or species whatever can be entered in the Record- Book, unless the specimens have actually been examined by the Referees and no book-records however trustworthy, can be taken cognizance of, from the very essence of the Record-system.
The averages which have been struck as to the number of sfeczes recorded for the various counties show that while for England and Welsh counties the average is as high as 52 species recorded per county, for Scotland it is only 16 and for Ireland only 93 per county, the latter average being eminently unsatisfactory, as showing the large amount of work still remaining to be done in respect of the molluscan fauna of Ireland.
The virgin counties, those from which not a single record has yet been made, have been reduced from 17 to12innumber. The solitary South British county hitherto uninvestigated—Cardigan—has now been worked by Mr. E. Collier and W. Whitwell, while specimens from Elgin and East Ross have been sent by Messrs Alex. and J. E. Somerville, and from Meath by Messrs Rk. Scharff and W. F. de V. Kane, and a record has been submitted from North Tipperary. There still remain for special attention from conchologists who are desirous of assisting to promote the success of the Record-system, the counties of Wigton in Scotland, Monaghan, Fermanagh, Cavan, Louth, Carlow, Kilkenny, Queen’s Co., Longford, Leitrim, East Mayo, and East Galway.
In addition to these from which no records whatever have been sub- mitted, attention may be directed to the counties of Radnor, Cheviotland, Dumfries, Linlithgow, Stirling, South Perth, North Aberdeen, Banff, Elgin, Easterness, Westerness, South Ebudes, North Ebudes, East Ross, Hebrides, Orkneys, Shetlands, Armagh, Donegal, Meath, Kildare, Wicklow, Wexford, King’s Co., Roscommon, Clare, North Tipperary, North Cork, and South Cork (29 in number) from none of which has the number of species as placed on record reached ten,
W. DENISON ROEBUCK,
December 15th, 1888. RECORDER.
CABINET FUND ACCOUNT.
RECEIPTS—
Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. - - - - - Mr. Kk. D. Darbishire, F.G.S. - - - - = Mr. Jas. Cosmo Melvill, M.A. - - - - Rev. H. Milnes, M.A. - - - - - E Lieut. Col. G. S. Parry - - - -
mee ee Wy bs Oe me Hin oo0o0o0ooRk
g2 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
RECEIPTS (Continwed)— ES Mr. R. C. Chaytor - - - - - - - O10 6
Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.Z.S., F.L.S. - - - O10 O
Mr. S. J. da Costa - - - - - - - O10 O
Mr. Wm. Whitwell - - - - - o10 oO
Mr. H. F. Dale, F.L.S., F.R.M.S. - - - O10 O
Mr. H. Coates’ - - - - - O10 O
Rev. E. S. Dewick, M. ie - - - - - - O10 O
Mr. G. W. Mellor - - - - - - Oo 5 0
Mr. J. Hagger = © = = : - 0 5 O L108 6
EXPENSES— BS th By One Cabinet - - - - : - - aD ©
,, Balance in [land - = - - - - 8 1 O
410 8 6
Nore.—Two Cabinets, shown at the Annual Meeting, arrived too late to be included in the past year’s accounts.
— SS
CONSTITUTION AND LIST OF MEMBERS Oe silo CONCHOLO CIENTS OC Tlie OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND.
1.—That this Society be called “The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Sreland.”
2.—That its objects shall be the promotion of the Science of Conchology, by the holding of meetings for the reading and discussion of original papers, by the publication of proceedings, and by the formation of a Library and Collections illustrative of the Science.
3.—That it shall consist of Ordinary and Honorary Members.
4.—That Ordinary Members shall be proposed by two members at one meeting, and ballotted for at the next. They shall pay, in advance on the Ist January in each year, a subscription of 5/-, or may com- pound for life by the payment of Three Guineas. Foreign Members shall pay an annual subscription of 7/6.
5.—That composition fees shall be invited in Book, Cabinets, or other permanent property, or in such other manner as the Council may think most conducive to the benefit of the Society.
WACS Alon Shere, susie),
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93
6.—That Members shall have the privilege of appending to their names the initial letters M.C.S. (Member of the Conchological Society).
7.—That the number of Honorary Members shall be limited to ten, and they shall be exempt from all payments and have the privileges of Ordinary Members.
8.—That it shall be governed by a Council, consisting of a President, four Vice-Presidents, a Treasurer, a Secretary, a Curator, a Recorder, a Librarian, and six other members, who shall be elected annually by ballot ; the voting paper issued to be returned to the Secretary, under cover of sealed envelope, addressed to the Scrutineers.
9.—That the President shall not hold office for more than one year con- tinuously, and that he be expected to give an address.
10.—That the meetings shall be held in Leeds, monthly, at the time and place fixed by the Council, who shall also have power to arrange such additional meetings as they may think desirable.
11.-—That three shall be a quorum at all meetings.
12.—-That the Annual Meeting be held in December to reccive the Report and Balance Sheets of the outgoing Council, and to elect the new Council.
13.—That the accounts, before being presented, shall be audited by two
members, appointed at a previous meeting.
14.—That the proceedings shall be published periodically, under the direc- tion of the Council.
15.—That the Capital and Property be vested in two Trustees, elected by the Society.
16.—That no alterations in the rules shall be made, unless by a majority of three-fourths of the members present at a meeting which has been specially summoned. |
HONORARY MEMBERS. (Limited to ten in number).
Bourguignat, J. R., Rue des Ursulines, 6, St. Germain-en- Laye, Seine et Oise. Kobelt, Dr. W., Schwannheim, Frankfort-am-Main. Martens, Prof. Dr. E. von, 28, Paul Strasse, Berlin, N.W.
ORDINARY MEMBERS.
Adams, Lionel F., B.A., Rose Hill, Penistone, near Sheffield.
Akers, Fredk., 48, Mabgate, Leeds.
Bailey, Rev. Geo., F.Rk.M.S., The Manse, Finchingfield, Essex.
Baillie, William, M.G.C. Ed. U., Brora Sutherlandshire.
Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.S., The Vicarage, Holmes Chapel, Crewe, R.S.O.
04 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY,
Beaulah, John, Ravensthorpe, Brigg.
Bell, Alfred, 140, Lower Marsh, Lambeth, London.
Bell, Thomas William, 2, Carr Lane, Leeds.
Bendall, Wilfrid, Nottingham Place, London, W.
Bostock, Edwin D., The Radfords, Stone, Staffordshire.
Brazier, John, F.L.S., C.M.Z.S., Corr. Mem. Acad. Nat. Sc., Philad. &c., Windmill Street, Sydney, N.S.W.
Brindley, H. Hulme, B.A., Woodland Hall, Uttoxeter, Staff.
Brown, Alfred, 7, Bowmont Terrace, Glasgow.
Burkill, Clifford, Westwood, Scarbro’.
Burrows, Thos. F., Daisy Bank, Cheadle, Staffordshire.
Butterell, J. Darker, 4, Willow Grove, Westwood, Beverley.
Byne, Loftus, St. George, 5, Sea View Terrace, Teignmouth.
Cash, Wm., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., 38, Elmfield Terrace, Halifax.
Chaytor, R. C., Scrafton Lodge, Middleham, Yorkshire.
Clarke, Wm. E., F.L.S., M.B.O.U., Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh.
Coates, Henry, F.R.P.S., Pitcullen House, Perth.
Coates, William, Brookside, Eastbourne Road, Linthorpe, Middlesbrough.
Cockerell, Sydney C., 5, Priory Road, Bedford Park, Chiswick.
Cockerell, T. D. A., West Cliff, Custer Co., Colorado, U.S.A.
Collier, Edward, 3, Friday Street, Manchester.
Collinge, W. E., 20, Blenheim Place, Leeds.
Cooke, Rev. Alfred Hands, M.A., F.Z.S., King’s College, Cambridge.
Costa, S. J. Da, 2, Craven FIill, Lancaster Gate, London, W.
Coulson, Frank, 6, Montague Terrace, Kelvinside, Glasgow.
Cox, Chas A. Stanley Bell, B.A., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., Fordwick House, Fordwick, Canterbury.
Craven, Alfred E., F.G.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 65, St. George’s Road, Warwick. - Square, London.
Crick, Walter D., 7, Alfred Street, Northampton.
Crouch, Walter, F.Z.S., Grafton House, Wellesley Road, Wanstead, Essex.
Cundall, J. W., Carrville, Alexandra Park, Redland, Bristol.
Dale, Hy. Fey) HR GS... Ee Revs. aks S.5 the Zc. 2) Saville Non London.
Dale, (Mrs.) V. 2, Saville Row, London.
Dale, (Miss) M. L., Hatherley, Bampfylde Road, Torquay.
Dale, (Miss) E. E., Hatherley, Bampfylde Road, Torquay.
Dale, (Miss) A. M., Hatherley, Bampfylde Road, Torquay.
Darbishire, R. D., B.A., F.S.A., F.G.S., Victoria Park, Manchester.
Davis, Jas. W., F.S.A., F.L.S., F.G.S., Chevinedge, Halifax.
Dawson, Oswald, Caledonian House, Leeds.
Deschamps, Emile, Alepo, Syria.
Dewick, Rev. Edwd. S., M.A., F.G.S., 26, Oxford Square, London, W.
Dixon, George, Sen., Great Ayton, Northallerton.
Dodd, B. Sturges, 67, Beech Avenue, New Basford, Nottingham.
Duncan, Wm., 1, India Street, Montrose.
Dyer, (Mrs.) A. M., 1, Richmond Villas, Swansea.
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Elliott, Edward J., High Street, Stroud.
Evans, (Mrs.) A. Sen., Brimscombe Court, Thrupp, near Stroud. Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford, Hants. Fairbrass, (Miss) E. R., Abbey Street, Faversham.
Falloon, (Mrs.) B. J., Long Ashton Vicarage, near Clifton, Bristol. Fenn, F. G., Syon Lodge, Isleworth, Middlesex.
Fitzgerald, (Mrs.) J., 10, West Terrace, Folkestone.
Fitzgerald, H. Purefoy, North Hall, Preston Candover. Hants. Fitzgerald, F. R., F.S.Sc., Clifford House, Harrogate.
Fortune, Riley, Alston House, Harrogate.
Gain, Wm. Albert, Tuxford, Newark.
Galizia, Joseph Sylvester, B.A., 64, Piazza Celsi, Valetta, Malta. Galway, (Miss) H., 5, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin.
Gaskell, Roger, M.A., North Hill, Highgate, Middlesex.
Gatto, Alfred C. de Conti, B.A., 59, Strada Levante, Valetta, Malta. Gerland, Conrad, M.Sc., Ph.D., Church Hall, Church, Lancashire. Godlee, Theodore, Whips Cross, Walthamstow, Essex.
Gordon, Rev. George, L.L.D., The Manse, Birnie, Elgin, N.B.
Green, Rev. Carleton, M.A., Gt. Barford Vicarage, St. Neots, Hunts.
Gwatkin, H. M., M.A., Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
Hagger, Jno., Repton School, Burton-on-Trent.
Halstead, Jno. J., 19, Millholme Terrace, Carlisle.
Hargreaves, J. A., 2, Rothbury Street, Scarbro’.
Hartiey, Alfred, 8, Cavendish Road, Idle, near Bradford. Harvard, T. Mawson, 41, Union Street, Leyland, near Preston. Heathcote, Wm. Hy., 54, Frenchwood Street, Preston. Hedworth, Thos. H., 1, Railway Terrace, Dunstan-on-Tyne. Heitland, (Mrs.) M., The Priory, Shrewsbury.
Hepburn, Frederick, B.A., Sutton, Surrey.
Hey, Rev. W. C., M.A., St. Olave’s Vicarage, York.
Hey, Thos., Bloomfield Street, Derby.
Hillman, Thos. Stanton, Eastgate Street, Lewes, Sussex. Hockin, (Miss) S., Phillack Rectory, Hayle, Cornwall. Hodgson, (Mrs.) J., Chalgrave Vicarage, Leighton Buzzard, Beds. Holmes, W. J. O., J.P., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich. Howell, G. O., 3, Ripon Villas, Ripon Road, Plumstead.
95
Hoyle, W. E., M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S.E., Owens College, Manchester.
Fludson, Baker, 5, Westbourne Grove, Coatham, Redcar.
James, Jno. H., A.R.I. Cornwall, 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro. Jeffrey, Wm., Ratham, Chichester.
Jeffrey, Chas., 15, Warren Street, Tenby.
Jenkins, A. J., 6, Douglas Terrace, Douglas Street, Deptford. Jones, (Miss) L. C., 5, Alexandra Road, Clifton, Bristol.
Jones, Wm. Jas. Jun., 27, Mayton Street, Holloway, London, N. Jordan, Henry K., F.G.S., The Knoll, Clytha Park, Newport, Mon. Kew, H. Wallis, F.E.S., 112, Hanley Road, Stroud Green, N. Laver, Hy., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., Trinity Street, Colchester.
96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Leicester, A., Enfield Place, Brighton Road, Birkdale, Southport.
Lightwood, Jas. T., Hope House, Lytham.
Linter, (Miss) J. E., Arragon Close, Twickenham.
LOWS; Ihe Moy Dalles Wales IRIS, Isle Soy IXGoSg IolRaAlgSn lf, IRIE S. &c., Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow.
Luther, S. M., Garrettsville, Ohio, U.S.A.
Madison, Jas., 167, Bradford Street, Birmingham.
Marquand, Ernest D., M.A., Fermain House, Guernsey.
Marshall, J. T., Sevenoaks, Torquay.
Martin, Sydney Trice, Hanover Chambers, King Street, Manchester.
Masefield, J. R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staffordshire.
Mason, Philip B., M.R.C.S., F.L.S., F.Z.S., Burton-on. Trent.
McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., Summerfield, Warham Road, Croydon.
McMurtrie, Rev. Jas., M.A., 14, Inverleith Road, Edinburgh.
Mellor, Geo. W., 7, Second Avenue, Sherwood Rise, Nottingham.
Melvill, Jas. Cosmo., M,A., F.L.S., F.E.S., Kersal Cottage, Prestwich.
Milne, Joseph Grafton, Albert Square Bowden, Cheshire, and Corpus
Christi College, Oxford.
Milnes, Rev. H., Winster Vicarage, near Derby.
Morgan, J. Bickerton, 30, Severn Street, Welshpool.
Nelson, Wm., Freehold Street, York Road, Leeds.
Newstead, A. H1. L., Roseacre, Epping, and Christs College, Cambridge.
North, S. W., M.R.C.S., F.G.S., Micklegate, York.
Oldham, Charles, Ashlands, Ashton-on-Mersey.
Paling, Albert, B.A., B.Sc., Middlesex Hospital, London.
Parke, Geo. H., F.L.S., F.G.S., Infield Lodge, Barrow-in-Furness.
Parry, Col. G. S., 13, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne.
Peal, Chas. N., F.L.S., F.R.M.S., Fernhurst, Maltoch Lane, Ealing.
Pearce, Rev. S. Spencer, M.A., Tower Hill, Much Hadham. near Ware, Herts.
Pidgeon, D., Assoc.Inst.C.E., F.G.S., Holmwood, Putney, Hill, London.
Pocock, Thomas W., J.P., Glenridge, Virginia Water, Staines.
Ponsonby, John H., F.Z.S., 4, Halkin Street, Grosvenor Place, S.W.
Quilter, H. E., 4, Cedar Road, Leicester
Radcliffe, John, 111, Oxford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Ramage, John, 20, Hill Street, Dundee.
Reader, T. W., 171, Hemingford Road, Barnsbury, London, N.
Renton, Robert, Fans Road, Greenlaw, Berwickshire.
Rhodes, Frederick, 26, East View, Eccleshill, near Bradford.
Roberts, George, Lofthouse, near Leeds,
Robertson, David, F.L.S., F.G.S., Fernbank, Millport, N.B., President Nat. Hist. Soc. of Glasgow.
Roebuck, Wm. Denison, F.L.S., Sunny Bank, Leeds.
Rogers, Thomas, 27, Oldham Road, Manchester.
Rope, George Thomas, Blaxhall, Wickham Market, Suffolk.
Saunders, Ed., F.L.S,, St. Ann’s, Mount Hermon, Woking.
Scharff, Robert F., Ph,D., B,Sc., M.R.I.A., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin,
J.C., vi., Apr., 1889,
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97
Sclater, A. J. R., Bank Street, Teignmouth.
Scott, Thomas, Fishery Board, Central Laboratory, Edinburgh University.
Shaw, Alexander, 56, Dover Street, Glasgow.
Shrubsole, George Wm., Town Hall Square, Chester.
Skilton, (Mrs.) M., 21, London Road, Brentford.
Smart, Rev. R. W, J., M.A., Parkham Rectory, Bideford, North Devon.
Smith, Edgar A., F.Z.S., Natural History Museum, South Kensington.
Smont, Charles L., 8, Trinity Street, Hastings.
Smyth, Thos. Pooley, 2, Stanhope Terrace, Hyde Park Gardens, London.
Somerville, Alex, B.Sc., F.L.S., 4, Bute Mansions, Hillhead, Glasgow.
Somerville, Rev. J. E., M.A., B.D., 11, Southpark Terrace, Hillheod, Glasgow.
Sowerby, G. B., F.L.S., F.Z.S., 121, Fulham Road, London, 5S. W.
Standen, Robert, 40, Palmerston Street, Moss Side, Manchester.
Stanley, Frederick, 6, Clifton Gardens, Margate.
Steel, James, Glass Stainer, 104, Renfrew Street, Glasgow.
Stirrup, Mark, F.G.S., High Thorn, Bowden, near Manchester.
Storrs, Geo. Godwyn C., Sandown Vicarage, Isle of Wight.
Story, J. A., B.A., St. Joseph’s High School, Cardiff.
Sykes, Ernest Ruthven, 9, Belvedere, Weymouth.
Taylor, (Miss) Ii. L., Woodside, Rowditch, Derby.
Taylor, Jno. W., F.L.S., Sovereign Street, Leeds.
Taylor, J. M. B., Free Museum, Paisley, N.B.
Tomlin, J. R. B., B.A., 59, Liverpool Road, Chester.
Turner, Rev. Wm., 5, St. Andrew’s Square, Edinburgh.
Tye, G. Sherriff, 10, Richmond Road, Handsworth, Birmingham.
Viner, C. W., M,.A., Ph.D., 9, Seymour Street, Bath.
Waters, A. H., B.A., Willoughby House, Mill Road, Cambridge.
Watson, Rev: Ro Boog, BeA., FR.S:Ee, Hellis:, B.Gos., Exree Church Manse, Cardross, Dumbartonshire.
Webb, F. B,, Church Terrace, Cheadle, Staffordshire.
Whatmore, Chas. A., Much Marde, Herefordshire.
Whitwell, Wm., 4, Thurleigh Road, Balham, London, S.W.
Williams, J. W., 13, Ravely Street, Kentish Town.
Wood, Jas. Wm., 2, Windsor Terrace, Bedford.
Woodward, B. B., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., 23, Batoum Gardens, West Kensing- ton Park, S.W.
Wotton, F. W., 11, Moira Crescent, Cardiff.
Wirichts Bryce Vin MieAg ah R-G..S: mb keSroen ieleSey NOLAN ein. Hist.S. F.Z.S. &c., The Museum, 26, Saville Row, London, W.
98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OFFICERS AND COUNCIL FOR 1889.
PRESIDENT : JAMES COSMO MELVILL, M.A., F.L.S.
VICE-PRESIDENTS :
A. H. COOKE, M.A., F.Z.S.
R. D. DARBISHIRE, F.S.A., F.G.S.
G. B. SOWERBY, F.1..S., F.Z.S.
JOHN W. TAYLOR, F.L.S. SECRETARY & TREASURER :
THOMAS W. BELL, 2, Carr Lane, Leeds.
RECORDER : W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S.
CURATORS :
WM. NELSON & W. E. COLLINGE.
LIBRARIAN :
W. E. COLLINGE,
MEMBERS OF THE COUNCIL: WM. CASH, F.G.S., F.L.S. W. E. HOYLE, M.A., M.R.C.S., &c. JAS. T. MARSHALL. R. F. SCHARFF, B.Sc., Ph.D. EDGAR A. SMITH, F.Z.S. A. SOMERVILLE, B.Sc., F.L.S.
J.C., vi., July, 1889.
JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY. 99
PROCEEDINGS or THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
Note.—All communications z7tended for the Soczety should be sent to the Secretary, Mr. T. W. BELL, 2, Carr Lane, Leeds.
Meeting HELD APRIL 3RD, 1889. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, presided. DONATIONS. The following donations were laid on the table :— “* The Naturalist,” for April; presented by Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union. ** Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland,” vol., v, part 5 ; presented by the Society. NEW MEMBERS. Mr. WH. K. Jordan, F.G.S., Newport, and Mr. T. H. Hedworth, Dunstan-on-Tyne, were duly elected Members of the Society. My. Percy Kilburn, F.G.S., Owens College, Manchester, was nominated for membership by Mr. J. Cosmo Melvill, M.A., F.L.S., and Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S. PAPERS READ. “* List of Land and Freshwater Shells of Derby,” by Mr. Thos. Hey. *¢ Testacella in Renfrewshire,” by Mr. J. M. B. Taylor. ‘Cysts in Azodonta cygnea,” by Mr. J. W. Williams. SPECIMENS EXHIBITED. A number of shells from Jamaica were shown by the Chairman on behalf of Mr, J. Saunders, of Luton.
Meeting HELD MAY IST, 1889. Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, occupied the chair. DONATIONS.
““The Naturalist’ for May; presented by the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
NEW MEMBERS.
Mr. Percy Kilburn, of Manchester, was duly elected a Member of the Society.
The following were nominated for Membership:—Mr. F. L. Seggs, B.A., Middlesex Hospital, by Mr. J. W. Williams and Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S.; Rev. Chas. Crawshaw, Linden House, Shipley, by Mr. J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., and Mr. W. Nelson.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
The Chairman showed living specimens of Hel¢x cingulata, H. niciensis, and ZH. cespztum collected at Mentone by the Rev. J. E. Somerville, B.A. ; also a living specimen of Helix aculeata from Farington, near Preston,
100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY.
sent by Mr. W. H. Heathcote. Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., ex- hibited an unusually large ZLzmax flavus taken in Leeds, also Amalia mar ginata, Limax maximus var. fasctata, and other species, from Luton, sent by Mr. J. Saunders.
Meeting HELD JUNE 5TH, 1889. Mr, J. W. Taylor, F.L.S., Vice-President, presided. DONATIONS.
The following donations were announced :—
‘¢The Naturalist,” for June; presented by the Yorkshire Naturalists’ Union.
‘‘ Proceedings of the Royal Society of Queensland”; presented by the Society.
“* Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales”; presented by the Society.
‘‘A Manuscript List of the and and Freshwater Mollusca of the British Isles”; presented by Mr. T. D. A. Cockerell. [This donation was made to the Society some time ago but inadvertently omitted from the list. ]
NEW MEMBERS.
The under-named were nominated for Membership :— Mr. Jas. J. MacAndrews, Ivy Bridge, Devonshire, by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, F.L.S., and Mr. T. W. Bell; Mr. Samuel A. Adamson, F.G.S., Leeds, by Mr. T. W. Bell and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S.
PAPERS READ.
“‘On the Morphology of the Gonads in Helix punctata,” by Mr. Joseph W. Williams.
“On the varieties of our banded Snails, especially those of Helix caperata (Montagu),” by the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce, B.A. This paper was illustrated by a good collection of specimens.
A note was read from Mr. W. H. Heathcote respecting the dart of Helix cingulata and Hf. nictensis.
SPECIMENS EXHIBITED.
Specimens of Zestacella scutulum were shown from Mr. Wallis Kew, F.E.S., London, and Mr. W. Jeffery, Ratham ; Zestacella haliotidea from Mr. G. T. Rope, Wickham Market, Suffolk ; Zestacella maugez and Arion ater vax. bicolor from Mr. E. J. Lowe, F.R.S., Chepstow ; Zestacella maugez from Algeciras and Tangiers, sent by Mr. J. H. Ponsonby, F.Z.S. ; examples of Clausilia rugosa var. everett and C. lam¢nata (a decollated specimen) sent by the Rev. W. L. W. Eyre, of Swarraton Rectory, were also shown.
The Chairman also exhibited the following:—From Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.S., Zzmax gagates and a number of Land and Fresh- water Shells collected at San Juan, near Cannes; from Mr. W. Whitwell Arion ater var. albo-lateralis, H. nemoralis, H. hortensis, H, rufescens, and HI. concinna, collected at Abbotsbury, Dorset; a collection of Yorkshire
J.C., vi., July, 1889
PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Iol
shells (East Riding), including Paludina contecta, sent by Mr. Albert Harker, Cambridge ; from Mr. Hugh Richardson Uxzo pictorum and various Helices from Minden, Westphalia; from Mr. W. A. Gain, a collection of shells, including Helix undata and its curious dart ; from Rev. H. Milnes, a collection of varieties of Heléx arbustorum from Derbyshire.
MANCHESTER BRANCH.—APRIL 13TH, 1889.
Mr. Darbishire exhibited specimens of elzx aferta and read the following notes :— ‘‘ Helix aperta, reviving after long drought.” It has long been a matter of curious observation that Helices of species which are often exposed to very dry seasons preserve their life through long intervals. Aucapitaine, writing on the climate of Algeria, observes that in certain parts of the deserts, where there is a constant heat of over 110° Fahr. and where there is not a trace of vegetation to be seen, the ground is sometimes covered with Hels lactea so as to seem whitened. At the end of 1858 he collected a dozen of these shells while passing through places where, it is said, no rain had fallen for five years. The shells were put in a box, and packed away and forgotten. In August, 1862, he found them, and threw them into water to clean them. Next morning, to his astonishment, he found them all gone. They had escaped from his basin, and, full of life, se promenazent, every one of them, on the furniture of his study (L’Escargot, Dr. J. Reynes). Dr. Baird’s H. desertorum, having been brought from Egypt, was fastened on a tablet on the 25th of March, 1846, and on the 7th of March, 1850, came out, but could not get away, was released, bathed, and ‘‘ marvellously recovered.” Similar facts have been reported by other naturalists. On the 18th of February, 1885, I bought in the market at Nice a quantity of Helix aperta, which, at that season, is found in the red muddy soil with its cal- careous operculum strongly sealed on, and is much sought for cookery. I kept a few in cotton wool and a paper box in my workshop. _Not one cer- tainly ever opened his door to look out. In December last it occurred tome to try if these snails could yet be alive. The shells seemed to have lost all perceptible weight and coolness (both common signs of life), and one, which I broke up, showed the animal dried up like a bit of hard horn. I placed two on a pad of flannel under a shade and kept them thus in a moist atmosphere in my living room. After a few weeks the opercula were forced off, and the edge of the mantle was seen as if the animal had just withdrawn rather far back. Afterwards the mantle advanced and the foot slowly became more and more visible and sensitive to irritation. I put the two on some moss in a damp fern case and on the 29th of March I had the pleasure of meeting my two Helices out walking, slightly feeble, but in good colour and substance, and gave them some fresh cabbage leaf of which they ate temperately. This is, perhaps, a more remarkable case than that of Z desertorum, which has habitually to calculate upon prolonged abstinence. HZ. aperta is a comparatively large, fleshy snail, and no doubt usually enjoys spring and autumn regularly.
102 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
AVLIST OF SHELES MEAN “Ab iE NEV SEPTEMBER, 1888.
By J. W. CUNDALL.
(Read before the Conchological Society, December 15th, 1888.)
A long-intended visit to this quaint old watering-place, so rich in its historic associations, was carried into effect this Autumn, and I was enabled to devote a considerable time to shell-seeking. The following list is, no doubt, a very incomplete one of the Mollusca of the locality, no dredging having been done, still, on the whole, I did not consider the result unsatis- factory, and the record may prove of interest to the Society. In the “ Journal of Conchology,” vol. i, page 30, there is given a short list of shells met with in this quarter, on reference to which it will be seen that the catalogue of species has now been considerably increased, and it is to be hoped that the following may have the effect of leading to acomplete enumeration of the Mollusca of the Tenby District.
MARINE. Anomia ephippium L.—Small and odd valves common. Ostrea edulis L. Pecten pusio (L.).—Odd valves only, and chiefly small. P. varius (1.).—Odd valves only, and chiefly small. P. opercularis (L.).—Odd valves only, and chiefly small. Mytilus edulis L.—Extraordinarily abundant. M. barbatus L.—One fine shell at Giltar. M. adriaticus (Lmk.).—A few odd valves. Nucula nucleus (L.).—Odd valves common. laseea rubra (Mont.).—At Giltar. Kellia suborbicularis (Mont.).—With Saxicava rugosa at
Giltar.
Lucina borealis (L.).—Odd valves very common. Axinus flexuosus (Mont.). —Odd valves abundant.
J.C., vi., July, 1889.
CUNDALL: SHELLS COLLECTED AT TENBY. 103
Cardium echinatum L.—Odd valves common.
C. edule L.
Cyprina islandica (L.).—Odd valves.
Venus gallina L.—Very common at Saundersfoot.
Tapes pullastra (Mont.).—Common.
Lucinopsis undata (Penn.). — One specimen taken at Saundersfoot.
Tellina balthica L.—Common.
T. tenuis DaC.—Common.
T. fabula Gron.—Frequent at Saundersfoot.
T. squalida Pult.—Common.
Psammobia ferroensis (Chem.).—Odd valves only.
Donax vittatus (DaC.).—Frequent.
Mactra solida L.—Common.
M. subtruncata (DaC.).—Common.
M. stultorum L.—Common.
Lutraria elliptica Lmk.—Odd valves numerous.
Scrobicularia alba (Wood).—At Saundersfoot.
S. piperata (Gm.).—One at Saundersfoot.
Ceratisolenlegumen(L.).—Abundant, especially at Saunders- foot.
Solen ensis L. Abundant, especially at Saundersfoot.
S. siliqua L.—Abundant, especially at Saundersfoot.
Thracia papyracea (Poli.).—At Saundersfoot.
Corbula gibba Olivi—Odd valves common.
Miya truncata L.—Only odd valves.
Saxicava rugosa (L.).—At Giltar Point.
Pholas dactylus L.—Odd valves only.
Pholadidea papyracea (Turt.).—Odd valves only.
Dentalium tarentinum Lmk.—Frequent.
Chiton fascicularis L.—At Lydstep Caves.
C. discrepans Bro.—At Lydstep Caves.
C. cinereus L.—At Giltar Point.
Patella vulgata L.
Helcion pellucidum (L.).—Abundantat Lydstep on Laminaria.
104 CUNDALL: SHELLS COLLECTED AT TENBY.
Tectura virginea (Miull.)—Common.
Fissurella greeca (L.).—One specimen only.
Calyptreea chinensis (L.).—Dead shells common on the sands ; a few living taken at Giltar.
Trochus magus L.—Fragments only.
T. cinerarius L.—Common.
T. umbilicatus (Mont.).—Common.
T. zizyphinus L.—Sparingly.
Phasianella pullus (L.).—Among broken shells and sand.
Littorina obtusata (L.).—Common.
L. rudis Maton.—Common.
L. littorea (L.).—Common.
Rissoa parva (DaC.).—Among broken shells and sand.
R. membranacea (Ad.).—Among broken shells and sand.
R. violacea Desm.—Among broken shells and sand.
R. striata (Ad.).—Among broken shells and sand.
Hydrobia ulvee (Penn.).—Very abundant.
Turritella terebra (L.).— Dead shells, much worn.
Scalaria communis Lmk.—A few shells much worn.
Odostomia rissoides Han.—Among broken shells and sand.
O. indistincta (Mont.).—Among broken shells and sand.
O. rufa (Phil.).—Among broken shells and sand.
O. lactea (L.) var. paullula Jeffr—Among broken shells and sand.
Natica catena (DaC.).—Common at Saundersfoot.
N. Alderi Forb.—A few at Saundersfoot.
Velutina leevigata (Penn.).—One at Giltar.
Cerithium reticulatum (DaC.).—Very common.
Purpura lapillus (L.).—Very abundant and fine.
Buccinum undatum L.—Abundant.
Murex erinaceus L.—Live shells at Monkstone,
Nassa reticulata (L.).—Common.
N. incrassata (Str. ).—Common.
Pleurotoma attenuata (Mont.).—Among broken shells and
sand. J.C. vi, July, 1889.
CUNDALL: SHELLS COLLECTED AT TENBY. TO5
P. nebula (Mont.).—Among broken shells and sand.
P. turricula (Mont.).—Among broken shells and sand. Cypreea europzea Mont.—Abundant.
Cylichna cylindracea (Penn.).—One specimen.
Actzon tornatilis (L.).—Only two specimens.
Philine aperta (L.).—Dead shells, common ; one living taken
at Giltar. LAND AND FRESHWATER.
Arion hortensis Fer.—Common. Limax flavus L.—Hoyle’s Mouth Wood. Zonites cellarius (Mill.).—Hoyle’s Mouth Wood. Z. crystallinus (Mill.).—Hoyle’s Mouth Wood. Helix aspersa Mill. . nemoralis L.—The Burrows, common. . hispida L.—Hoyle’s Mouth Wood. . pisana Mull.—Very abundant. . pisana var. alba Shuttl.—Very abundant. . virgata DaCosta.—The Burrows, common. . caperata Mont.—The Burrows, common. . ericetorum Miill.—The Burrows, common. . ericetorum var. alba Charp.—The Burrows, common. . rotundata Miill —Hoyle’s Mouth Wood. Bulimus acutus (Mill.).—Common. Pupa umbilicata Drap.—The Burrows. Clausilia rugosa (Drap.).—Hoyle’s Mouth Wood. Carychium minimum Mill.—Hoyle’s Mouth Wood. Cyclostoma elegans (Miill.).—Between Giltar and Penally. Planorbis albus Miill.—The Marshes. Physa fontinalis (L.).—The Marshes. Limnzea peregra (Miill.).—The Marshes. L. truncatula (Mill.).—The Marshes. Only a very casual search was made for either Land or
de oe a see ea ee
Freshwater Shells, but probably they are not at all numerously represented in the locality. Helix pisana and its variety are most extraordinarily abundant, especially on the Castle Hill,
106 JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY.
and on the coarse grass bordering the esplanade. Neither Helix hortensts, nor rufescens were observed, but I was informed that both were abundant. Aedix aculeata, I heard was plentiful at Hoyle’s Mouth Wood, but I failed to find it.
Altogether 84 Marine species, 17 species and 2 varieties of Land, and 4 species of Freshwater Mollusca were observed.
———— $6 ___—_ THE LAND SHELLS AND FRESHWATER SHELLS OF THE COAST OF NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND FROM ALNMOUYTH TO THE TWEED.
By THE REV. J. McCMURTRIE, M.A.
(Read before the Conchological Society, December 15th, 1888.)
Ir will be seen that the Alnmouth land shells of the genus Helix are interesting. They attracted my attention during autumn holidays, which I spent there some years ago. I had no thought at the time of forming a complete collection ot the local shells; and this accounts for various blanks, especially the absence of freshwater shells of Alnmouth from the list. The neighbourhood of Alnmouth, considered as a collecting ground, is wanting in freshwater pools and streams, and the river Alne is tidal for some distance; but no doubt some freshwater species could be got even there, and at any rate the searcher could go further afield.
The determination of the northern limit of Helix virgata is of some interest. Dr. Jeffreys supposed it did not extend beyond Yorkshire. Mr. Rimmer (on my authority) quoted Alnmouth. The shell is common at Amble, Alnmouth, and Bamborough, and the albino form with translucent lines (var. alba Taylor) is also unusually plentiful at all these places. It is still plentiful half-a-mile north of Bamborough, with the var. albicans Grat., but I could not find it at Beal. I have not
J.C., vi., July, 1889.
MCMURTRIE: SHELLS OF NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND. 107
visited Holy Island. Dr. Jeffreys quotes the remark of Bouchard-
Chantereaux that HY. virgata never hibernates. But, if so, it
seems to change its habit in the north. In spring I found only
dead shells at Bamborough, while in early summer living speci- mens, mostly with the shell-lip unfinished, were numerous.
Pisidium pusillum Gmelin? — Small stream at railway station, Beal.
Limnzea peregra Mill.—Beal.
L. truncatula var. minor Moq.—Beal.
L. truncatula var. elegans Jeff—Belford, abundant in a small marsh in a field east from the railway station, a few years ago. The marsh has now been drained, but it will probably be found elsewhere, as it seems a North of England shell. It is plentiful at South Shields (Durham), near the sea.
Arion ater L.—Tweedmouth.
A. bourguignati Mabille-—Tweedmouth.
A. hortensis var. subfuscus.—Under stones, Tweedmouth.
Limax agrestis L.—Tweedmouth.
Vitrina pellucida Mill.—Alnmouth; Beal.
Zonites cellarius Mill.—Beal; Tweedmouth.
Z. alliarius Mill.—Alnmouth; Beal.
Z. alliarius var. viridula Jeff_—Alnmouth.
Z. nitidulus Drap.—Tweedmouth.
Helix aspersa Miull.—Alnmouth ; Bamborough.
H. aspersa var. undulata Mog.—Bamborough.
H. aspersa, somewhat approaching var. albofasciata Jeff.—
Alnmouth.
nemoralis L.—Alnmouth ; Bamborough.
nemoralis.—A conical form. Alnmouth, rare.
nemoralis monstr. subscalariforme.—Alnmouth, rare. nemoralis var. hyalozonata Taylor.—Alnmouth, sand- hills on south side of the Alne, not rare.
nemoralis var. libellula Risso.—Bands becoming obso-
lete. Alnmouth, south side, common.
ag (1m ae)
i
108 MCMURTRIE: SHELLS OF NORTH NORTHUMBERLAND.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
H.
2 Bera te &
H.
H.
A.
nemoralis var. rubella Moq.—Bands becoming obso- lete. Alnmouth, south side, somewhat common. nemoralis var. castanea Moq.—Bands becoming obso- lete. Alnmouth, south side, less common.
nemoralis rubella var. bimarginata Moq.—Bamborough (the specimens also approach var. albolabiata Von Matrt.). nemoralis var. roseolabiata Taylor?—Alnmouth, north side, rare.
hortensis